GIS BASED ANALYSIS OF EXPRESS VS LOCAL STATIONS ON SURROUNDING LAND USES IN NEW YORK CITY GIS in Transit Conference, Washington D.C Date: September 2, 2015 1 Subrina Rahman Supervised by Dr. Candace Brakewood City College of New York
OUTLINE Part 1 Background Prior Research Objectives and Hypotheses Part 2 Methodology Data Analysis Part 3 Conclusion Future Research 2
Part 1 BACKGROUND PRIOR RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES 3
BACKGROUND New York City (NYC) Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the United States Express services make fewer stops mainly at major stations by skipping some minor stations and cover longer distance within a short period local services stop at every single station 4 Source: mta.info
BACKGROUND (CONT.) NYC subway provides both express and local services Some subway lines have both services Moat of the transit service arrangement were determined in the middle of twentieth century. Source: queens.brownstoner.com 5
PRIOR RESEARCH Transportation systems and land use are interrelated Numerous of studies defined the relationship between land use and transit ridership (Banerjee, Myers, and Irazabal, 2005; Brown, 2012; Zhuang, 2014 and others) The most relevant research conducted in New York, which described the co-developed relationship between subway stations and residential and commercial land use. The result of the study revealed that the subway network was a leading factor of commercial growth (David, 2011) However, none of the research compares the relationship of express vs. local transit services on surrounding land use. 6
Hypotheses Objectives OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES Compare the land uses in the catchment area surrounding express stations and local stations Evaluate for a single subway line ( A train) Residential land use is higher near express stations than local stations Commercial activity is higher near express stations than local stations Population density is higher near express stations than local stations Subway ridership is higher in express stations than local stations 7
Part 2 METHODOLOGY DATA ANALYSIS 8
METHODOLOGY Background on A train The A train serves both express and local services, as well as covers 31 miles from Inwood in Manhattan to Far Rockway in Queens Catchment Area of Each Station Based on TCQSM i, half a mile catchment area is considered for each station containing the surrounding land use data Compare Express Stations with Local Stations Three dimensions -land use, population densities, and subway ridership within half a mile catchment areas are calculated for each station 9 i. Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3 rd Edition. TCQSM Chapter 5, Quality of Service Method. PP 5-11.
Description of the data used for analysis Data Format Time Source New York City Land Use Map Shapefiles 2014 Department of City Planning, NYC Subway Stations Shapefiles 2014 NYC Open Data Borough Boundaries Shapefiles 2014 Department of City Planning, NYC Population Density by Census Tracts, 2010 METHODOLOGY (CONT.) Excel file 2012 Department of City Planning, NYC Subway Ridership Data Excel file 2013 mta.info 10
No. of Station Stations Distribution of the A train ANALYSIS The A train has 66 stations in total Among them 18 stations have both local and express service and remaining 48 stations serve as local station 11 out of 18 express stations are in Manhattan There is no express station in Queens, all are local stations Station Distribution 35 30 29 25 20 15 10 5 0 10 7 17 18 11 20 0 20 Local Express Total Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Borough 11 Data source: Borough Boundary, Department of City Planning, NYC and Subway Stations, NYC OpenData
Land Use Categories ANALYSIS (CONT.) Residential land use is prominent for the catchment of both express (37.89%) and local (42.79%) stations Percent of one and two family building is higher near local stations Commercial activity near express station shares 14.3% which is more than double (5.9%) compared to local stations Similarly, mixed land use also share high percentage near express stations compared to local stations Land Use Categories Express Stations 5% 2% 3% 10% 11% 13% 13% 14% 12% 3% 14% Commercial & Office Buildings Industrial & Manufacturing Mixed Residential & Commercial Buildings Multi-Family Elevator Buildings Multi-Family Walk-Up Buildings One & Two Family Building Open Space & Outdoor Recreation Parking Facilities Public Facilities & Institutions Transportation & Utility Vacant Land Land Use Categories Local Stations 2% 9% 19% 6% 5% Data source: New York City Land Use Data, 2014; Department of City Planning, NYC 6% 21% 2% 8% 10% 12% 12
ANALYSIS (CONT.) of the A train 13 Data source: Land Use Data, 2014; Department of City Planning, NYC
Percent Land Use Categories (cont.) ANALYSIS (CONT.) Brooklyn and Queens boroughs are residential land dominant. About 60% of land is shared by residential buildings around local stations in these two boroughs. In Manhattan, commercial and mixed land uses share a significant amount of lands. Commercial activity near express stations is more than double compared to local stations 70 Share of Land Use Types 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Express Local Express Local Express Local Residential (%) Commercial (%) Mixed Residential & commercial (%) Source: Land Use Data, 2014; Department of City Planning, NYC Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Total 14
Density per Acre ANALYSIS (CONT.) Population Density The average population density of the New York Metropolitan area is 42.2 ii persons per acre Density is more than double (92.3 persons per acre) iii in station catchment areas Local stations (92.7 persons per acre) catchment areas have the higher density compared to express stations (78.5 persons per acre) Population Density 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Borough Data source: New York City Census Tract, 2010, Department of City Planning, NYC Local Express Total 15 ii. United States Census Bureau. New York (City), New York. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/3651000.html iii. Data source: New York City Census Tract, 2010, Department of City Planning, NYC
Population Density (cont.) ANALYSIS (CONT.) Population density is lowest near local stations Population in south-east Density side of Queens (cont.) Middle to upper Manhattan has the higher population density compared to the CBD and other areas 16 Data source: New York City Census Tract, 2010, Department of City Planning, NYC
ANALYSIS (CONT.) Annual Ridership Data according to their Rank within Overall Subway Stations No Stations 2011 2012 2013 2012-13 change 2013 Ranking Station Type 1 Times Sq-42 St /42 St 60,604,822 62,069,437 63,617,614 +2.6% 1 Express 2 34 St-Penn Station 24,751,771 24,851,746 25,726,374 +3.5% 6 Express 3 59 St-Columbus Circle 21,300,892 21,599,586 22,774,421 +5.5% 7 Express 4 Fulton St 17,971,983 17,868,334 18,721,694 +4.7% 12 Express 5 Chambers St 15,458,781 15,364,366 15,641,210 +1.8% 16 Express 6 14 St 12,415,290 13,044,037 13,903,211 +6.9% 19 Express 7 West 4 St-Washington Sq 12,506,322 12,727,443 13,533,369 +6.4% 20 Express 8 Jay St-MetroTech 11,149,629 11,492,780 11,793,956 +2.7% 26 Express 9 125 St 8,173,608 8,427,453 8,932,680 +6.2% 37 Express 10 168 St 7,500,154 7,503,282 7,884,456 +5.1% 46 Express 11 145 St 6,948,193 7,048,936 7,432,177 +5.5% 53 Express 12 Canal St 5,646,937 5,612,068 5,922,371 +5.5% 73 Express 13 Nostrand Av 5,139,201 5,283,444 5,510,841 +4.4% 79 Express 14 Utica Av 4,437,282 4,530,536 4,726,582 +4.4% 101 Express 15 175 St 4,029,936 4,028,015 4,154,792 +3.1% 117 Local 16 Euclid Av 3,100,867 3,115,445 3,323,235 +6.7% 151 Express 17 181 St 3,245,786 3,242,555 3,309,493 +2.1% 152 Local 18 Hoyt-Schermerhorn Sts 2,968,639 2,990,881 2,971,379-0.7% 166 Express 19 Broadway Junction 2,810,713 2,862,830 2,948,156 +3.0% 169 Express 20 Inwood-207 St 3,079,573 2,795,992 2,897,438 +3.3% 174 Local 21 High St 2,093,306 2,209,212 2,441,136 +11.1% 194 Express 22 Ozone Park-Lefferts Blvd 2,286,542 2,246,624 2,262,961 +0.7% 210 Local 23 Dyckman St 2,326,780 2,344,316 2,112,706-10.0% 224 Local 24 Howard Beach-JFK Airport 928,529 1,074,516 1,626,984 +59.5% 283 Local 25 Aqueduct-North Conduit Av 474,915 890,505 698,115-40.5% 392 Local 26 Beach 36 st 192,676 217,880 143,400-38.7% 415 Local 27 Beach 98 st 198,503 193,332 100,594-46.7% 417 Local 28 Beach 44 st 225,250 161,946 91,331-31.3% 418 Local 29 Beach 105 st 80,580 82,088 48,916-41.2% 419 Local 30 Broad Channel 88,837 75,969 36,849-44.0% 420 Local Source: Annual Subway Ridership (mta.info) 17
Part 3 CONCLUSION FUTURE RESEARCH 18
CONCLUSION Parameters Hypotheses Outcomes Findings Residential Buildings Commercial Buildings Density (Persons per acre) Annual Subway Ridership Express Station > Local Station Express Station > Local Station Express Station > Local Station Express Station > Local Station Local Station> Express Station Express Station > Local Station Local Station> Express Station Express Station > Local Station X X 19
FUTURE RESEARCH Only three dimensions are considered. In future, other dimensions like-residential building price, economic activity, income of household, and auto ownership could be included Statistical tests could be conducted to understand the strength of the relationship between local and express stations land uses Understanding the variation of land use pattern in catchment areas would greatly enhance the ability to provide efficient and effective transit services 20
REFERENCES Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3 rd Edition. TCQSM Chapter 5, Quality of Service Method. PP 5-11. New York City Subway Lines and Routes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/new_york_city_subway# Trunk_lines United States Census Bureau. New York (City), New York. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/3651000.ht ml Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Annual Subway Ridership, 2010-2013, http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/ridership_sub _annual.htm Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Subway Station Services, http://web.mta.info/nyct/service/aline.htm 21
QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS? 22