Objective: You will be able to justify the claim that organisms share many conserved core processes and features. Do Now: Read Enduring Understanding B
Essential knowledge: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today.
Structural and functional evidence supports the relatedness of all domains. The Three Domains of Life
Structural and functional evidence supports the relatedness of all domains. DNA and RNA are carriers of genetic information through transcription, translation and replication. Major features of the genetic code are shared by all modern living systems. Metabolic pathways are conserved across all currently recognized domains.
Figure 4.4 Nuclear envelope TRANSCRIPTION DNA RNA PROCESSING Pre-mRNA TRANSCRIPTION DNA mrna TRANSLATION mrna Ribosome TRANSLATION Ribosome Polypeptide Polypeptide (a) Bacterial cell (b) Eukaryotic cell
Figure 4.5 DNA template strand 3 A C C A A A C C G A G T 5 5 T G G T T T G G C T C A 3 TRANSCRIPTION mrna 5 U G G U U U G G C U C A 3 TRANSLATION Codon Protein Trp Phe Gly Ser Amino acid
First mrna base (5 end of codon) Third mrna base (3 end of codon) Figure 4.6 Second mrna base U C A G U UUU UUC UUA UUG Phe Leu UCU UCC UCA UCG Ser UAU UAC UAA UAG Tyr Stop Stop UGU UGC UGA UGG Cys Stop Trp U C A G C CUU CUC CUA CUG Leu CCU CCC CCA CCG Pro CAU CAC CAA CAG His Gln CGU CGC CGA CGG Arg U C A G A AUU AUC AUA AUG IIe Met or start ACU ACC ACA ACG Thr AAU AAC AAA AAG Asn Lys AGU AGC AGA AGG Ser Arg U C A G G GUU GUC GUA GUG Val GCU GCC GCA GCG Ala GAU GAC GAA GAG Asp Glu GGU GGC GGA GGG Gly U C A G
Figure 4.7 (a) Tobacco plant expressing a firefly gene (b) Pig expressing a jellyfish gene
Figure 7.UN6 Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP ATP ATP
Structural and functional evidence supports the relatedness of all domains. The Three Domains of Life
Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes. Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity and organelle transport) Membrane-bound organelles Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope Endosymbiotic Theory (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) Linear chromosomes
Figure 4.26a
Figure 4.7a ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Smooth ER Flagellum Rough ER Centrosome Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin NUCLEUS Plasma membrane CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Ribosomes Microvilli Peroxisome Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Lysosome
Figure 4.7b Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum NUCLEUS Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Central vacuole Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules CYTO- SKELETON Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Cell wall Wall of adjacent cell Chloroplast Plasmodesmata
Figure 9.3 Chromosomes because they are condensed Genome 2 m Chromosomes are made of DNA
Figure 4.5-3 Nucleus Smooth ER cis Golgi Rough ER Golgi adds special protein markers to determine destination trans Golgi Plasma membrane
Reorganize Your Notes Eubacteria Only add in similarities Archaea Eukarya
Objective: You will be able to construct phylogenic trees and cladograms to depict evolutionary history. Do Now:
Essential knowledge: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
A Simple Phylogenetic Tree The length of the lines in a phylogenetic tree represents time
A More Complex Phylogenetic Tree Phylogenetic trees use similar features to classify organisms into taxon Make a list of the information you can you learn from this phylogenetic tree?
A Simple Cladogram Cladograms are concerned with the way organisms are related to common ancestors through shared characteristics A shared derived character is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular group of organisms
Phylogenetic Trees and Cladograms Phylogenetic trees and cladograms illustrate speciation that has occurred, in that relatedness of any two groups on the tree is shown by how recently two groups had a common ancestor.
Phylogenetic Trees and Cladograms Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be constructed from morphological similarities of living or fossil species, and from DNA and protein sequence similarities, by employing computer programs that have sophisticated ways of measuring and representing relatedness among organisms.
Phylogenetic Trees and Cladograms Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are dynamic (i.e., phylogenetic trees and cladograms are constantly being revised), based on the biological data used, new mathematical and computational ideas, and current and emerging knowledge.
CHARACTERS Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Bass Frog Turtle Leopard Figure 26. Outgroup is included for comparisons TAXA Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Vertebral column (backbone) Hinged jaws Four walking legs Amnion Vertebral column Hinged jaws Four walking legs Bass Frog Turtle Hair Amnion Hair Leopard (a) Character table (b) Phylogenetic tree