MS 20 Tides Exercise Name Time class meets Introduction Tides are the cyclical rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and, to a lesser extent, by the sun. Gravitational pull creates a bulge in the ocean on the side of Earth nearest the moon and on the opposite side of Earth from the moon. Tides develop as the rotating Earth moves through these bulges causing periods of high and low water. Using tidal information from many sources, tides are classified into three types: diurnal tides, semidiurnal tides, and mixed tides. 1. Briefly describe the high and low water characteristics of each of the following three types of tides. Diurnal tides: Semidiurnal tides: Mixed tides: Identifying Types of Tides Tidal curves for the month of September at several 1ocations are illustrated in Figure 1. Use the figure to answer questions 2-4. 2. Classify each of the tidal curves shown in Figure 1 as to the most appropriate type. Diurnal tides occur at: Semidiurnal tides at: Mixed tides at: 3. Of the locations you classified as having a mixed tide, which (port Adelaide, Seattle, Los Angeles) had the greatest inequality between successive low water heights on September 5th. Circle your answer. 4. Write a general statement comparing the type of tide that occurs along
the Pacific coast of the United States to the type found along the Atlantic coast. Tidal Variations In Figure 1, notice that during the month of September, at any given location, the heights of the tides were not constant. Two important factors influencing this variation are: (1) the alignment of the sun, Earth, and moon, and (2) the distance between Earth and the moon. Although these two controls are significant, they alone cannot be used to predict the height or time of actual tides at a particular place. Other factors, such as the shape of the coastline and the configuration of ocean basins, are also important. Consequently, tides at various locations respond differently to the tide-producing forces. Use Figure 1 and your text to answer questions 5-7. 5. As shown in Figure 1, the tidal range (difference in height between high tide and the following low tide) at anyone location (changes, remains the same) throughout September. Circle your answer. The lunar phases for the month are shown at the top of Figure 1 (new moon on the 8 th and full moon on the 23 rd of the month). 6. What general relation seems to exist between the phases of the moon and the tidal ranges at New York? 7. After referring to your text, explain the cause of spring tides and neap tides. Sketch a diagram showing the relative positions of the Earth, moon, and sun, viewed from above, that would cause each situation. Spring tide: Spring tides:
8. On Figure 1, label the times of spring tide and times of neap tide for New York. 9. Do the tides at Pakhoi, China, have the same relations to the lunar phases as those that occur at New York? At some locations, tidal power is being considered as a means of generating electricity. 10. Suggest two criteria that a bay must meet before its tidal energy can be economically harnessed. Criterion 1: Criterion 2: Having completed the exercise, you should know the following: The gravitational attractions of the sun, Earth, and moon are the primary causes of tides, but other factors also cause local tidal variations. Each of the three types of tides has characteristic periods of high and low water. Spring tides have the largest tidal ranges, whereas neap tides have the smallest tidal ranges.
11. In Figure 2, find and list the times (24 hour format) and tidal heights (in feet) for the four tides for the January 10. Repeat for the January 17. Jan 10 a) : ft. b) : ft. c : ft. d) : ft. Jan 17 a) : ft. b) : ft. c) : ft. d) : ft. 12. Draw a tidal chart (like Figure 1) using the data in Figure 2. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0-1 -2-3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 The typical pattern is abbreviated in the following order: HHW (high, high, water), LLW (low low water), LHW, HLW, so the most extreme low tide directly follows the most extreme high tide. 13. What is the duration between the first Thursday's LLW and the 1st Friday's LLW tide? Is the duration between LLW the same between consecutive days? 14. On what dates do the new moon, 1 st quarter, full moon and 3 rd quarter occur?
Figure 1
Figure 2