ROLE OF CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY AND GERMPLASM IN BAMBOO BY DR. P. K. SHUKLA FORMER PRINCIPAL CHIEF CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS MADHYA PRADESH GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
INTRODUCTION ABOUT BAMBOOS
Unique gift of nature to the mankind Bamboos are aptly called the poor man s timber and are found in great abundance. Serve practically every human need Most versatile plant with infinite uses - Food : Low in fat and high in fibre - Fodder : Favorite meal for elephants - Fuel/energy : Gasification - Clothing : Breathable - Housing : Resistant to earthquakes GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
AMAZING PROPERTIES
Strength more than that of steel Straightness Lightness Extraordinary hardness Easy propagation Short maturity period Fastest growth (60-90 cm. in a day) Sustainable harvesting GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
UTILIZATION
Utility and craft products Construction - Houses - Bridges - Scaffolding - Reinforcement of concrete - Composites - Mat boards Industrial applications - Paper & pulp - Rayon - Activated charcoal - Gasification GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
SPECIFIC DIVERSITY
Family : Poaceae (Gramineae) Sub family : Bambusoideae Genera : > 90 Species : ~1500 Most diverse group of arborescent graminoids GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
TAXONOMY
Species identification a bit difficult Long flowering cycle Unavailability of reproductive structure Reliance on vegetative characters : Culms, culm sheath Important works Gamble (1996) - Prepared monograph of Indian bamboos Blatter (1929) - Updated Gamble s monograph Dransfield (1988) Williams and Rao (1994) Sasikumar et. al. (2015) GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
HABIT
Trees or shrubs; very rarely herbs Tree species at lower elevations and in tropical climate Ex. Dendrocalamus strictus Under shrubs at higher elevations in temperate regions Ex. Arundinaria prainii At high altitudes, some species are herbaceous Ex. Buergersiochloaspp. Scandent climbers Ex. Chusquea abutifolia GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
MORPHOLOGY CULMS
Culms are woody pointed stems Arise from underground rhizomes Generally clustered Generally, culms are devoid of branches for considerable height above base Height ranges from 2-6 m. in Ochlandra travancorica to 30m. in Bambusa bambos Diameter varies from 2.5 cms. in O.travancorica to 18 cms. in D. hamiltonii GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
Wall thickness Thick walls Ex. Dendrocalamus strictus Thin walls Ex. Melocanna bambusoides Contd. Hollowness Solid culms (Male baboos) Hollow, round, smooth culms with transverse septa at the nodes (Female bamboos) Clump formation habit Clump forming bamboos with sympodial (pachymorph) rhizomes Ex. Dendrocalamus, Bambusa Non-clump forming bamboos with monopodial (leptomorph) rhizome Ex. Arundinaria, Phyllostachys GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
Cosmopolitan distribution between 46 0 N 46 0 S Latitude. All continents except Europe and Antarctica Moist deciduous, dry deciduous and wet evergreen forests Asia richest continent (900 species belonging to 65 genera), followed by South America (179 species) Tropical Africa (6 genera and 14 species) North America (one genus with two species) Largest concentration in South, South east and East Asian regions GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
MAJOR BAMBOO GENERA OF THE WORLD
Genus Number of species Distribution Arundinaria 81 Both old and new world Bambusa 73 Asia and Africa Chusquea 71 Central and South America Phyllostachys 35 South east Asia, China, Japan Guadua 29 Central and South America Schizostachyum 25 Central and East Asia, Malayan peninsula and Madagascar Dendrocalamus 24 Asia and Africa Mentochys 18 South America Oxytenanthera 16 Asia and Africa Sasa 12 Central and East Asia Gigantochloa 12 South and South east Asia Ochlandra 11 South and South east Asia GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
EFFECT OF LOCALITY FACTORS ON DISTRIBUTION OF BAMBOO SPECIES
Locality factors influence species distribution Climatic factors Occur principally in tropics and mild climate Some species occur in temperate regions of China, Japan, USA, and Chile Preferred temperature range: 9 0 to 36 0 C Prefer high rainfall (most common range 1270-4050 mm.) Minimum precipitation 40 inches (1020 mm.) Altitude From sea line to snow line Arundinaria spp. occurring up to 3000 m. in India and up to 3600m. in South Andes (Chile) GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
Edaphic factors Contd. Soils assume great significance as bamboos are shallow rooted. Prefer well-drained soils. However, Bambusa bambos and Ochlandra spp. occur in swampy and wet stream lands also. Preference for sandy-loam to clayey loam ; yellow, brownish yellow and light reddish yellow soils. GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
HABITATS OF SOME BAMBOO SPECIES
S. N. Species Habitat 1 Bambusa polymorpha Moist, fertile, well-drained soils in moist mixed deciduous forests 2 Dendrocalamus strictus Open, mixed deciduous forests and stony hill side soils 3 Cephalostachyum pergracile Moist deciduous forests 4 Bambusa tulda Stream - bed alluvial flats 5 Oxytenanthera albociliata Low plateaus or hills on sandy or lateritic soils 6 Dendrocalamus longispathus Edges of damp ravines 7 Teinostachyum helferi 8 Bambusa bambos Damp valleys in evergreen forests Rich, moist soils such as alluvial stretches along streams GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
BAMBOO RESOURCE IN INDIA
Richest in the world In terms of area coverage (13.96 mha.) Stock (8.04 million tons) Second richest in specific diversity 136 spp. belonging to 23 genera After China (300 spp.) Annual production 3.23 million tons per annum 98% from forests GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
BAMBOO DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA
Occur in all states except parts of J. & K. and deserts of Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Maximum bamboo area (20.3%) Maximum growing stock (12%) North eastern states Maximum Bamboo reserve (40%) Maximum diversity 90 spp. belonging to 18 genera Other major bamboo bearing states Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, A.P., Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Gujarat GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
AREA UNDER BAMBOO IN DIFFERENT STATES & U.T.s
GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, IND DORE 2016 States/Union territories (year of inventory) Bamboo area (km 2 ) Andhra Pradesh (1968-74) 6598 Arunachal Pradesh (1985-90) 4590 Assam (1988-90) 8213 Bihar (1971-74) 795 Goa, Daman & Dupe 249 Gujarat (1977-78) 2806 Haryana 42 Himachal Pradesh (1974-76) 60 Jammu & Kashmir 15 Karnataka (1983-94) 4925 Kerala 517 Madhya Pradesh (1970-86) 18124 Maharashtra 8893 Manipur (1986-88) 3692 Meghalaya (1986-88) 3102 Mizoram (1988-89) 9210 Nagaland (1984-87) 758 Orissa (1976-84) 7822 *Punjab 50 Rajasthan (1984-86) 529 *Tamil Nadu 3101 Tripura (1989-90) 939 Uttar Pradesh (1981-85) 2010 *West Bengal 1751 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 784 Total 89575
ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF BAMBOO IN INDIA
Annual production About 4.6 million tons About 1.9 million tons used in pulp industries Annual yield (t ha -1 ) Range - 0.2 to 0.4 Average - 0.33 Average culm weight One notional ton for 2400 m. length Market price Approx Rs. 10,000 to 12,000/- /ton. GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
BAMBOO GENETIC DIVERSITY IN INDIA
Bamboo genetic resources 2 nd richest country after China More than ½ of total bamboo resource of the India world in these two countries. 136 species of bamboo belonging to 22 genera Out of 22 genera, 19 are indigenous and 3 exotic North eastern states 58 species belonging to 10 genera Bamboo cover 13.96 million ha. *(18.8% of recorded area) forest *SFR, 2011 GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
BAMBOO DIVERSITY IN DIFFERENT ALTITUDINAL ZONES OF INDIA
Forest Type Altitude Main species 2016 GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2 Tropical (moist and dry deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen ) < 1500 m. Bambusa bambos, B. balcooa, B. pallida, B. tulda, B. burmanica, B. cacharensis, B. khasiana, D. longispathus, Dendrocalamus patellaris, D. sikkimensis, D. somdevai, D. strictus, Dinochloa compactiflora, Gigantochloa hasskarliana, Melocanna baccifera, Schizostachyum dullooa, S. latifolium, C. pergracile, S. polymorphum, Thamnocalamus aristatus
Forest Type Altitude Main species Contd. Temperate 1500-3000 m. Chimonobambusa (Sinarundinaria) callosa, C. jaunsarensis, Drepanostachyum (Thamnocalamus) falcatum, D. hookerianum, D. intermedium, D. polystachyum, Himalayacalamus falconeri, Neomicrocalamus (Racemobambos) prainii, Arundinaria (Sinarundinaria) rolloana, Phyllostachys bambusoides, Semiarundinaria (Sinarundinaria) pantlingii, Sinobambusa elegans, Thamnocalamus aristatus and T. spathiflorus Sub-alpine and alpine > 3000 m. Pleioblastus simonii, Thamnocalamus aristatus, Arundinaria(Sinarundinaria) hirsuta, A. racemosa GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
DISTRIBUTION OF MAIN BAMBOO SPECIES IN INDIA
Species States/UTs Arundinaria aristata Eastern Himalayas Arundinania wightiana Nilgiri Bambusa bambos Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat Bambusa balcooa Bambusa pallida Bambusa tulda Bambusa polymorpha Bambusa vulgaris Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Dendrocalamus longispathus Dendrocalamus strictus Melocanna bambusoides Neebenzia balcooa Ochlandra rheedii Ochlandra travancorica Oxytenanthera thwaitesii Oxytenanthera monostigma Oxytenanthera bourdilloni Oxytenanthera parviflora Pseudostachyus polymorphium Polystachia pergracile Teinostachyum wightii Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura Tripura N.E. states Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,Mizoram, Nagaland Mizoram Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Orissa, Karnatak, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya Nagaland Kerala South India Western Ghats Western Ghats Kerala Assam Arunachal Pradesh Orissa Western Ghats GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
COMMON BAMBOO GENERA IN INDIA
Arundinaria Bambusa Cephalostachyum Dendrocalamus Melocanna Ochlandra MOST COMMON BAMBOOS SPECIES Dendrocalamus strictus (53%) Bambusa bamboos (15%) Melocanna baccifera (15%) GLOBAL L BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
NEED FOR CONSERVATION OF BAMBOO DIVERSITY
Bamboo species differ in Habit Rhizome type Flowering behavior Silivicultural requirements Howllowness Fibre length Fibre strength Growth rate/ productivity Culm thickness Utilization pattern Even within same species, significant variations in different Phenotypes Genotypes Variations useful in developing hybrid varieties with desired traits Factors governing choice of species for propagation Edapho-climatic conditions Productivity Intended uses Market demand GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
NEED FOR COLLECTION & CONSERVATION OF GERMPLASM
Genetic erosion of several bamboo species due to high biotic pressure and destructive harvesting. The diversity of this fascinating plant has to be conserved, not just for financial reasons, but also more importantly for ensuring livelihood of dependent populations. Selection, improvement and conservation of available genetic resource should receive highest priority. Efforts have been made by NBPGR, ICFRE, State forestry research institutes and ICAR GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
INITIATIVES FOR CONSERVATION OF BAMBOO DIVERSITY
Key areas for conservation of bamboo diversity in India identified by WII. KFRI established Bamboo Information Center (BIC) of 137 Indian bamboo species. Ex-situ conservation and tissue culture work started in India and other countries for large scale propagation. ICFRE, State forestry research institutes, private companies and State Forest Departments are propagating bamboo. GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
BAMBOOS IN BOTANICAL GARDENS AND BAMBUSETA
Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, (IBG) Earliest record of bamboo cultivation dates back to the year 1814 in Roxburgh s Hortus Bengalensis. Robert Kyd introduced bamboos during 1787-1793. Botanic Garden and Arboretum of FRI, Dehra dun Bamboo introduction dates back to the year 1925 Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (M.P.) Bamboo introduction started during 1980s State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (M.P.) Bamboo introduction started during late 1970s Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi Bamboo introduction started during early 1990s Van Vigyan Kendra, Chessa (Arunachal Pradesh) Bamboo introduction started during 1980s GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
FUTURE STRATEGY FOR CONSERVATION OF BAMBOO DIVERSITY
Study of bamboo flora in PAs Establishment of new PAs for bamboo species Establishment of bambuseta/germplasm banks/botanical gardens, exclusively devoted to conservation of bamboo species Performance assessment of germplasm Preparation and regular updating of catalogue of bamboo germplasm GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016
Integrated R&D efforts Molecular biotechnological techniques Contd. Genetic diversity assessment using different molecular markers Genetic improvement Genome profiling through DNA fingerprinting RGA (Resistance gene analogue) based allelic polymorphism to assess disease tolerance Induced flowering through in vitro techniques Selection of disease tolerant genotypes Breeding Development of improved cultivars Package of practices for cultivation, production and utilization Development of protocols for macro and micropropagation GLOBAL BAMBOO SUBMIT, INDORE 2016