Kelly Hamby. Department of Entomology University of Maryland

Spotted wing drosophila Kelly Hamby Department of Entomology University of Maryland kahamby@umd.edu

Outline I. Introductions II. Spotted Wing Drosophila A. Background B. Monitoring C. Management D. Future III. New Invasive?

Current Position Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist in the Entomology Department at the University of Maryland, College Park Office information: 3124 Plant Sciences Building (301) 314 1068

Background B.S. in Environmental Toxicology from the University of California, Davis M.S. and Ph.D. in Agricultural Entomology (IPM) working with Frank Zalom at the University of California, Davis

Outline I. Introductions II. Spotted Wing Drosophila A. Background B. Monitoring C. Management D. Future III. New Invasive?

Spotted Wing Drosophila Photos: Dr. Martin Hauser

Invasion Timeline Detected in CA strawberries, identified as Drosophila spp. no concern Detected in OR, WA, and FL Detected throughout New England and Mid Atlantic 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 + CA samples Identified as D. suzukii Detected in NC, SC, UT, LA, MI, WI, and eastern Canada Detected throughout the Midwest

SWD Detections Updated from Burrack et al. 2012 2009 2011 Cini et al. 2012

SWD Life Cycle Generation time (adult to adult): 10-15 days Adults can live 1+ month No known diapause Pupate on or near fruit or outside of fruit in the soil Slide from Dr. Hannah Burrack NC State

Some SWD Hosts Southern Wisconsin Mid- Atlantic, British Colombia and Northern Italy

Damage to Cherries

Damage to Blueberries

Damage to Strawberries

Damage to Blackberries

Damage to Raspberries

Outline I. Introductions II. Spotted Wing Drosophila A. Background B. Monitoring C. Management D. Future III. New Invasive?

Monitoring Larvae Soak gently crushed berries in salt or sugar water solution E.g. 2 cups water 1.5 tbsp non-iodized salt for 10 mins

Monitoring Larvae Pouring water through sieves can help Also keeping berries for 1-2 days in a warm place

Monitoring Adults Traps can be made out of any kind of container

Monitoring Adults Trap CA cherry WA cherry MI blueberry NC raspberry OR blackberry 8.33 ±3.49 27.0 ±0.41 12.0 ±2.30 Clear 24.2 ±4.71 b 17.2 ±2.73 c ab ab ab Contech 21.7 ±1.26 b 0.82 ±0.31 d 10.2 ±0.58 d 2.65 ±0.16 c 2.50 ±1.00 c 15.2 ±1.60 Haviland 61.4 ±11.6 a 16.8 ±7.89 a 38.2 ±3.31 a 58.1 ±21.5 a ab Mod. 19.8 ±2.31 8.20 ±2.44 21.9 ±4.86 b 3.03 ±0.83 c 14.8 ±3.97 b Hav. bc bc 36.4 ±4.54 3.81 ±1.36 30.3 ±4.32 Red 47.8 ±7.10 a 28.1 ±5.71 a ab bc ab Van 38.4 ±8.89 24.1 ±3.76 29.7 ±3.91 12.3 ±4.53 9.60 ±4.25 a Steen. ab bc ab ab P-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Monitoring Adults Liquid lures were most common some commercially available dry lures now

Captures 1 st 10 Weeks of Harvest N = 4 traps for each lure

Larvae 1 st 19 Weeks of Harvest

Southern CA Cherries Color represents cherry fruit ripeness Insecticide applications at blush (pink color)

Sex Ratio of Captures Cherry harvest first 3 weeks of May 400 350 300 250 200 a 50% male Citrus Male Female 150 100 44% male 37% male 43% male Citrus October-> July 0 140 120 b Male Cherries Female 27% male 50 100 g p p p 80 60 40 20 18% male 0.0% male 22% male 0 6 Mar 14 Mar 21 Mar 27 Mar

Monitoring Larvae Best way to be sure you already have damage

Outline I. Introductions II. Spotted Wing Drosophila A. Background B. Monitoring C. Management D. Future III. New Invasive?

Maryland Fruit Cherries Floricane Red Rasp. Black Rasp. Strawberries Blueberries Blackberries Primocane Red Raspberries Frost Day Neutral Strawberries May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Maryland Fruit Cherries Blueberries Blackberries Frost Floricane Red Rasp. Black Rasp. Strawberries Primocane Red Raspberries Highest Risk for SWD Damage Day Neutral Strawberries May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

CA Raspberry Adult Traps 45 40 Mean SWD per Trap 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1/1/2011 2/1/2011 3/1/2011 4/1/2011 5/1/2011 6/1/2011 7/1/2011 8/1/2011 9/1/2011 10/1/2011 11/1/2011 12/1/2011 1/1/2012 2/1/2012 3/1/2012 4/1/2012 5/1/2012 6/1/2012 7/1/2012 8/1/2012 9/1/2012 10/1/2012 11/1/2012 12/1/2012

CA Raspberry Adult Traps 45 40 Mean SWD per Trap 35 30 25 20 15 Risk Risk 10 5 0 1/1/2011 2/1/2011 3/1/2011 4/1/2011 5/1/2011 6/1/2011 7/1/2011 8/1/2011 9/1/2011 10/1/2011 11/1/2011 12/1/2011 1/1/2012 2/1/2012 3/1/2012 4/1/2012 5/1/2012 6/1/2012 7/1/2012 8/1/2012 9/1/2012 10/1/2012 11/1/2012 12/1/2012

SWD Risk Remember trap captures tend to be catching adults after there are larvae in fruit Probably some earlier damage but not enough to be noticeable Populations begin to pick up in August getting worse throughout the fall

Differences in Varieties? variety: F 18,435 =2.28, p = 0.0021; date, year random Slide from Dr. Hannah Burrack NC State

Primocane Fruiting Type variety: F 18,435 =2.28, p = 0.0021; date, year random Slide from Dr. Hannah Burrack NC State

Floricane Fruiting Type variety: F 18,435 =2.28, p = 0.0021; date, year random Slide from Dr. Hannah Burrack NC State

SWD Management Currently is pesticide intensive Could plant earlier ripening varieties to avoid some SWD risk

SWD Management Insecticides only target adults

SWD Management If fruit is already infested surviving larvae will replace the adults

8 states variety of crops: Van Steenwyk, Burrack, Liburd, Shearer, Beers, Tanigoshi, Spitler, Isaacs, Drummond, Collins, Loeb, Rodriguez-Saona, Nielsen, Polk, Sial SWD Insecticide Efficacy Excellent Good Fair Weak No activity

DISCLAIMER: This is not a recommendation. Read insecticide registration and label to ensure it can be used in your crop in Maryland. Pyrethroids- IRAC 3A Excellent Good Fair Weak No activity Abamectin Chlorantraniliprole Tolfenpyrad Thiamethoxam Esfenvalerate Acetamiprid Bifenthrin Bifenthrin Fenpropathrin Spinetoram Diazinon λ-cyhalothrin and Thiamethoxam Spinosad Cyantraniliprole Malathion Zeta-Cypermethrin and Bifenthrin Phosmet Methomyl Β-cyfluthrin Malathion Spirotetramat Zeta-Cypermethrin Imidacloprid Pyrethrins Spinetoram Novaluron Carbaryl Flupyradifurone Spinosad Lambda-cyhalothrin

DISCLAIMER: This is not a recommendation. Read insecticide registration and label to ensure it can be used in your crop in Maryland. Organophosphates- IRAC 1B Excellent Good Fair Weak No activity Abamectin Chlorantraniliprole Tolfenpyrad Thiamethoxam Esfenvalerate Acetamiprid Bifenthrin Bifenthrin Fenpropathrin Spinetoram Diazinon λ-cyhalothrin and Thiamethoxam Spinosad Cyantraniliprole Malathion Zeta-Cypermethrin and Bifenthrin Phosmet Methomyl Β-cyfluthrin Malathion Spirotetramat Zeta-Cypermethrin Imidacloprid Pyrethrins Spinetoram Novaluron Carbaryl Flupyradifurone Spinosad Lambda-cyhalothrin

DISCLAIMER: This is not a recommendation. Read insecticide registration and label to ensure it can be used in your crop in Maryland. Spinosyns- IRAC 5 Excellent Good Fair Weak No activity Abamectin Chlorantraniliprole Tolfenpyrad Thiamethoxam Esfenvalerate Acetamiprid Bifenthrin Bifenthrin Fenpropathrin Spinetoram Diazinon λ-cyhalothrin and Thiamethoxam Spinosad Cyantraniliprole Malathion Zeta-Cypermethrin and Bifenthrin Phosmet Methomyl Β-cyfluthrin Malathion Spirotetramat Zeta-Cypermethrin Imidacloprid Pyrethrins Spinetoram Novaluron Carbaryl Flupyradifurone Spinosad Lambda-cyhalothrin

DISCLAIMER: This is not a recommendation. Read insecticide registration and label to ensure it can be used in your crop in Maryland. Carbamates- IRAC 1A Excellent Good Fair Weak No activity Abamectin Chlorantraniliprole Tolfenpyrad Thiamethoxam Esfenvalerate Acetamiprid Bifenthrin Bifenthrin Fenpropathrin Spinetoram Diazinon λ-cyhalothrin and Thiamethoxam Spinosad Cyantraniliprole Malathion Zeta-Cypermethrin and Bifenthrin Phosmet Methomyl Β-cyfluthrin Malathion Spirotetramat Zeta-Cypermethrin Imidacloprid Pyrethrins Spinetoram Novaluron Carbaryl Flupyradifurone Spinosad Lambda-cyhalothrin

DISCLAIMER: This is not a recommendation. Read insecticide registration and label to ensure it can be used in your crop in Maryland. Neonicotinoids- IRAC 4A Excellent Good Fair Weak No activity Abamectin Chlorantraniliprole Tolfenpyrad Thiamethoxam Esfenvalerate Acetamiprid Bifenthrin Bifenthrin Fenpropathrin Spinetoram Diazinon λ-cyhalothrin and Thiamethoxam Spinosad Cyantraniliprole Malathion Zeta-Cypermethrin and Bifenthrin Phosmet Methomyl Β-cyfluthrin Malathion Spirotetramat Zeta-Cypermethrin Imidacloprid Pyrethrins Spinetoram Novaluron Carbaryl Flupyradifurone Spinosad Lambda-cyhalothrin

DISCLAIMER: This is not a recommendation. Read insecticide registration and label to ensure it can be used in your crop in Maryland. Diamides- IRAC 28 Excellent Good Fair Weak No activity Abamectin Chlorantraniliprole Tolfenpyrad Thiamethoxam Esfenvalerate Acetamiprid Bifenthrin Bifenthrin Fenpropathrin Spinetoram Diazinon λ-cyhalothrin and Thiamethoxam Spinosad Cyantraniliprole Malathion Zeta-Cypermethrin and Bifenthrin Phosmet Methomyl Β-cyfluthrin Malathion Spirotetramat Zeta-Cypermethrin Imidacloprid Pyrethrins Spinetoram Novaluron Carbaryl Flupyradifurone Spinosad Lambda-cyhalothrin

DISCLAIMER: This is not a recommendation. Read insecticide registration and label to ensure it can be used in your crop in Maryland. OMRI Approved Products Excellent Good Fair Weak No activity Abamectin Chlorantraniliprole Tolfenpyrad Thiamethoxam Esfenvalerate Acetamiprid Bifenthrin Bifenthrin Fenpropathrin Spinetoram Diazinon λ-cyhalothrin and Thiamethoxam Spinosad Cyantraniliprole Malathion Zeta-Cypermethrin and Bifenthrin Phosmet Methomyl Β-cyfluthrin Malathion Spirotetramat Zeta-Cypermethrin Imidacloprid Pyrethrins Spinetoram Novaluron Carbaryl Flupyradifurone Spinosad Lambda-cyhalothrin

Rainfastness 100 3 DAT 5 DAT 7 DAT No Rain 3 DAT 5 DAT 7 DAT Rain Percent control 80 60 40 Percent control 20 0 0.8 inches of rain on treated bushes 1 day after application Data From Rufus Isaacs Michigan

Preventing Infestation? Few of these products show rainfastness Must get good coverage, avoid rain, and apply frequently

Secondary Issues Broad spectrum insecticide applications targeting SWD are flaring secondary pests E.g. mites, scales, white flies

Outline I. Introductions II. Spotted Wing Drosophila A. Background B. Monitoring C. Management D. Future III. New Invasive?

Biological Control? Some wasp parasitoids and predatory insects Currently not providing control

Exclusion? Feasible and economic?

Improved Attractants? Bait formulation for insecticide (attract and kill) Improved attractant for mass trapping

Bait Sprays Can be more effective and sustainable GF-120 (Dow Bait Spray) Tephritid fruit fly bait mixed with 0.02% spinosad

Outline I. Introductions II. Spotted Wing Drosophila A. Background B. Monitoring C. Management D. Future III. New Invasive?

Spotted Lanternfly Confirmed overwintering in PA Sep 22, 2014

Spotted Lanternfly Most likely to impact grape, fruit tree, and logging industries

Spotted Lanternfly Lay their eggs on tree bark

Spotted Lanternfly Nymphs become active in April to May

Spotted Lanternfly Currently a quarantine pest We don t know if it will cause commercial damage

Spotted Lanternfly Report it if you spot it Try to prevent damage from a new invasive

Questions?