Name Date Molecular Biology Review Part 1 IB Papers Topic 2.1 Molecules to Metabolism Living organisms control their composition by a complex web of chemical interactions. Be able to: Explain how molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved. Describe how carbon atoms form four covalent bonds to allow a diversity of stable compounds to exist. Explain how life is based on carbon compounds including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Explain how metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism. Compare and contrast anabolism the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions, and catabolism the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers. Describe how urea is an example of a compound that is produced by living organisms but can also be artificially synthesized. Draw molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid. Identify biochemical such as sugars, lipids or amino acids from molecular diagrams. On the diagram to the right, indicate how many bonds each of the atoms can form. All of the diagrams shown in the diagram to the right contain a carbon-based backbone. How many bonds does each carbon atom form? What type of bonds are formed between carbon and hydrogen? (hint: polar covalent, nonpolar covalent and ionic are the 3 major types of bonds) Describe the characteristics of the bond you stated above. Describe how proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are related to each other. Give a common function between carbohydrates and lipids.
Fill out the graphic organizer below to compare and contrast lipids and carbs, compare and contrast proteins and nucleic acids, and then show similarities between all 4 types of macromolecules. Include things such as functions, atoms in each, examples, and solubility in water. Carbohydrates Both Lipids Similarities for ALL: Proteins Both Nucleic Acids Fill out the following graphic to compare and contrast Anabolism and Catabolism.
Label the reactions below. One is Anabolic, the other is Catabolic. Label the Water molecule in each diagram as H 2O. What are the similarities between the two types of reactions? What are the differences between the two types of reactions? The diagram below is a molecular diagram to use as an example: Draw a diagram, similar to what you see above, for glucose: Draw a diagram to represent ribose: Draw a diagram to represent a saturated fatty acid.
Draw a diagram to represent a general amino acid. Identify the following structures as either a: sugar, lipid, amino acid terms may be used more than once. Topic 2.2. Water Water is the medium of life. Be able to: Explain the polarity of water molecules and the hydrogen bonds that form between them. Explain how hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. Determine if a substance is hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Compare the thermal properties of water with those of methane. Explain how water is used as a coolant in sweat. Describe the modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen and sodium chloride in blood relative to their solubility in water. If needed, access the following animation to help you with the background information for this section: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/propertiesofwater/water.html (posted on class website Review Page under IB Biology 2)
The diagram below represents multiple water molecules joined together. Indicate: Hydrogen bonds, Oxygen, Hydrogen The diagram below shows another way to represent water molecules. Indicate the hydrogen bonds in this diagram. The diagram to the left represents a single water molecule. Label the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms. Then, indicate the partial positive charge (δ+) and partial negative charge (δ-) on the appropriate places of the diagram Explain how the partial positive and partial negative charges cause polarity of the water molecule. Explain how the polarity allows hydrogen bonds to form between adjacent water molecules. Describe: Cohesion Adhesion Thermal properties (i.e. Specific Heat / Heat Capacity) Solvent Properties
Methanol is an alcohol, and as such, has a lower specific heat. This means that it s temperature will rise relatively quickly when exposed to a heat source. Assume that two beakers one of water and one of methane are exposed to the same heat source. Circle the graph below that would represent the temperature changes in each beaker. Explain how the hydrogen bonding between water molecules works to cool down the body when it evaporates from the skin (evaporative cooling aka sweating ) There are three major methods of transport into and out of cells: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport. Assuming that the following substances are located in blood, which is 70% water, consider the size and solubility of the molecule and determine what type of transport would allow the molecule to get into or out of a cell. Amino acid Glucose Cholesterol Fats Oxygen Sodium chloride