Biological Anthropology Sample Exam 2 1 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE 1) Non-human primates are currently threatened by A) poaching for the live animal trade B) the bushmeat trade C) forest clearing D) all of these 2) Which of the following is true of orangutans? A) they are very solitary B) they are highly arboreal C) their reproduction cycles are strongly influenced by food supply D) all of these 3) Research suggests that differences in tool use among chimpanzee populations is due to A) environmental differences B) genetic differences C) intelligence differences D) cultural traditions 4) Which of the following is true of primates? A) they grow up faster than other mammals B) they live longer lives than all the other mammals C) they rely on instinct more so than other mammals D) their lifespan is extended at every stage 5) Which anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal primate species? a. long legs b. large eye orbits c. pointy teeth d. short fingers and toes 6) Which of the following distinguishes chimps from bonobos? A) bonobos hut and eat meat, chimps B) chimps engage in less lethal do not aggression C) bonobos use sex as a form of social D) all of these communication 7) All living Old World primates have a dental formula. A) 2:1:3:3 B) 2:1:2:3 8) The teeth of all primates A) include enormous canine teeth B) include heavy grinding molars similar to those of grazing animals C) are highly specialized D) none of these 9) Primates are able to see in 3-D (stereoscopic vision) because they have A) large eyes B) eyes that see well at night C) round eyes D) forward-facing eyes
2 10) Which of the following type of animal is most closely related to modern humans? A) bonobos B) gorillas C) orangutans D) lemurs 11) Which of the following animals can be found on Madagascar? A) monkeys B) lorises C) tarsiers D) lemurs 12) Which of the following does NOT describe the gibbons? A) they sometimes have secretive matings outside of their pair bonds B) they are among the least vocal of all nonhuman primates C) they range is size from 10-25 pounds D) they are highly arboreal 13) Gibbons live in monogamous pair bonds. This indicates that A) they are a solitary species B) the males compete intensively for mates C) the males and females are very similar in size D) they are better adapted to life in the forest 14) The Australian platypus is a member of the monotreme group. This means that it A) gives birth to live young and feeds them from a nipple in an abdominal pouch B) does not produce milk C) lays eggs D) has a placenta 15) Biological anthropologists are interested in nonhuman primates because A) studying their evolutionary history can teach us about evolutionary processes in general B) because they are intrinsically interesting C) we share a common ancestry D) all of these 16) The chimpanzee diet includes A) meat B) insects C) fruit D) all of these 17) Which of the following is typical of monogamous primate species? A) "bachelor" groups sometimes form B) males don't compete as directly with other males C) groups composed of multiple males and females form D) polygynandrous groups often exist 18) Primates have the greatest of any mammalian group. A) birth success rate B) genetic complexity C) brain size D) brain size to body size ratio
3 19) In general, primates are typified by A) relatively large brains B) grasping hands C) a high degree of learned behavior D) all of these 20) Unlike many mammals, primates tend to be A) olfactorybased B) small C) diurnal D) nocturnal 21) Primates usually have at the ends of their digits. A) claws B) suction pads C) chemo receptors D) flat nails 22) Jane Goodall revolutionized the study of nonhuman primates by A) performing genetic analysis on primate populations B) capturing and studying primates in the lab C) conducting hormonal studies using hormones extracted from feces and urine D) observing them for long periods of time in the field 23) Primate species that have a high degree of sexual dimorphism tend to A) be solitary rather than live in groups B) have less male competition for mates C) be polygynous D) live in more dangerous environments 24) Which of the following is a reason living in groups helps primates avoid predation? A) one's individual chances of being attacked are minimized B) social groups can mob smaller predators C) in larger groups, there are more eyes on the surroundings D) all of these
4 25) Traits that are similar because of common descent or common inheritance are referred to as A) homologous B) homoplasty C) homogenetic D) homoanalogous 26) Two anatomical features that are similar because unrelated organisms have become adapted for similar functions are referred to as A) analogous B) homologous C) homoplastic D) all of the answers are incorrect 27) The hard and flexible outer covering of the body of many invertebrates is the A) chitin. B) exoskeleton. C) endoskeleton. D) cartilage. 28) Animals that have backbones and segmented body plans are referred to as A) vertebrates B) notochordates C) invertebrates D) chordates 29) The vertebrate class that is comprised of animals that are essentially land-living fish whose reproduction remains tied to water is the A) reptiles B) monotremes C) amphibia D) all of the answers are incorrect 30) Among the external changes that can result from estrus are A) visual signals. B) behavioral signals. C) olfactory signals. D) all of the answers are correct SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 31) Define the concept of adaptation (2 pts.) 32) List five adaptations that are commonly found among primates but not among most other animals (5 pts.) a. b. c. d. e.
5 33) What does it mean to say that an animal is r-selected? Give an example of one such animal (3 pts.) 34) What does it mean to say that an animal is K-selected? Give an example of one such animal (3 pts.) 35) What does it mean to say that an animal is poikilothermal? Give an example of one such animal (3 pts.) 36) Explain the relationship between being a heterodont and being homeothermal (be sure to define both terms!) (4 pts.) 37) Explain the relationship between r-selection and instinctual behavior (2 pts.) 38) List two main differences between the monotreme mammals and the placental mammals (2 pts.)
6 39) List two adaptations that help make reptiles better adapted to land living than amphibians (2 pts.) 40) For each of the following types of animals, explain how fertilization takes place, whether the young are born live or hatched, and the type of parental care which is provided to the offspring. (12 pts.) a. fish b. amphibians c. reptiles d. marsupial mammals 41) Define the term population as understood by population geneticists. (2 pts.) 42) Describe the process through which geographic isolation can lead one population to evolve into more than one new species. Be sure to explain role each of the various evolutionary forces might play in this speciation event. (10 pts.)