PROGRESSION OF THE ATOMIC MODEL

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Transcription:

PROGRESSION OF THE ATOMIC MODEL

By 1808, it was widely accepted that matter was made up of ELEMENTS, which consisted of tiny PARTICLES called ATOMS. After 2000 years - DEMOCRITUS was right all along

John Dalton Dalton s Atomic Theory: 1. All elements are composed of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible particles. 2. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike, they all have the same mass, and chemically behave the same way. 3. Each element is characterized by the mass of its atoms, and their properties. 4. The joining of atoms of two or more elements forms compounds. 5. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical change.

John Dalton Dalton s atomic theory is also known as the BILLIARD BALL MODEL, since he believed that atoms were just tiny SPHERES. Atoms under Dalton s model would look like this:

JJ Thompson Thompson was studying the PASSAGE of an electric CURRENT through a GAS, which led to his discovery of very LIGHT, NEGATIVE PARTICLES called ELECTRONS, DISPROVING Dalton s theory that the atom is INDIVISIBLE. Later he discovered HEAVIER, POSITIVE PARTICLES called PROTONS.

JJ Thompson Thompson proposed that: 1. Electrons have small mass and a negative charge. 2. An atom is a sphere of positive electricity. 3. Electrons are embedded in the positive sphere, so the atom will remain neutral.

JJ Thompson Thompson s theory is also called the RAISIN BUN or PLUM PUDDING or BLUEBERRY MUFFIN model: It would look like this:

Ernest Rutherford Rutherford developed what is known as the NUCLEAR MODEL. Rutherford did an experiment where SHOT a beam of ALPHA PARTICLES at a sheet of GOLD FOIL. He found that MOST of the PARTICLES went THROUGH the foil, as if it were made of EMPTY SPACE, while some BOUNCED off. Through this experiment he discovered a DENSE POSITIVELY charged NUCLEUS.

Ernest Rutherford He proposed that: 1. The nucleus is a very tiny, dense, positively charged core. 2. All of the protons are contained in the nucleus 3. The nucleus is surrounded by mostly empty space. 4. Rapidly moving, negative electrons are scattered outside the nucleus in an electron cloud.

Ernest Rutherford

Neils Bohr Bohr thought that if RUTHERFORD S theory were true, the ELECTRONS would just CRASH into the NUCLEUS (since OPPOSITE charges ATTRACT) He improved Rutherford s model by placing the electrons into specific ORBITS around the NUCLEUS.

Neils Bohr He proposed that: Electrons move around the nucleus in specific paths called orbits (like planets around the sun). Each electron in an orbit has a definite amount of energy. The further away from the nucleus, the more energy an electron has. Electrons cannot exist between orbits, but can move between them if they gain or lose energy. Each orbit or energy level is a certain distance from the nucleus. Electrons are more stable at lower energy levels. The order of filling the 1 st three orbits is: 2, 8, 8.

Neils Bohr His theory is also called the PLANETARY MODEL. It would look like this:

Quantum Model Bohr s theory works well for SIMPLE ATOMS (eg, H), but does not explain more complicated ones. It was found that particles sometimes exhibit wave properties (wave-particle duality), which lead to the current model of the atom

Quantum Model The Quantum model proposes: Electrons do not move in a definite path like planets. It is impossible to determine the exact location of an electron. The probable location of an electron is based on its energy. Energy levels are divided into four sublevels called orbitals, which contain several pairs of electrons. The orbitals are like electron clouds, and the electrons move around randomly in them.

Size of an Atom Atom = toronto skydome Nucleus = baseball Proton = marble Electron = mosquito

Contents of an Atom Contents of an Atom: An atom is made up of three SUBATOMIC particles: proton (+ve) electron (-ve) neutron (neutral)

Contents of an Atom Subatomic Particle Symbol & Charge Mass Location Proton p+ 1 amu Nucleus Neutron n(0) 1 amu Nucleus Electron e- 1/1837 amu Electron shell

Contents of an Atom amu = atomic mass unit = 1.66x10-27 kg **The ELECTRON has a mass almost 2000X LESS than PROTON & NEUTRON.

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