Ckvemw {]_p- XbpsS axw F. A p dlow

Ckvemw {]_p- XbpsS axw F. A p dlow {]kn o-i-cww, hnx-cww: Ckvemw C \m-j-w ]ªn-t -j kv, ticf Alva-Znøm apkvenw timwπivkv t^m v-tdmuv, IÆq 670 001

ISLAM PRABUDHADAYUDE MATHAM (Islam the Religion of Intellectuals) One dozen charges of a rationalist against Islam refuted Author: N. Abdurrahim Published & Distributed by: Islam International Publications,Kerala Ahmadiyya Muslim Complex, Fort Road, Kannur- 670 001 Printed at: BRB Offset Printing Press, Thavakkara, Kannur- 17 First Edition: 1980 Second Edition : 2006 Copies: 3000 Price : 80/-

]n.-fw. A_q-_- kmln-_n\v _nkn-\v kw_- -ambn CS-bv nss _ Ω-bn t]mim-dp- mbn-cp A_q-_- kmln_v Hcn- a{zm-kn sn -t mƒ I s]mbv -gn- n-cp- p. Aßs\ _ Ω-bn-te- p bm{x aps-ßn. At mƒ GtXm Hcm-fpsS \n t±-i-{]-imcw B -am-\n-te v ]pd-s - p. c mw temi-a-lm-bp w XpS-ßnb Ime-L- -am-bn-cp p AXv. P m Im B -am ]nsn- -S- n. ]n osv 10 h jw hsc A_q-_- kmln-_n-s\- p-dn v hnh-c-sam- p-ap- m-bn-. XpS \v {_n o-jp- Im B -ams\ tamnn- n- p. Aßs\ A_q-_- kmln_v \m nte- v Xn-cn ph p. IqsS `mcybpw Hcp Ip nbpw D m-bn-cp- p. \m nse BZysØ `mcy At±-lsØ kt m-j-tømss kzoi-cn- p. A[nIw Ign-bp- -Xn\p aptº c p `mcy-am-cp-samøv At±lw B -am-\n-te v as-ßn. AhnsS Iqƒ ]okv lukv (hn-iz-im n `h )-F t]cn Hcp tkmum-is XpS-ßp-Ibpw snbvxp. CS-bv nss amln-bn Xs IpSpw-_-Øn hcm-dp- m-bn-cp At±lw 1960- Ft m Imcy-Øn-\mbn IÆq-cn h p. Hcp s] n- -S-bn \n v Alva-Znøm Pam-A-Øns {]kn- o-i-c-w-amb kxy- Zq-X amkni At±-l-Øn\v e`n p. AXn BIr- -\mb At±lw F. lmanzv kmln-_v, F. A p dlow kmln-_v, auem\m A p- m-km-ln_v F v. F., auehn apl-ωzv A_p h^m kmln_v XpSßn-b-h-cpambn- kplrzv_ w ÿm]n- p. XpS -t±lw B -am-\nte v t]mbn. X_veo-Kn-\mbn Bsc-sb- nepw Ab- p-x-c-w-sa v auem\m A p- m-km-ln-_n\v At±lw IsØ-gp-Xn. auem\m kmln_v auehn apl-ωzv A_p h^m kmln-_ns\ B -am-\n-te v Ab- p. At±lw aptj\ A_q-_- kmln_pw thsd aq p-t]cpw _bv- AØv snbvxv Pam-A-Øn {]th-in- p. 1972- A_q-_- kmln_v \yq amln-bnse Nme- -c, at cn `h F Xs kz w ho n ÿnc-xm-a-k-am- n. 1978- lrt{zm-k-_m-[n-x-\m-b-t mƒ Xs `mcybpss km n-[y-øn auehn apl-ωzv A_p h^m kmln-_n-t\mspw F.-]n. Ip map kmln-_n-t\mspw Xm acn- m Xs ]g-b-ßmsn Alva-Znøm ivaim-\-øn I_-d-S- -W-sa v hkn-øøv snbvxp. B h jw Unkw-_ 25- \v At±lw h^m-øm-bn. At±-l-Øns hknø-ø-\p-k-cn v ]g-b-ßm-sn-bn I_-d-S- p-ibpw snbvxp. At±-l- Øns c m-asø `mcy-bnse ai-\mb Ako-kp d-lvam kmln- _n\pw Pam-A-Øn tncm A mlp `mkyw \ In. ]tc-x\v A mlp akv^n-døv \evip-am-dm-i-s. ai l_o-_p d-lvam, ]g-b-ßmsn

Cu ]pkvx-i-sø-] n ""ticf bp n-hm-zn-kwlw P\-d kn{i- dn {io. bp. Iem-\m-Y Ckvem-ans\] n ]pd-s -Sp-hn 12 Bt -]-ßƒ p adp-]-sn-bmwv Cu {KŸ-Øn simsp-øn-cn- p- -Xv. Ckvem-ans \ne-]msv ka ambn hni-zo-i-cn- p-ibpw tnmzy-ßƒ v X -Xmb adp-]sn \evip-ibpw snøp- -Xn {KŸ-I Ømhv {]iw-k-\o-b-ambn hnp-bn- n- p- v.'' s{]m^-k sss kv h o-kv, ae-bm-f at\m-c-a, 21.9.1980 ""Ckvemw _p n-po-hn-i-fpss axw' hfsc \ m-bn- p- v.'' ap No^v C Pn-\ob Sn.-]n. Ip n-bmap

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 6 {]km-[i- p-dn v "Ckvemw {]_p- -X-bpsS axw' F Cu ]pkvxiw bp nhmzn kwl-s-\-bpss P\-d sk{i- -dn-bm-bn-cp {io. bp. Iem- \m-ys Ckvem-an-s -Xn-cmb ]{ v Bt -]-ßƒ p adp- ]-Sn-bm-Wv. Ckvemw _p n-po-hn-i-fpss axw F t]cn apºv {]kn- o-i-cn ]pkvx-i-øns ]p\-cm-hn-jvi-c-w-am-wn-xv. Ckvemw-a-X-Øns ]ptcm-k-a-\-]-c-amb Bi-b-ßsf bp n-kl-amb coxn-bn ka n- p-i-bmwv CXn-eqsS a lqw P\m_v F. A p dlow kmln_v snøp- -Xv. kmaq-ln-ihpw am\pjn-i-hp-amb {]iv\-ßƒ p bym {]Xn-hn[n Ckvem-an- I-]m-T-ß-fn-eqsS At±lw hnh-cn- p- p. Ckvemw km -eu- InI ax-am-sw pw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øns hnim-k-øn\v XpS w Ipdn- Xv Ckvem-am-sW- p-ap Is -Ø Cu IrXnbn D v. Ncn-{X-Øns \n Æm-b-I-amb Hcp Zim-k- n-bn Atd-_y-bnse acp-`q-ansb ae hm-sn-bm- nb Ckvemw ]n osntßm v temi-øns \thm- m-\-øns apip-f-ßƒ hncn-bn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p-sh- v At±lw ÿm]n- p- p. bp nbpss ] m-ø-e-øn temikw`-h-k-xn-isf t\m n- m-wp- -h v Ckvem-ans\ Adn-bm klm-b-i-amb Hcp ]pkvx-isa \nebv v hmb-\- m-cpss ka w Cu D]-lmcw ka n- p- p. IÆq, 15.12.06 kzv

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 7 c mw ]Xn n p Hcp apj-hpc ""axw ]q Æ-ambpw _p n-bmwv'' F v apl- ΩZv \_n-(k)xn-cp-ta-\n Acp-fp-I-bp- m-bn. axw _p n-am- m p- -Xm-Wv. bp nbp -amb Nn m-k-xn-bpss A\n-hm-cy-]-cn-W- Xn-bmWv kxy-a-xw. AXp-sIm v F m shfn-]m-sp-a-x-ßfpw _p n-po-hn-i-fpss ax-am-sw v Rm hniz-kn- p- p. F m, a p shfn-]m-sp-a-x-ßƒ ]n m-eøv a\p-jy-i-tø- -ßƒ v hnt[-b-ambn amdn-øncn p t]mip-ibpw Ahbv v aqey-ßƒ \ -s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. Jp -B A Sn kz -kp-µ-c-am-bn Ahn- I-e-am-bn, A\m-{Im- -ambn \ne-sim- p- p. AXp-sIm v aqeyw \ -s - n- n- mø GI-sh-fn-]m-Sp-aXw Ckvemw BsW p Jfi- \-`-b-sat\y ]d-bmw. F m kxyax-ßfpw Ckvemw BWv. Ckvemw F p-sh- m sszh-øn-\p Iogvh-W w AYhm im n-sb-{]m-]n-. Bsc p ]d- mepw kxyw CXs{X! sx n- -cn- s -, sx n- -cn- n- -s ax-amwv Ckvemw. sx mb [m-c-w-iƒ \o p-hm-\p Hcp hn\o-xkzpzyaw BWnXv. Rm Hcp apkvenw "^ -sa -enãv' A. '^ -sa -enk'øn Rm hniz-kn- p- n-. F m, Ckvem-ans ^ sa -ep-i-fn Rm ASn-bp-d p hniz-kn- p- p. AXns \n m-c-w-øn-\p-th n \ne-sim- p Hcp {]ÿm-\-ønse

hn\o-x-tk-h-i-\mwv Cubp- -h. Ckvem-ans kz -am-b, Ahn- I-e-am-b, A-emb cq]w shfn-s -Sp-Øn- m-wn- m Cu Ime- L- -Øn Ah-Xo Æ-\mb Hcp {]hm-n-i-s, Hcp \_n-bp-ss, hmkvzø alvzo-c-am-ans {]ÿm-\-am-w-xv AlvZ-anøm {]ÿm\w! Alva-Znøm ]cn-t{]- y-ønemwv Cu adp-]sn Xøm-dm- nbn- p Xv. bp n-hmzn t\xmhv {io Iem-\m-Y Xs Bt - ]-ßƒ ]pkvx-i-cq-]-øn Bh Øn- n-cn- p- p. At±lw Bt -]-ß-fn Dd p \n p-i-bmhmw! Rm N XpS-cm B{K-ln- p- p. Fs adp-]-sn-iƒ pw {]Xym-t -]-ßƒ pap At±-l-Øns {]Xym-Jym\w ImWm F\n v IuXp-Iap- v. kxyw kzbw Xnf-ßp- -Xm-sW v Rm hniz-kn- p- p. [ndpxn-s -s -gp-xnb adp-]-sn-bmwv [ndpxn-s - p-xs ]pkvx- I-cq-]-Øn BZy-]-Xn- mbn ]pd-øn-d- n-b-xv. Nne adp-]-sn-iƒ Aev]w-IqSn hni-zo-i-cn- p-ibpw Baq-em{Kw ]p\-t»m-[\ snbvibpw Jp -B hmiy-ßƒ A Sn Ad-_n-bn Øs D cn- p-ibpw snbvxn- p- v. IqSp-X hni-zo-i-cn-t hi-ßfp- m-imw. XmXzn-I-Im-cy-ßƒ v H -hm- n adp-]sn ]d-bm Bhn- -t m. Cu ]Xn- n Ahn-S-hnsS Nne ASn- p-dn- p-iƒ tn Øn- p- Xp hmb-\- m v klm-b-i-am-ip-sa v Icp-Xp- p. c v A\p-_- -ßƒIqSn Cu ]Xn- n tn Øn- p- v. kxy-zq-x-\n 1958- Rm Fgp-Xnb Ipdn- p-i-fm-w-h. C sø kml-n-cy- Øn {]k- -ß-fm-sW v txm n. apkvenw IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X- Øn ImW-s -Sp sshi-ey-ß-sfbpw Zpjv{]-h-W-X-I-sfbpw Ipdn- m-w-h. Xptemw KpW-I-c-am-bn-cp \nb-a-\n-_- -\-Iƒ Fßs\ hnir-x-cq]w {]m]n p Bt -]m l-ß-fmbn amdn-adn p F v AXv hy -am- n-ø-cp- p. bp n-hm-zn-iƒ v adp]-sn ]d-bp Imcy-Øn Hcp hnjaw A\p-`-h-s -Sp- p. Ah s mcp BZ i-an-. BZ i-

]p-cp-j\pw {]am-w-tbm-ky-\p-ambpw Bcp-an-. GXp hnj-bhpw GXp ho -Whpw GXp hy n-tbbpw Ah v hna in- mw. H n-t\m-spw BtcmSpw B`n-ap-Jytam DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øtam C. kzx-{ -am-wt m Ah-cpsS hna i\w! AXp-sIm v adp-]sn ]dbp-tºmƒ Fßs\ F ns\ Bsc Nq n- - -dbpw F p- -XmWv Ae- p {]iv\w. blq-z txmdbpw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ kphn-tijhpw lnµp- ƒ thtzm-]-\n-j-øp-ifpw _u {Xn]n-S-Ihpw ]m kn-iƒ ZkmØodpw {]am-w-ß-fm- o- p- -h-cm-i-bm Ahbn Du n-\n pw. AXp-sIm- m-wv, AlvepIn-Xm-_n-t\m-Spw, {KŸm-\p-km-cn-I-tfmSpw \ -\n-e-bn hnhmzw snbvhn F v Jp -B-\n \n t±-in- -Xv. Fs - m ASn-ÿm-\-Z i- \Øn \n v Ah v hyxn-n-en- m-\m-hn-. bp n-hm-zn-iƒ H nepw Du n-\n p- -h-c-. A`n-{]mbw Ccp-ºp-e- -b- t m!! Hcp bp n-hm-zn v icn-bmbntxm p- Xv as mcp bp n-hmzn AwKo-I-cn- n-s - n-cn pw. AXp-sIm- mwv Rm am Ivkn-ksØbpw IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-c-s\bpw tkmhy- vdjytbbpw adp-]-snbn Ipdn-bm- n-b-xv. \n Ω-X-Xzhpw \mkvxn-i-hm-zhpw {]mtbm- Kn-I-Po-hn-X-Øn ]I Øn- m-wn- Xv Ah-c-t, Ahn-S-at? IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-c snøp- Xpw tkmhy vdjy-bn \S- p- Xpw Xßƒ v _m[-i-a-s v bp n-hm-zn-iƒ AYhm kjmhv Iem- \m-y ]d-s m-gn- m Rm Ipg- -Xp-Xs! ]s, {]mtbm-kn-i-bp- n-hmzw ]ns Fhn-sS-bm-Wp- Xv? tih-e-amb ss[j-wn-i-hym-bm-a-øn\v F p {]k n? \ntj-[-hmzw kwlm-c-]-c-am-wv. Rm D p-d-t mss hniz-kn- p Imcy-ß-fmWv CXn hnh-cn- n- p- -Xv. sx p-iƒ D m-hmw. Adn-hp- -h Ah Nq n- m-wn- px m Rm \µn-bp- -h-\m-bn-cn- pw. IÆq F. A p dlow

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 10 BapJw Xe-t»cnbnse Alva-Znøm C ^ ta-j k okv 1978 Pq 10- \v A -Sn- n-d- nb Hcp tnmzym-hen N -sn-bvx-tijw ticf bp n-hm-zn-kwlw P\-d kn{i- dn {io. bp.-i-em-\m- Y, bp n-hmzn {]Nm-c-W-th-Zn-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn Xr»qcn \n pw {]k-n o-i-cn- p "bp n-hn-nmcw' amkn-i-bn Fgp-Xn-b- Hcp {]Xym-Jym-\-Øn, "Rm F p-sim v Ckvemw AwKo-I-cn- p- n ' Fs mcp tnmzyw kzbw D -bn- p-ibpw Ckvem-an-s\- n GXm\pw Bt ]ßƒ ]pd-s -Sphn pibpap- m-bn. Ht sd {]iv\-ßƒ Dƒs m- p- -XmWv {]kvxpx Bt -]-ß-sf- nepw At±-lw-Xs ]{ v Bt -]-ß-fmbn Ahsb C\w Xncn- n- p- m-bn-cp- p. {]kvxpx Bt ]ßƒ v tic-f-a-lva-znøm ti{µ-k-anxn P\-d kn{i- dn F \ne-bn Alva-Znøm {]ÿm-\-øns ae-bmf apj]-{xamb "kxy-zq-x'- \n AXns ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbncp- -t mƒ, Rms\-gp-Xnb adp-]-snbm-wn-xv. ]Øv Bt -]-ßƒ p-ff adp-]sn "kxyz-q-x-'\n {]kn- -s -SpØnsb- nepw _m n {]kn- -s -Sp-Øm Nne {]txyi kml-n-cy-ß-fm km y-a- msx h p. Ah-bpƒs m- n p adp-]sn ]pkvx-i-cq-]-øn {]kn- - -s -Sp-Øm-\m-hp-sa v IcpXn Hcp ]ckyw simsp-øn-cp- p-sh- nepw \mfn-xp-hsc ]pkvxiw ]pd-øn-d- m-s\m-øn-. Zp -e-amb A -Sn-s -ehv ImcWw ]pkvx-i{]kn o-i-cww am n-sh-t - n-h-cn-i-bm-wp- m-b-xv. sxt -a-e-_m-dnse Du -kz-e-\mb Alva-Zn-øm-{]- h Ø-I\pw DZm-c-a-\-kvI-\p-amb Fs _lp-am-\y-kp-lrøv

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 11 P\m_v kn.-si. Aehn kmln-_ns klm-b-k-l-i-c-w-ß-fmemwv CXn-t mƒ shfn w ImWp-am-dm-b-Xv. bp n-hm-zn-iƒ ]pdw-]-c-xn-i-fm-sw pw B p-ap-ßm\pw BgØn X m\pw Ah {]m]vx-c-s pw s\lvdp Hcn- ]d-bp-i-bp- m-bn- p- v. CXv F{Xbpw ]c-am -am-sw- mwv bp n-hm-zn-i-fpss hna i-\-ßƒ hmbn- -t m-sgm-s bpw F\n v txm o- p- -Xv. bp n-hm-zn-iƒ F v Ah kzbw hnfn- p-h-cp- -Xp-sIm v Ahsc bp n-hm-zn-i-sf p \mapw hnfn- p p F - msx bp nbpw Ah-cpsS hmz-hp-ambn henb _ -sam- p-ap- m-im-dn-. {io. bp. Iem-\m-Ys ]{ v Bt -]-ßƒ pw Rm\n- Xn adp-]sn \ In-bn-cn- p- p. Ft -Xmb Ffn-b-a- n-. CXv adp-]-sn-bm-ip- pt m F v Xocpam\n-t - Xv hmb-\- m-cm-wv. Bt -]-ßƒ B pw F{X-sb- nepw ]pd-s -Sp-hn- mw. tnmzyß-fpss FÆw Iq- mw. adp-]sn ]d-bpi A{Xbpw eml-h-am-bn- p- -X- t m! bp n-hn-nmcw AtXe -Øn (B-KÃv 18) {]Xy- -s Hcp ]{Xm-[n-]- p-dn- n p adp-]-sn-bm-bn "kxyzq-x'\n "BcmWv tcma-]q-p-i?' F Xe-s - n Rms\-gp-Xnb Ipdn v CXn Hc-\p-_- -ambn tn Øn- p- Xv bp n-hm-zn-i-fpss hna i-\- ßƒ F{X-tØmfw A -m-c-iq-\y-am-ip p-sh p sxfn-bn p ImWn- m-\mwv. Cu adp-]-sn-bpss an `mk-ßfpw Fs hµy-am-xp-e P\m_v F. lmanzv kmln_v hmbn- p-tiƒ p-ibpw hne-tbdnb \n t±-i-ßƒ \ Ip-I-bp-ap- m-bn- p- v. Fs klm-bn- - F m-h pw AI-a-gn \µn! IÆq F. A p dlow

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw bp nhmznkwlw kwÿm\ kn{i dn {io. bp. Iem- \m-y Ckvem-an-s\- p-dn v ]pd-s -Sp-hn Bt -]-ßƒ Hmtcm pw Rm NphsS D -cn p Ahbv v adp-]sn \ Ins m- mw. aqey-ßƒ Bt ]w: 1 tihew ax-]-c-amb B[n-Im-cn-I-X-sb A mlp ]d- -Xm-sW Hscm Im-W-Øm am{xw B[m-cam n F m Imcy-ßfpw hniz-kn- Wsa v Ckvemw \n - n- p- -Xn-\mepw (25:6) hniz-k-\o-b-amb imkv{xo-b-h-kvxp- X-Isf ax-xøzß-fpss aqey-\n Æ-b-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn- m A\p-h-Zn- m-ø-xn-\mepw Ckvemw kzoim-cy-a-. DZm-l-cWw: ]c-tem-i-hnizmkw imkv{xo-b-h-kvxp-x-ifpss sxfn-hp- -X-. _ kjpw A yzn\hpw kz -\-c-i-ßfpw F mw hniz-kn-t - Xp A mlp ]d-bp p F -Xn-\m-em-Wv. (26:192) adp-]sn: sszhw k -\m-sw- mwv apkvenw-iƒ hniz-kn- p- -Xv. Jp -B kn m- n- p- Xpw A{]-Imcw Xs. BI-bm, k - -\mb sszh-øns hn-\-ß-fn sszhw ]d p F H m-c-w-øm hnizmkw sim p - Xn Hcp bp n-`w-khpw C. k - -\mb sszh-øns hn-

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 14 \-ß-fn Ah sszh-h-n-\-ß-fm-sw v Dd- p-h-cp-øn- -gn- tijw kwi-bn- p- Xpw Ahn-iz-kn- p- Xpw bp nbv v tncp- -X-. ]ns, sszhw k - -\mtwm F pw, k - -\mb sszh-øns hn\w Xs -bmtwm F pw D -XmWv {]iv\w. sszhw BsW- n k - -\p-am-bn-cn- -Ww. Fs - m, sszhw k -i \pw k -hym-]nbpw k m cym-anbpw F -, ki-e-i- n-i-fp-tsbpw BXy- n-i-`m-hhpw Bbn-cn- -W-sa- -Xn-\m A\n m-cy-ambpw k -\p-am-bn-cn- -Ww. sszh- Øns k -`m-h-øn hniz-kn- p- -h Ahs Cu KpWß-fn-se mw hniz-kn- m bp n-]-c-ambn \n - n-x-cm-wv. At mƒ, A mlp ]d- -Xm-sW Hscm Imc-W-Øm, ax- ]-c-amb B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb am{xw ASn-ÿm-\-am n Hcp Imcy-Øn Hcp apkvenw hniz-kn- p- -Xn sx n-. bp n-`w-k-hp-an-. c m-asø {]iv\w sszhw ]d- Xp Xs -bmtwm F - Xm-Wv. AXv Dd- p-h-cp-tø- -Xp- v. Znhy-h-N-\-ß-fpsS kxyw \n Æ-bn- p- -Xn\v bp n-aq-ey-ßsf D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Ømw. Jp - B Znhy-h-N-\-ß-fm-sW- -Xn-te v AXp-Xs Nne bp n- \ym-bßƒ D -bn- p- p- v. bp n-]-c-ambn Nn n- p GsXmcm-tfbpw t_m y-s -Sp-Øm t]mcp- -XmWv Ah. Aßs\ t_m y-s - -h-cmwv AXn hniz-kn- -h. B {]am-w-ß-f-\pk-cn v Hcn- Jp -B k - -\mb sszh-øns hn-\- ß-fm-sW v t_m yw hcp-øn- -gn- m, axxøz-ß-fpss aqey-\n Æ-b-Øn\p B Znhy-h-N-\-ßsf Xs -bmwv Ah-ew- _-am-t - -Xv. hnip- -Jp -B Bcw-`n- p- Xv "Aen-^v, emw, aow' F o A -c-{x-b-ßƒ sim m-wv. Cu A -c-ßƒ "A\- mlp AAvew' Rm k - -\mb A mlp BIp p F hmn-i-øns Npcp- -am-wv. A mlp k - -\mbxpsim v {KŸw B[n-Im-cn-I-am-Wv, {]mam-wn-i-am-wv. Jp -B XpS-cp- p.

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 15 ""CXm-Wv bym -am-b, kxy-am-b, {]mam-wn-i-amb {KŸw. CXn bmsxmcp kwi-bhpw C. kq vax ]men- p- -h v am -Z i-\-am-wn-xv.'' B[n-Im-cnI {KŸ-am-bn-cn- p- -Xn-\m ktµ-l-hm-z-øn\p AXn ÿm\-an-. AXn-\m, kq vax ]men- p- -h v AXv am -Z i-\-am-wv. AXv k m Z i-\- am-sw- -Xn-te- p sxfn-hmwv XpS p ]d-bp- -Xv. Ah Xs -bmwv hnp-bn- p- -h '' (2:6) F ph m Jp -Bs\ am -Z i-\-ambn kzoi-cn- p h hnp-bn-i-fm-bn-cn- p-sa- p-x-s. \_n-xn-cp-ta\n AXv sxfn-bn- p-im-wn- p. temiøv a m pw In n-bn- n- mø hnpbw Jp - Bs\ am -Z i-\-ambn kzoi-cn p kq vax ]men kxy-hnizm-kn-iƒ v In n. G hpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-cm-bn-cp P\X temi- Øns tpxm- fpw t\xm- -fp-ambn amdn-b-t mƒ Jp -Bs {]kvxm-h\ km[q-i-cn- -s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. ]ns - n\v sszhh-n-\-ßsf kwi-bn- Ww? imkv{xob XØz-ß-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb imkv{x- ]d- p F H - m-c-w-øm hniz-kn- -W-sa v bp n-hmzn t\xmhv ]d- m AXv kzoim-cy-a-. Im-cWw, imkv{x- k - -\ F -Xp-X-s. imkv-{x- k - -\m-sw v imkv{x- p-xs Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-an- t m! imkv{x- k - -\-s v bp n-hm-znbpw kω- Xn- pw. Fs - m, ]e imkv{xo-b-x-øz-ßfpw A\- -c-imeøv Xncp-tØ- nbpw Xt - nbpw h n- p- v. ]expw sx msw v imkv{x- Xs sxfn-bn- p-im n! am Ivkn-k-a-\pk-cn v kxyw Fs m- n-. F m XØz-ßfpw kxy-ßfpw amdp- p. Ne-\-\n-baw am{xsa ÿnc-am-bn- p- q. imkv{x- ]d-bp- -X-\p-k-cn v sszh-h-n-\-ßƒ Xncp- Øn-s m- n-cn- m ] n-. adn- v, sszh-h-n\w km[q-i-cn- s -Sp- -Xn-\p-th n imkv{x- s \nk-a-\-ßfpw I p-]n-sn- Ø-ßfpw Xncp-Øn-s m- n-cn-t - n-h-cpw. AXp-sIm- p-xs imkv{xo-b-x-øz-ßƒ ]expw sszh-h-n-\-ßƒ v FXn-cmbn

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 16 ImW-s -t - mw. AXns kxyw ]n osv Is -Øp- -Xn-\pth n! imkv{xo-b-x-øz-ßƒ -\p-k-cn v sszh-h-n-\-ßƒ am m XpS-ßn-bm, AXv sszh-h-n-\-ambn Ah-ti-jn- p-ibn-. AXp-sIm v A a Im msx, Ak-ln-jvWp-hm-ImsX IqSp-X Kth-j-W-ß-fn G s -Sp-I-bmWv imkv{x- s IS-a. axw sszh-øns hn-\hpw imkv{xw sszh-øns I ΩhpamWv. ssz-h-øns {]hr-øn-bpss hni-zo-i-c-whpw hymjym- \-hp-am-wv imkv{xw. BI-bm, imkv{xw ax-øns ]cn-[n-bnte v AXn-{I-an v IS-t - -Xn-. ]c-temiw, "_ kjv' kz \c-i-ßƒ Chbv v imkv{xob hkvxp-x-i-fpss sxfn-hn F mwv {io. Iem-\m-Y ]d-bp- Xv. C m-cy-ßƒ imkv{x-øns ]co- W ]cn-[n-bn s] -X-s - -XmWv ]c-am w. `uxn-i-h-kvxp- -fpss Ne\\nb-a-ß-fmWv imkv{xw. F n-cn-s, ]ctemi-po-hnxw Cs v imkv{x- sxfn-bn p Im p- -sx-ßs\? ]c-temiw `uxn-ita A m-xncns ]c-tem-i-hn-izm-k-øn\v sxfn-hn F v ]d-bp- Xv kzoimcy-a-. ]c-tem-ihpw _ k-jpw, kz -\-c-i-ßfpw Bflo-b-k- Xy-ß-fm-I-bm Bflo-b-amb sxfn-hp-i-fmwv Bh-iy-ambn hcn- I. F m, ]e bp n-hm-zn-ifpw imkv{x- - mcpw ]ctem-i-øn hniz-kn- p- -h-cm-sw- -XmWv ]c-am w. bp nhm-zn-i-fpss alm-nm-cy-\mb txmakv s]bn Xs hn{ip-x-amb Age of Reason F ]pkvx-i-øns XpS- -Øn Øs ]dbp- -Xv, I believe on one god and no more and I hope happiness beyond this life ""Rm Hcp sszh-øn hniz-kn- p p; A{Xam-{Xw. ]ns Cu temi-øn- - p-dhpw Rm kpjw B{K-ln- p-ibpw snøp- p.'' F mwv. 1 Cukm-\_n (tb-ip-{in-kvxp) ]nxrclnx\m-bmwv P\n- sx v (Virgin birth) A mlp Jp -B-\n ]d p F -Xp-sIm- p-am{xw apkvenw-iƒ A{]-Imcw hniz-kn- p-t]m- p. imkv{x- 1. Age of Reason- Thomas Paine, p. 9

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 17 Zr ym ip -A-kw-_- -am-bn-cp p CXv! F m, C v CXv Akw-_- -a-. a\p-jy-cnepw I\y-Im-{]-khw (Parthenogenesis) kw`m-hy-am-sw v Cu hnj-b-øn {]txy-i-]-t-\hpw Kth-j- Whpw \S-Ønb tumœ annkv sl kv] sh (Mrs. J.B.S. Haldane) sxfn-bn- p-im- p-ibpw Cw - nse kp{]-kn imkv{xam-kn-i-bmb "em k'- n 2 AXv {]kn- -s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. c -]-cn-tim-[\ aptj\ Cu bmym yw sxfn-bn- m-hp- -Xn- \m, Cu kwkxn sh n-øp-d p ]d-bm Hcp bph-xnbpw C\n asn-t - -Xn-s pw Ah {]Jym-]n- p-i-bp- m-bn.* tbip Ipcn-in-t acn- n- n-s pw At±-lhpw amxmhpw ip -P-e-k-ar- -amb Hcp- -X-{]-tZ-iØv c -s -Sp-I-bm-Wp- mb-sx pw a p-ap Imcy-ßƒ Jp -B-\n ]d p F -Xns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn am{xw hniz-kn- -s - p-t]m- p. CXm-I-s, \nehn-ep Ncn-{X-ßƒ pw blq-z-ss{i-kvx-h-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ pw Ah-cpsS ax-hn-izm-k-ßƒ pw F mw FXn-cm-bn- p- Xpw! F m, ""A mlp ]d p F -Xp-sIm- p-am{xw'' Ch-bn hnizmkw sim n- p- -h B hnizm-k-øns hnpbw C v BtLm-jn- p- p. {io. Iem-\m-Y\pw bp n-hm-zn-iƒ pw 2. Lancet (Lond) Nov 5, 1955, p. 967,968. * Sensible inquirers do not say that a virgin birth is inherently impossible or inconceivable- (Life of Jesus, C.J. Cadoux DD, p. 28) CXpkw_- n- p ]{X-dn-t m v C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""]pcp-jkv] i-ta msx-xs I\y-I-I-fn K t`m ]m-z\w km y-am-sw v imkv{xo-b-k-th-j- W-ßƒ sxfn-bn- n-cn- p- p. A \n- msx P saspø Ip n-bpss bmym yw Cuhn[-Øn sxfn-bn- m km[n- pw. ]pcp-j-_o-p-hp-am-bp k -e-\an- msx K t`m ]m-z\w km y-amtwm F -Xn-s\-] n hmz-{]-xn-hmzw Bcw-`n- n v Imew Iptd-bm-bn. ax-]-c-amb Nne {]iv\-ßƒ Dƒs m- p H m-ws{x Cu hnj-bw. sshzy-a-fi-e-ønse tumœ sl kv] sh I\y-Im-{]-khw km y-am-sw- mwv ]d-bp- -Xv. Hcp eivn-ddpw s{]m^-k sp.-_n.-f-kv. lmƒsubns `mcy-bp-am-wn-h. a\p-jyp-cƒs ss ape- m IpSn- p-h-f-cp Pohn-I-fpsS K t`m ]m-z-\-km- y-x-sb- n Ah ]T\w \S-Øn. ""a\p-jy-cn CØ-c-Øn-ep kw`hw hnc-f-am-bn-cn- pw. AYhm ` Øm- - m-cp-ambn Pohn- p kv{xoi-fn CXp- m-bm Øs I p]n-sn- m hnj-a-hp-am-bn-cn- pw. Cu hn[-øn-ep- m-ip Ip n-iƒ kv{xoi-fm-hm-\mwv km y-x. AYhm Akm-[m-c-W-{]-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]pcp-j Bbn-cn pw

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 18 CXn F mwv ]d-bm-\p- Xv? "XemJv' hnhm-l-tam-n\w Bt ]w: 2 ac-w-a-s Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ sim v Pohn- n-cn- p P\-ßsf `cn- p-hm-\mwv Ckvemw {ian- p- -Xv. Po-hn- n-cn- p hy n-i-fpss A\p-`-h-ßsf AXv am\n- p- n-. DZm-l-cWw: `mcy Adn-bmsX aq p-x-hw XemJv snm nbmepw hnhmlw Zp -e-am-ip \nbaw Poh-\p a\p-jy-kv{xo- Isf D]-t`m-K-]-Zm -ß-fmbn Xcw XmgvØp- -Xn\pw I -s - Sp-Øp- -Xn\pw Imc-W-am- p-i-bm-wv. bq\nt^mw knhn tim- Uns\ FXn m\pw ChnsS ico-aøv D]-I-c-W-am-Wt m! adp-]sn: ac-w-a-s- -h Db Øn- n-sn imiz-x-k-xy-ßƒ Pohn- n-cn- p Xe-ap-d-bn kzm[o\w snep-øp- p-sh- n XSbm-\m-hn-. bpk-ß-fn-eqss A\p-`-h-]-c-ambn sxfn-bn- -s kxyß-sf-bmwv, F m-ehpw sxfn-bn- m-hp imiz-x-k-xy-ß-sfbmwv axw AYhm Ckvemw Db Øn- n-sn- p- -Xv. `mcy-b-dn-bmsx aq p-x-hw XemJv snm n-bmepw hnhmlw Zp -e-am-ip \nbaw Ckvem-an-en-. {io. Iem-\m-Y hnh-ct Sv hnf-ºp- p. Ckvem-anse sshhm-ln-i IpSpw-_-\n-b-a-ßsf- p-dn v At±lw IqSp-X ]Tn- -Ww.- h-b- p-]ng n-\p-th n GsX- nepw Jmkn-bmtcm sambn-eymtcm ImWn- p Ipkr-Xn- Ø-c-ßtfm Jp Bs hy -amb hn[n-iƒ Ah-K-Wn v ""I\yIm{]k-h-amtWm F -dn-bm-\p Ffp- -hgn c w ]cn-tim-[n- -em- Wv. ImcWw AΩ-bpsS c w am{x-am-wt m Ip nifn-ep- m-bn-cn- p-i.'' (am-xr-`q-an, 9.11.55, N{µn-I, 10.11.55) "em k v' ]{Xw ]d-bp p: ""Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmb AΩ-am-cn Nne t\cp ]dbp-i-bm-bn-cp- n-cn- mw. Ah-cpsS imtyw sshzy-im-kv{x-{k-ÿ-ß-fn ]p n- -s -Sp-Itbm AXn-hn-Nn-{X-amb kw`-h-ambn ka-im-eo-\- m-cm tcj-s -Sp- Øs Sp-Itbm BWp- m-b-xv. I\y-Im-{]-khw Xs tbm F v kwi-bm- Xo-X-ambn sxfn-bn- m C v km[n- p-sa- -Xn-\m CØcØn {]k-hn I\y-I-Iƒ XßfpsS \nesb IqSp-X Bfl-hn-izm-k-tØm-Sp-IqSn {]Jym- ]\w snøp- -Xn\v C\n asn-t - -Xn-s p tumœ kv] sh ]dbp- p. 16 e w kv{xoi-fn Hcmƒ C{]-Imcw ]pcp-j-kv] iw IqSmsX {]k-hn- m- \n-s-bp-s v Ah ]d-bp- p.'' (Indian Express, Nov. 10, 1955)

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 19 kzm w-`-cn-iƒ ]S- p- m- nb N -ßtfm A Ckvem-anI\nba-ßƒ. Jp -B-\mWv apkvenw-i-fpss {]am-w-{k-ÿw. \mtsm-sn- -Y-I-f-, \nba-ßƒ m[m-c-amb {]am-w-hm-iy-ß-fmwv tiƒt - -Xv. "ico-aøv \nb-a-ßƒ' F t]cn D m- nb apkvenwhy- n-\n-baw (Muslim Personal Law) Ckvemw ico-a-øns\ ]q Æ-ambpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp p F v ]d-bp- Xv icn-b-. Ckvem-an-I-a- mø Nne hi-ßƒ AXn-ep- v. F m-hcpw AwKo- I-cn- p ]c-am -am-wn-xv. B A]m-Iw Nq n- m n CkvemwaX-kn- m- -ß-sfbpw Jp -B-s\bpw hna in- m ] n-. Ckvemw-a-X-Øns ASn-ÿm\ {]am-w-ßsf ap \ndpønbmwv XmØznI hnhmzw \S-tØ- -Xv. Ckvem-anse hnhm-l-tam-n-\-\n-b-a-sø-] n sx p-[m-c-w- Ifpw Ahsb ASn-ÿm-\-am n Ht sd Bt -]-ßfpw \nen\n p p- v. kpt_m-[-an- m-sxbpw txm n-b-t]m-sebpw Ft m-sg- n- m-sxbpw `mcysb samgnsnm n- n-cn- m Ckveman ]pcp-j\p kzmx-{ y-ap-s - pw, `mcy Adn-bmsX Ahsf Isøm-gn- -Xmbn aq ph- w ]pcp-j ]d- m hnhm-l-tam-n- \-am-ip-sa pw a p-amwv s]mxpsh ]pe Øn-t m-cp [mc-w. hnhm-l-tam-n\w Hcp ]cn-x-ÿn-xn-bnepw A\p-h-Zn- mø kaql-øn s] -h Ckvem-anse hnhm-l-tam-n\ kzmx-{ ysø hnir-x-ambn hnh-cn- p-ibpw, "aq p Xp -ens _ w' Bbn AXns\ Nn{Xo-I-cn- p-ibpw snøp- p. hnhm-l-tam-n-\-kzm-x- { ysø apkvenw-iƒ hf-sc-tbsd Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øo- p- Xpw Ckvem-ans\ sx p-[cn m Im-c-W-am-bn- p- v. CXp-kw-_- n Ckvem-ans bym ]mt-sa-s p ]Tn- m\pw ]cn-tim-[n- m\pw A[n-I-amcpw an\-s -Sm-dn-s - -XmWv kxyw. bp n-hm- Zn-I-fm-sW- n ax-øn Hcp \ -bp-an-s ap hn-[n- m-cm-ibm Hcn- epw kxyw AwKo-I-cn- m Xøm-dm-Im-dp-an-. Ckvem-anI \nb-a-\n t±-i-ß-sft mww apkvenw-iƒ A\p-h Øn- p-t]m-cp k{º-zm-b-ßfpw BNm-c-ß-fp-sa mw

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 20 bym -Øn Ckvem-an-I-am-sWt m apkvenw\nb-a-ß-fmbn Icp-Xn-t m-cp- -sx mw Jp -B-\nIamsWt m hnnm-cn- p-iq-sm- Ø-Xm-Wv. hnhm-lw, hnhm-l-tam-n-\w, Zmb-{Iaw apx-emb hnjb-ß-fn hnhn[ apkvenw-i- n-iƒ hyxykvx {]tz-i-ß-fn hn`n- -\n-b-a-ßƒ kzoicn pt]m n- p- v. B \nb-a-ß-sf mw Ckvem-an-I-ß-f-. a p \nba-ß-fpss kzm[o-\-øn-epw, Nne {]mtzini kmaq-ln-i-\n _- -ß-fmepw apkvenw-ip-spw-_-\n-b-a-ßƒ ]e cq]-am- -ßƒ pw hnt[-b-am-bn-cp- n- p- v. \ncp-]-{z-h-ß-sf- p-sh- p -kzo-i-cn Nne acym-z-iƒ Ckvem-ans XØz-ßƒs - Xn-cm-b-hn[w Ime-{I-a-Øn amdn-øn-cn p t]mi-bm-wp- mb-xv. hs-s -a-e-_m-dn ASp-Ø-Im-ew-hsc apkvenw-iƒ acp-a- -Ømbw AwKo-I-cn- p-t]m- n-cp- p. 1937- "ico-aøv \nbaw' {]m_-ey-øn h -txmss am{x-amwv a -Ømbw \ne-hn h -Xv. ` Ømhv `mcym-kr-l-øn Xma-kn- p k{º-zmbw hs-s -a-e-_m-dn C pw ImWmw. acp-a- -Øm-b-Øns kzm[o- \-Øn \S- mb Cu k{º-zmbw Ckvem-an-I-co-Xn-b-. kp n, inbm I n- m n-s-bnepw kp n-i-fn Øs im^n l\^n hn`m-k-ßƒ n-s-bnepw hyxykvx k{º-zm-b-ßƒ \ne-\n- p-t]m- n- p- v. Ckvem-an-I-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS aqem-[mcw hnip- -Jp -B-\m-Wv. AXv h n-]p n hyxym-k-an- msx kpc- n-x-ambn C pw \nesim- p- -Xn-\mepw \_n-t{i-jvts D]-tZ-i-\n t±-i-ßƒ hnizmk-tbm-ky-ß-fmb \ne-bn tcj-s - p-in-s- p- -Xn-\mepw bym Ckvemw-aX ]mt-ß-sf-s pw ]n m-esø sshir-x-ß-sf-s m-s -sb pw th Xn-cn- -dn-bp-hm km y-amsw hkvxpx a\-n-em-t - -Xp- v. Cu Ckvem-anI aqeyß-fpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn IpSpw-_-\n-b-a-ßƒ ]p\x-kw-l-sn- n- p-i-bm-wm-h-iyw. hnhm-l-tam-n\w A\p-h-Zn- -s -Smtam F -XmWv ChnsS ASn-ÿm-\-{]-iv\w. \nbaw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øp p AYhm ewln- -s -Sp p F Xv Hcp \nb-a-øns km[p-xsb tnmzyw

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 21 snøm ]cym-]vx-a-. Ckvem-an hnhmlw `mcym-` Øm- - m XΩn-ep Hcp Icm (Contract) BWv. {InkvXp-a-X-Øntem lnµpa-x-øntemt]mse A]-cn-t -Zy-amb Hcp ]pwy-_ w (Sacrament) Bbn hn-hm-lsø Ckvemw IW- m- p- n-. hnhm-l-tam-n\w A\p-h-Zn- n- n- mø kap-zm-b-{i-a-øn AXp-Im-cWw Xs at\m-tcm-k-ßfpw Bfl-l-Xy-Ifpw IpSpw-_-I-e-l-ßfpw sime- ]m-x-i-ßfpw hf-sc-b-m-wv. Cu A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn hnhm-l-tam-n\w efn-xhpw kpkm- y-hp-am- n-øo m-\p \nb-a-]-cn-jvi-c-w-kw-cw-`-ßƒ ta ]-d ax-ßƒ v {]m_-eyap-ff \msp-i-fn \S- p-ibpw XZ-\p-kr-X-amb \nb-a-\n Ωm-Wßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp-h-cp- p. {InkvXp-a-X-Øn\v {]m_- ey-ap bqtdm- nepw Ata-c-n -bnepw C v IpSpw-_-_- -ßfpsS \ne-sb- m-sw pw hnhm-l-tam-n-\-ß-fpss s]cp- hpw Bh Ø-\hpw F{XtØmf-am-sW pw t\m n- - m axnbm-ipw. imkvt{xm- -amb hnhmlw A]-cn-t -Zy-am-sW p Icp- Xn-t m lnµp-k-aq-l-øn "lnµp-timuv' aptj\ hnhm-l-tam- N-\-Øn-\p C p D-d v hcp-ø-s - n-cn- p- p. a\p-jy D m- nb _ -ßƒ th s]-sp-øm a\p-jy\p kzmx-{ y-ap- m-bn-cn- - W-sa {]Ir-Xn-XØzw AwKo-I-cn- -s -SmsX \nhr-øn-bn-. {InkvXob-]p-tcm-lnX- mcpw Bcy-k-am-P-]-fin-X- mcpw hnhm-l-tam-n-\-øns t]cn Ckvem-ans\ Bt -]n- p-t]m- n- p-s - nepw F m {InkvXo-b-cm-Py-ß-fnepw C y-bnepw hnhm-l-tam-n-\-\n-baw \S- m-bn- -gn- p. ItØm-en- v `qcn-]- ap C -en-bn 1969- -emwv hnhm-l-tam-n-\-\n-baw _nj- p-am-cpss FXn p-isf hish- msx tnº Hm^v U]yq- o-kns PÃnkv IΩn n AwKo- Icn p ]mm- n-b-xv. CtX-sIm w Xs -bmwv {_n -Wnse hnhm-l-tam-n\w IqSp-X DZm-c-am- n-s m- p ]cn-jvi-c-w- \n-baw tima kv k` ]mm- n-b-xpw. ]p\x-ÿm-]n- m km y-am-imø Zmº-Xy-X-I hnhm-l-tam-n-\-øn-\p GI- 3. N{µn-I, 15.6.1969. {_n ojv cmpmhv F mw FtUz Un\v cmpxzw Dt]- nt - n-h- Xp hnhm-l-tam-n\w snbvx annkv knw]vks\ `mcy-bmbn kzoicn- -Xp-sIm- m-bn-cp- p. C m-cy-øn {_n ojv Im_n-\- n-s bpw Cw ojv

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 22 Im-c-W-ambn AwKo-I-cn- p-sim- p- -XmWv {]kvxp-x-\n-b-aw. 3 hnhm-l-tam-n\w Ckvem-an {]bm-k-]q Æ-amb Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv. 1. Jp -B-s bpw \_n-bp-ssbpw \n t±-tim-]-tz-ißƒ \p-k-cn v Pohn- p Hcp-h\pw A\ym-b-ambn Hcp kv{xosb samgn-snm- n- n-cn- m km y-ta-b-. \_n Acpfn: ""A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb Imcy-ß-fn A m-lp-hns ] -G- hpw A\n- -am-bn- p- Xv hnhm-l-tam- N-\-am-Ip- p.'' (A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv) 2. hnhm-l-th-f-bn ]pcp-j Ahs \ne-bvs møv kv{xobv v \ Im _m y-x-s hnhm-l-aqeyw AYhm al hnhm-l-tam-n-\-tømss Abmƒ v \ -s -Sm CS-bm-Ip- -Xn- \m hnhm-l-tam-n-\-øn\v Hcp apkvenw _ -s -Sp-I-bn-. Cu hnhm-l-aqeyw kv{xobv v tims-xn-ap-tj\ t\sn-sb-sp- m-hp- -Xpw -A-hƒ p-am{xw Ah-Im-i-s - -Xp-amb kzøm-sw Imcyw Hm - Ww. Cu _m yx ]q Ønb-m m-ø-\n-e-bn XemJv km yta A. Jp B ]d-bp- p: ""Ah v ]mcntxm-jn-i-am-bn v Ah-cpsS hnhm-l-aqeyw \ Iphn '' (4:5) ""Ah mbn \n bn s {]Xn-^ew N n-s bpw GtIm-]n FXn ns\ XrW-h K-Wn- p-sim v FtUz Uv F m-a N{I-h Øn-]Zw hen-s -dn-bp-ibpw hnhm-l-tam-n\ kzmx-{ y-øns Bh-iy-I-Xsb Db Øn- n-sn- p-i-bp-am-wp- m-b-xv. F m, shdpw hn Uvk {]`p-hmbn Ign- p-iq-snb At±-l-Øn\v Xs \ne]m-sns\ \ymbo- I-cn- p-sim- p \nbaw tima kv k` AwKo-I-cn Xm-bn p ]{X-hm Ø hmbn- m-\m-thmfw Pohn- n-cn- m Ign p! hnhm-l-tam-n\w snbvx kv{xosb c m-asø `mcy-bmbn kzoi-cn At mwn CuUs\ {][m-\-a-{ n-bmbn kzoi-cn- mtam F {]iv\-øn "Un^ U Hm^v Z s^bnøv' F \ne-bn Cw ojv N ns Xebn IqSn-bmb Fen-k-_Øv cm n-bpss CwKnXw Cw - n `c-w-l-s-\m-{]- Xn-k n kr n- -t mƒ CuU\v ]pd-øp-t]m-ti- n-h- p (Sunday Standard, 26.6.54). CXmWv {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s bpw ]m m-xy-kw-kvim-c-øn-s bpw ti{µamb Cw - n ASp-Ø-Im-ew-h-sc-bp Ah-ÿ.

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 23 \nßƒ Ah- v \ Iphn '' (4:25) 3. C -ap- -t mƒ txm n-b-t]mse XemJv snm m Hcp apkvenan-\v km- y-a-. Jp -B ]d-bp p: ""\nßƒ `mcy-amsc Dt]- n- p-i-bm-sw- n \n Æn-X- Im-eØv Ahsc Dt]- n- p-hn. "C±' Imew IW- m- p-ibpw A m-lp-hns\ `b-s -Sp-Ibpw snøp-hn.'' (65:2) AXm-b-Xv, kv{xobpss B Ø-h-Im-eØv XemJv ]msn-. 4. "XemJv' \ I-s kv{xo K `n-wn-bmtwm F p \n Æbn- m-\p Ime-b-f-hp-hsc hnhm-l-tam-n\w {]m_-ey-øn hcp- n-. Jp -B ]d-bp p: ""XemJv snm -s kv{xoiƒ aq p EXp-Imew ImØn-cn- -Ww.'' (2:229) AXm-b-Xv, kv{xo K `w [cn- n- p-t m-sb v Dd- n- p- - Xp-hsc Ahƒ as m-cmsf thƒ -cp-xv. hnhm-l-tam-n\w snøs kv{xobpss K `-]m-{x-øn Xs {]P-bp-s hkvxpx Abmsf ]p\-cm-tem-n-\bv v t{]cn- n- p-sa- -Xn-\m XemJv as- n-sb-sp- m\pw Zmº-Xy-_ w XpS-cm\pw km y-am-ipw. 5. hnhm-l-tam-n\w Dd- n- p- -Xn\v XemJv aq p-xhwifmbn snm -Ww. aq v XemJpw H n p snm n-bm H mtb IW- m- -s -Sq. ""Xncn-s -Sp- m-hp XemJv c p-{]m-h-iy-am-ip p; ]ns,

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 24 H p-in \ymb-amb \ne-bn Ahsf \ndp-øp-itbm As - n HuZm-cy-]q w hn -b- p-itbm sntø- -Xm-Wv.'' (2:230) 6. Hcn- XemJv snm -s kv{xo Ah-[n-I-gn mepw, ho pw kz` Øm-hn-s\-Xs hnhmlw snbvxp kzoi-cn- p- -Xns\ Bcpw XS-b-cp-sX v Jp -B A\p-im-kn- p- p. ""\nßƒ kv{xoisf XemJv snbvxp Dt]- n- p-ibpw Ah-cpsS Ah[n Ign-bp-Ibpw snbvxm \ymb-amb \ne-bn At\ym\yw Xr]vXn-s -Sp ] w Ah Ah-cpsS ` Øm- - m-sc-xs hnhmlw snøp -Xn \n v Ahsc \nßƒ XS-bcp-Xv.'' (2:233) 7. aq mw Xh-Wbpw XemJv snm n- -gn- m ns Ah v Hcn- epw ho pw `mcym-` Øm- - m-cmbn XpS-cm Bhn-s \n_- \ aq m-asø XemJv snm -en\v [ndpxn- Iq- m-xn-cn- m Hcmsf \n - n- p- p. ""]ns aq mw {]mh-iyhpw Ah Ahsf XemJv snm p- I-bm-sW- n AXn-\p-tijw Ahƒ Ah v `mcy-bm-bn-cn- mh-x-. Ahƒ thsdmcp ` Øm-hns\ hnhmlw snbvx-xn ]ns -b- m-sx.'' (2:231) Hcp-{]m-hiyw XemJv snm n-bm ho pw _ w XpS-cm- \n- -s - m Ah-[n- p- n-em-sw- n ]p\ hn-hmlw IqSmsXbpw Ah-[n-I-gn- m ]p\ hn-hmlw snbvxpw ZmºXy-

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 25 _ w XpS-cm-hp- -Xm-Wv. aq p-x-hw XemJv snm n-bm ns hnhm-l-tam-n-\-øn\v \nb-a-{]m-_eyw kn n- p- Xpw ]n osv Ah XΩn Hcp-hn-[-Ønepw _ -s -Sm ]msn- m-ø-hn[w Ahƒ Abmƒ v Hc-\y-kv{Xo-bm-bn-cn- p- -Xp-am-Wv. `mcym-` Øm- - m XΩn-ep _ w XI-cm-dn-em-bm {]iv\w c v a y-ÿ- m-cpss apºmsi ka n- -Ww. Hcmƒ ` Øm-hns `mk-øp-\n pw as mcmƒ `mcy-bpss `mk-øp- \n pw D -h-cm-bn-cn- pw. a y-ÿ- m-cpss A\p-c-RvP\w ]cm- P-b-s - mte hnhm-l-tam-n\w \S-Ømhq F pw AXp-Xs ]cky-ambn {]Jym-]n- -W-sa pw c p {]Jym-]-\-ßƒ n-s-bn Ipd- -] w Hcp amk- m-esø CS-thf D m-bn-cn- p-amdv aq p-x-h-w-i-fmbn {]Jym-]n- m am{xta XemJv _e-øn hcn-i-bp- q-sh pw A n-a-{]-jym-]-\-øn-\p-ap-tº ]ns bpw A\p-c-RvP-\-{i-a-ßƒ thw-sa- p-ap \n_- -\-Ifpw \nb-a- \n - -ßfpw Ckvem-an-ep- v. CsX mw Jp -B\pw \_nbpw \ Inb Iev]-\-I-fmWv Xm\pw 4. hnhm-l-tam-n-\sø \nb-{ n- p-ibpw \ncp- m-l-s -Sp- Øp-Ibpw snøp CØcw Ht sd \n_- -\-Iƒ pw XS-ßƒ pw ]pdsa sszh-`- nsb Ipdn- p \nc- -c-amb D t_m-[-\-ßfpw Hcp bym apkven-ans\ Ign-bp- n-stømfw AXn \n p ]n n-cn- n- p- p. Cu \nb-aßfpw \n t±i-ßfpw I i-\-ambn ]men- -s -Sp-tºmƒ, `mcy-b-dn-bmsx hnhml-tam-n\w km[n- m-hp- -sx-ß-s\-sb p kjmhv Iem-\m-Y H p a\-n-em- n-ø- m sim mw! ax-[ Ωßƒ \njvir- -ambn ]men- p Hcm-fn \n v \nb-a-ew-l\w Hcn- epw D m-hp-i-bn-. ax-t_m-[tam sszh- `-btam C m-ø-h-cmwv \nb-am-\p-hm-z-ßsf Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s -Sp- Øm-dp- -Xv. BI-bm, ax-im-k-\-isf [n -cn- p-i-b A\pk-cn- p-i-bmwv IpSpw-_-`-{Z-Xbv v Bh-iyw. F m, ax-i- 4. Ahmadiyyath or the True Islam- Hazrath Mirza Basheeruddin Mahmood Ahmad.

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 26 ev]-\-iƒ [n -cn- m-\m-wt m bp n-hm-zn-iƒ Blzm\w snøp- Xv! kjmhv Iem-\m-Ys "kz -`q-an'-bn tkm-hn-b v djybn hnhm-l-tam-n\w Fß-s\-bm-sW p ]d-bmtam? Aht\m Ahtfm cpn-{ãm-^o-kn sn v Hcp IS-em-n H n- p-sim-sp- Øm AhnsS hnhm-l-tam-n-\-am-bn. hnhm-l-tam-n\ \S-]-Snsb-] n ]c-kv]cw Adn- n-cn-t - -Xn! F.-F-kv.-B. Nmcn tkmhn-b v djybnse hnhm-l-tam-n\ \nb-a-sø-] n C{]-Imcw ]d-bp p: Marriage being a voluntary union the Soviet law regarding divorce makes it possible to dissolve the marriage at the will of either party to the marriage. All that he or she has to do is to inform the registar s office. 5 AXm-b-Xv, dpn-{ãm-^o-kn sn v Aht\m Ahtfm hnhml_ w Ah-km-\n- n- -Xmbn Adn-bn- m axn tkmhn-b v djybn `mcym-` Ør-_ w apdn-bm. Hmtcm hnhm-l-tam-n- \Øn\pw {Ia-Øn {Ia-Øn h n- p ^okv Npa-Ø-s - Sp- Xp am{x-amwv Htc Hcp XS-hv. Cu kzmx{ y-ap-]-tbm-kn v F{X XhW thw-sa- nepw amdnamdn hnhmlw Ign- mw. `mcy Adn-bmsX ` Øm-hn\pw ` Øm-h-dn-bmsX `mcybv pw Ft mƒ thw-sa- nepw hnhm-l-_ w th s -Sp-Ømw. Cu \S-]-Sn-Isf kjmhv Iem-\m-Y Fß-s\-bmWv \ymbo-i-cn- p- -sx v ImtW- n-bn-cn- p p! 6 bq\nt^mw knhn tim-un\v apkvenw-iƒ FXn-cm-sW- n, AXn\v ImcWw knhn tim-uns t]cn a\p-jy-{]-ir- Xn v tbmpn- mø \nb-a-ßƒ Ah-cp-sS-ta ASn-t ]n- s -Sp-sa p `b-s -Sp- -Xm-Wv. Ckvem-an-I-\n-b-a-ßsf Aim-kv{Xobhpw A]-cn-jvIrX-hp-sa v ap{z-ipøn ]pcp-j-s bpw kv{xobpssbpw kzmx-{ y-ßsf l\n- p Aim-kv{Xob \nb-a-ßƒ 5. Law and Justice in the Soviet Union- A.S.R. Chari p. 33. 6. Cu AwKo-IrX Zpkzm-X-{ ysø "ImSØw' F pw "sxωm-snøw' F pw C.-Fw.-F-kv. ]d-bptam? {K.

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 27 G s -Sp-Øp- Xv Ah C -s -Sp- n-. "apkvenw hy n-\n-baw' \ne-\n Ø-W-sa v ]d-bm\pw AXv \ne-\n-dp-øn- n- p- -Xn\v {]t m`w Iq m\pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn Ah v kzmx- { y-ap- t m! bq\nt^mw knhn timuv \ -Xp-X-s. ico- AØv A\p-k-cn- p ]ptcm-k-a-\-\n-b-a-ßƒ knhn tim-umbn AwKo-I-cn- m Xøm-dm-Ip-sa- n GIo-IrX knhn tim-uns\ apkvenw-iƒ A\p-Iq-en-t mw! apkvenwipspw-_-\n-b-aßfpw ]n p-s m-h-im-i-\n-b-ahpw Zmb-{I-ahpw temisø GXp ]ptcm- K-a-\-\n-b-a-ß-tf- - mfpw ]ptcm-k-a-\-]-c-ß-fm-sw- -XmWv kxyw! \qdp-sim w apºv P\n Imd am Ivkn-s bpw FwK kn-s bpw ]g- X-Øz-ßƒ B[p-\nI Xe-ap-d-bp-sSta - A-Sn-t ]n- m {io. Iem-\m-Ys\t m-ep- -h shº s m- - p- sx- n-\mwv? am Ivknkw ]g- -\m-bn- -gn- p-sh v s\lvdphn-s\-t mep alm-a-xn-am Nq n m-wn- n- p- -t m. F{Xtbm _p nam- m am Ivkn-k-tØmSp hns ]d- p. _ {S v d, sh kv apx-emb _p n-cm- -k- m am Ivkn-b X-Øz-imkv{XsØ hna in n- p- v. F p-sh v kjmhv Iem\m-Y\pw am IvknÃv ho Ww Dt]- n- m Xøm-dm-Iptam? ]cn-wm-a-hmzw Bt ]w: 3 sszh-øns hm p-iƒ sszh-øns {]hr- Øn-Iƒ v hncp- -am-wv. AXp-sIm- mwv imkv{x-kn- m- -ßsf Ckvemw FXn p- -Xv. DZm-lcWw: ]cn-wm-a-kn- m- sø Ckvemw C pw AwKoI-cn- p- n-. ap nbm i n- p IdpØ Ifn-a- Æn \n v a\p-jys\ t\cn- p, aq n Poh-izm-k-aqXn kr n- p. (6:2, 15:32) A m-lp-hns \S-]Sn ]cn-wm-a-kn- m w AwKo- I-cn- p-ibn- -t m. AXn-\m, A m-lp-hns hm p-co-xnsb \ymbo-i-cn- m Ckvemw {]Ir-Xn-bnse imkv{xob hkvxp-x- Isf \ntj-[n- p-i-bmwv. AXn-\m Ckvemw kzoim-cy-a-.

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 28 adp-]sn: sszh-øns hm p-iƒ sszh-øns {]hr-øn- Iƒ v Hcn- epw hncp- -am-im \nhr-øn-bn-. BI-bm, sszh-øns hn-\-amb Jp -B\pw sszh-øns {]hr-øn-bmb {]]- -\n-b-ahpw AYhm imkv{xhpw XΩn sshcp yw Ds v sxfn-bn- m-hp- -X-pa. sszh-øns hn-\-ß-fn sshcp yw ImWn- mtam F p Jp -B sh p-hn-fn- p- p- v. sszh-øns {]hr-øn-i-fnepw Fs - nepw sshcp yw ImWn- m km y-a-. F m, imkv{x- Xs FXn p kn m- -ßsf Jp -B AwKo-I-cn- n-s - n henb sx pw C! Um hns ]cn-wm-a-hm-zsø Ckvemw AwKo-I-cn- p- n F Xp icn-bm-wv. Um hns ]cn-wm-a-hmzw Hcp \nk-a\w (Inference) am{x-a- msx AsXmcp imkv{xobkxy-ambn Hcn- epw AwKo-I-cn- -s - n- n-. a p imkv{xob hkvxp-x-i-sf-t]mse ]co- -W-]-c-ambn sxfn-bn- p-im- m-hp- -Xp-a AXv. At\Iw imkv{x- - m AXns\ FXn Øn- p- v. tpm Pv F v. t_mw, tum. BÃn F v. m v (Austin H, Clark) XpS-ßnb-h Um hns ]cn-wm-a-hm-zsø i n-bp w FXn Ø-hcm-Wv. F n\v k B X IoØv (Sir Arther Keith) t]mepw ]d p: Evolution is unproved and unprovable. We believe it only because the only alternative is special creation, and that is unthinkable. ""]cn-wmaw sxfn-bn- -s - n- n- m-øxpw sxfn-bn- m-\m-hm- ØXpw Xs. AX-s - n ]ns kr n-i-y-bn hniz-kn- pi am{xsa \ap v KXy- -c-ap- q. AXm-Is ANn- y-hpw.'' e bq\n-th kn- n-bnse s{]m^-k Un.-Fw.Fkv. hmsvk ]d p: Evolution itself is accepted by zoologists, not because it has been observed to occur or... can be proved by logically coherent evidence to be true, but because the only alternative, special creation, is clearly incredible. ""]cn-wmaw Xs bpw Poh-im-kv{X- - m kzoi-cn- n- p- Xv AXv kw`-hn- p- Xv \nco- n- -dn- n-t m... kxyamsw v \ymb-im-kv{x-]-c-amb Jfin-X-sX-fn-

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 29 hp-ap-tj\ sxfn-bn- p-im- m-\m-hp- -Xp-sImt m A ; AX-s - n ]ns XnI pw Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb {]txy-i-kr- n- n hniz-kn-t - n-h-cp-sa- -Xp-sIm- p-am-{x-am-wv.'' ss nƒ hnhcww Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-am-b-Xp-sIm v am{xw Um hns ]cn- Wm-a-hmZw icn-bm-bn-s m- -W-sa p hcn-. As - n imkv{xo-b-kn- m- -ßsf kw_- n-t -S-tØmfw \o p-t]m- n- mø Hcp kao-]\w bp n-hm-zn-iƒ kzoi-cn- p- Xv icnbmtwm? Hcp imkv{xob I p-]n-snøw AYhm XØzw icn-bs v as m-cmƒ ]d-bp-tºmƒ srfn-]ncnsim p- -sx- n-\m-wv? AXmtWm bp n-hmzw? ]cn-wm-a-kn- m- -Øn\v adp-]sn \ Im Ig-n n- n- mø \qdm-bncw {]iv\-ß-fp- v. a\p-jy cq]w {]m]n- -t mƒ Pohn- I-fpsS sfwkni ]cnwmaw \ne- p-t]m-ibpw _p n-]-c-amb hnim-k-øns Hcp IpXn- p-nm w Bcw-`n- p-ibpw snbvxsxt? a\p-jys cq]-hn-im-k-tømss ]cn-wm-a-øns KXn kzbw \ne- p. AXv as mcp hgnbv v Xncn- -sx-ßs\? GXm\pw Bbncw sim -ßƒ n-s-bn Hcp ImS sf Ãns\-t]m-ep _p n-cm- -k-\n-te v ]cn-h Ø\w snbvsx- nepw timsn sim -ßƒ v tijhpw a\p-jys G hpw ASpØ Pohn-bn t]mepw, BƒIp-c-ßn t]mepw _p n-]-c-amb {]h Ø-\-Øns t\cn-sbmcp Ne-\w-t]mepw ]cn-wm-a-]-c-ambn Zriy-am-Im-Ø-sXt? Um hns ]cn-wm-a-hm-zsø AwKo-I-cn- p- n-s - nepw hnim-k-x-øz-ßsf Ckvemw Xo Øpw \ntj-[n- p- n-s p Hm t - -Xp- v. Um hns "Hdn-Pn Hm^v kv]ojokv' (Origin of Species) {]kn- -s -Sp-Øn-bXv 1859- -em-wv. apkvenw-i-fpss hn m-\-kn- n-i-sf- n t{u] C{]-Imcw ]d- n- p v: Sometimes not without surprise we meet with ideas which we flatter ourselves have originated in our own time. Thus our modern doctrine of evolution and development were taught in their schools. 7. History of conflict between Science and Religion- Draper, p-118

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 30 ""\ΩpsS ImeØv cq]w\ In-b-sX v \mwxs s]mß w sim m-dp ]e Bi-b-ßfpw Nne-t mƒ A p-x-]q w \mw Ah-cn Is -Øp- p. \ΩpsS B[p-\n-I-ß-fmb ]cn-wm-a-hm- Zhpw hnim-k-hm-z-hp-sa mw Ah-cpsS hnzym-e-b-ß-fn ]Tn- n- -s - n-cp- p.'' 7 ""ap n-bm i n- p IdpØ Ifn-a-Æns {]Xn-a-I-fp- m n Ah-bpsS aq n izmk-aq-xn-bmwv'' sszhw a\p-jysc kr n- -sx v Jp -B-\n Fhn-sSbpw ]d- n- n-. a\p-jy-kr- n-sb- n Ifn-aÆv F v A w ]d-bp "Xzo ' F pw ""ap n-bm i n- p Ifn-aÆv'' F -ap "k km ' F pw cq]-s -Sp-Ønb IdpØ Ifn-aÆv F v A ap "la-bn akv\q ' F pw shdpw aæv F -ap "Xpdm_v' F p-ap ]Z-ßƒ Jp -B-\n D]-tbm-Kn- n- p-s - Xv icn-bm-wv. AØcw aæv Ipg p Ipih-s\-t]mse {]Xn-a-Iƒ hm Øp- m n aq n DuXn a\p-jykr n \SØn F p FhnsS ]d p? ""\n -b-ambpw, \mw a\p-jys\ DW- -ap apg-ßp Ifna-Æn \n- v, cq]-s -Sp-Ønb IdpØ snfn-a-æn \n- p, ]S p'' (15:27) F v Jp -B-\n ]d- n- p- v. Ifn-a-Æp-sIm v {]Xn-a- Iƒ Ipg- p- m n aq n izmk-aqxn F p ]d- n- n-. ""AXn\papºv NqSp-Im- ns A nsim v \mw Pn n-s\bpw ]S p'' F p XpS v ]d- n- p- v. (15:28) Ifn-a-Æp-sIm- p kr n v hnh-cn- p-x {io Iem-\m- Y NqSp-Im- ns A n-sim v Pn ns\ ]S- -co-xnbpw hnh-cn- p-x-cww! Pn p-iƒ a\p-jy-cn Øs Hcp hn`m-k-am-sw v

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 31 hniz-kn- p- -h v NqSp-Im- ns A n-sim v a\-pjys\ ]S- p coxn-iqsn hni-zo-i-cn- p-simsp- p- Xp Nn m-]-c-amb Hcp hnjaw ]cn-l-cn pin- p- -Xn\v klm-bn- p-at m! a\p-jy-{]-ir- Xn-tbbpw a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-ß-tfbpw Ipdn- p hymjym-\-hn-t[- b-ß-fmb ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ß-fm-Wn-h-sb v _p n-bp- -h v a\- n-em- m {]bm-k-an-. Km npn Ifn-a-Æp-sIm v a\p-jysc kr n- p-sh p F{Xtbm tej-\-ß-fn h -Xm-Wv. Km npn Ifn-aÆv Ipg p a\p-jy-{]-xn-a-i-fp- m n Ah-bpsS aq n izmk-aqxn a\p-jysc kr n- n-cp p F v sim p-ip- n- Iƒt]mepw A -sa-sp- m-dn-. Xs C -a-\p-k-cn v hf-bv mhp- -hn[w A\p-k-c-W-ap kz`mh-{]-ir-xn-tbm-sp-iq-snb injy- P-\-ßsf At±lw hm sø-spøp F mwv A w [cn- mdp- -Xv. a {]-Xn-a-I-fp- m n Ah-bpsS aq p-i-fn DuXn Poh- \n- p-sim- mwv sszhw a\p-jysc kr n- Xv F mwv Jp - B ]d- -sx- n a\p-jy-kr- n-sb- - n-xs Jp -B-\n a p ÿe-ß-fn a p {]Im-c-Øn hnh-cn- -Xn\v {io. Iem-\m- Y F w ]d-bp-sa v hy -am- n-ø- m sim mw. Ahsc ]S- p.'' (37:12) ""H n- n-sn- p aæp-sim v \mw ""\mw Hcp tcx-kvi-w-øn \n pw Ahs\ kr n- p.'' (36:78) ""IqSn- -e Hcp tcx-kvi-w- Øn \n p \mw Ahs\ kr n- p.'' (76:3) ""a\p-jy [ndp-xn-bn \n v kr n- s - p. (21:38) kr n p.'' (96:3) ""a\p-jys\ Ah c -]n-fi-øn \n v

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 32 (40:68) (30:55) ""\nßsf shdpw aæn \n p kr n- p.'' ""\nßsf _e-lo-\-x-bn \n p kr n- p.'' s]æn \n pw kr n- p.'' (49:14) ""\mw Cc- -I-fmbn kr n- p.'' (51:50) ""\mw \nßsf BWn \n pw (78:9) p.'' (71:15) ""Ah \nßsf CW-I-fmbn kr n- p.'' ""Ah \nßsf hnhn[ Zi-I-fn-embn kr n- \mw \nßsf kr n- nt? (77:21) \nm-c-amb {Zh-]-Zm -Øn \n pw ta h-n-\-ß-fn ]d "[ndpxnbpw' "_e-lo-\-xbpw' ]Zm -ß-f-. Ah-bn \n p a\p-jys\ ]S- p- -sx-ß-s\- sb p Ahbv v {]Xy- w \ Ip kjmhv Iem-\m-Y hni-zo-i-cn- p-x-cptam? hf p hnt[-b-am- m-hp kz`m-h-{]-ir- Xn-bmWv Ifn-a-Æp-sIm v Dt±-in- n- p- -sx pw A\-`n-Kayhpw kwlm-c-cq- -hp-amb a\p-jy-{]-ir-xn-bmwv A n-sim v Dt±in- -s - n- p- -sx pw {io Iem-\m-Y\v a\-n-em- m Ign-b- W-sa- n At±lw bp n-hm-z-øns kwi-b- -b-øn \n p Ic-]-t - n-h-cpw. sszhw Ifn-aÆp Ipg- p- m n Ipi-h-s\- t mse hm p-]wn \S-Øp- p-sh p apkvenw-iƒ hniz-kn- p- n-. Be- m-cn-i-`m-j-bn-emwv Jp -B {]] -kr n clkyhpw a\p-jy-kr- n-x-øzhpw hnh-cn- n- p- -Xv. Jp -Bs\ hymjym-\n- p- -Xn\v Jp -B Xs Hcp {]txyi kcwn \n t±-

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 33 in- n- p- v. Ddq-_ns "DΩm p' F t\mh-en Hcn-SØv "Cu ]c- -`q-an-bn ' F v Fgp-Xn-bXv hmbn p `qan ]c- -Xm-sW- mwv kp{]-kn kmln-xy-im-c-\mb Ddq_v ]d- n- p- -sx v Hcmƒ hmzn- p-xp-s-ßn-bm I w! F v aq Øv hnc sh- p- I-b- msx as p snøm-\mhpw! ""A mlp Hcp Imcyw C n- m BhpI F p ]d-bp-tºmƒ AXv Bhm XpSßp- p''(36:83) F v Jp -B-\n Hcn-SØv ImWmw. k -i- -\mb A mlp C n- p-tºmƒxs kr n \S- p p F p hcp-tºmƒ A mlp Ipi-h-s\-t mse Hcn- SØv IpØn-bn-cp p {]Xn-a-Iƒ hm Øp- m n Ah-bpsS aq n DutX- -Xn-s v apkvenw-iƒ -dn-bmw. AXp-sIm v Ah A{]-Im-c-sam pw hniz-kn- p n-. "d v' F ]Z- Øns A w-xs "]cn-h Ø-\-Z-i-I-fn-eqsS ]cn-]q Æ-Xbn-se-Øn- p- -h ' F m-sw v Um hn\pw emam pw P\n- p- -Xn\p \q m- p-iƒ p-aptº P\n Camw dmkn_v Ckv^lm-\n-bpsS "ap^-d-zm-øp Jp -B ' F Jp -B [mxz \nl- p-hn ImWmw. sszhw a\p-jys\ aæn \n v kr n p F p ]d- -Xp-sIm v ]cn-h Ø-\-ßtfm ]cn-wm-a-ßtfm D mbn- n-s p hc-w-sa- n-. B ]cn-wmaw Um hn ]dbp coxn-bn Øs Bbn-s m- -W-sa- p-an. "Je-J pw AXzmdm' "\nßsf ]e Zi-I-fn-embn kr n p' F v Jp -B ]d- -t mƒ ]cn-wm-a-z-i-i-fn-eqss a\p-jy IS- p-\o-ßo- ps - mwv Jp -B D t_m-[n- n- -sx v A -sa-sp- m {io. Iem-\m-Y\v a\-p-h- n-. B hmniwxs At±-l-Øn\v ImWm Ign- n- t m! ]cn-wmaw kr n-i Øm-hns BkvXn-IysØ tnmzyw snøm klm-b-i-a-. ]e ]cn-wm-a-ß-sfbpw a\p-jy XcWw snbvxn- p-s v ]d- m kr n-i Øm-hmb sszhw Cs v A -am-i-bn-. {`qwm-h-ÿ-bn K `-]m-{x-øn sh- p-xs ]e ]cn-wm-a-z-i-i-tfbpw XcWw snbvxp-sim- mwv a\p-jy-

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 34 {]P P\n-bv p- -Xv. K `-]m-{x-øn sh p AØcw ]cn-wm-aßƒ D mbn F p-h p Hcp inip-hns P\-\Øn\p Imc-W- `q-x-\mb Hcp ]nxmhv inip-hn-\n-s v hcp- n- -t m. Nmƒkv Um hn ]t, Hcp Cuiz-c-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp p F p ChnsS Hm t - -Xp- v. At±-l-Øns ]n m-e-in-jy- m-cmwv At±lsØ Hcp sszh-\n-tj-[n-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn- -Xv. ]cn-wmaw D msb p kω-xn- mepw Pohs XpS w Fß-s\-sb {]tlfni Ah-ti-jn- p- p. Um hn C{]-Imcw ]d p: I imagine that probably all organic beings which ever lived on the earth descended from some primitive form which was first called into life by the creator. ""Cu `qan-bn Ft m-sg- nepw Pohn F m Pohn-h - ßfpw {k mhv BZyw Poh \ Inb GsX- nepw Hcp {]mir- X-cq-]-Øn \n v Bhn `-hn- -Xm-sW mwv Rm \ncq-]n- p- Xv.'' Poh Fßs\ D mbn? F N -bn \n v F m ]cn-wm-a-hm-zn-ifpw Hgn- p-am-dp-i-bmwv snøp- -sx hkvxpx {io. Iem-\m-Y ad- p-i-f-tb! ]cnwma-hm-z-øn-s -t\sc imkv{x m Xs FXn hm-z-ßƒ D -bn- n- p-s v am{x-a- Nne imkv{xob I p-]n-snø-ßƒ ]cn-wm-a-øns ASn-ÿm-\w-Xs XI p- Ibpw snøp- p. F n-cn-s, CØcw Hc-`yq-lsØ hnizm-k- {]-am-w-am n am -W-sa p bp n-hm-zn-iƒ itn- p- Xpw ]cn- Wm-a-hm-Z-Øn-s -Xn-cmbn Nn n- p- Xp ]mx-i-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn- p- Xpw icntbm? hyxy-kvx-po-hn-k-w-ßƒ, hyxy-kvx-po-h-nk-w-ßƒ (Species) Bbn-Øs ]cn-wm-a-{]-{in-bbv v hnt[-b-am-bn-cp- n- p- m- Ipw. a\p-jy Ipc-ßn \n p ]cn-w-an- p- mbn F Um hns kn m- sø Xm AwKo-I-cn- p- n-s p Alva- Znøm {]ÿm-\-øns ÿm]-i-cmb lkvdøv Alva-Zv(-A) {]^k a v tdkp-am-bp kw`m-j-w-øn hy -am- n-bn- p- v. 8. ZnIvsd l_o-_v lkvdøv ap^vøn apl-ωzv kmznjv(d)

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 35 ""AØcw IY-I-fn \ΩpsS hnizm-ksø Dd- n- m \ap v km y-a- '' F v At±lw ]d- p. 8 AXp-sIm- v, Um hns ]cn-wm-a-hm-zsø Alva-Zn-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn- p- n-. A m-c-w- Øm Alva-Zn-Isf imkv{x-hn-tcm-[n-ifpw A -hn-izm-kn-ifp-ambn ap{z-ip-øp-sa- m-sw- n, AXn bmsxmcp A]-am-\- t_m-[hpw Cs v hy -am- n-s m- s! t{^mbn-uns ssewkn-i-hm-z-søbpw AXp-t]m-se-Xs sa U-ens ]mc-ºcy-im-kv{x-søbpw am Ivknkw A\p-Iq-en- p-itbm AwKo-Icn- p-itbm snøp- n- t m! AXym-[p-\n-I-amb imkv{xob I p- ]n-snø-ßƒ ]cn-wm-a-hm-zsø X n- -d-bp-i-bm-sw hkvxp- X-IqSn Rm {io. Iem-\m-Ys\ Hm Ωn- n- -s. kmº-øni kao-i-cww Bt ]w: 4. Ckvemw Fs kzm`m-hn-i-ß-fmb A`nem-j-ßsf NX- -c- p- p. Ahsb icn-bmb ]mx-i-fn-eqss Nen- p- -Xn\v A\p-h-Zn- p- n-. DZm-l-cWw: Hcp ÿnxn-k-a-xz-k-ap-zmbw si n- -Sp- m- \p tkmjy-enãv Bi-b-ß-sfbpw IΩyq-WnÃv Bi-b-ßsfbpw Ckvemw shdp- p-i-bm-wv. s]mdp- n- p- n-. D -h\pw C m-ø-h\pw F p-ap- m-ip ]n n-cn- apx-em-fnø Bib-ßsf Ckvemw Xmtem-en- p-i-bm-wv. kimøv hyhÿ ] n- Wn-t -t m-e-ß-fpss km n ywsim v F pw ]mh\ambnøocp-at m! adp-]sn: "tkmjy-enãv Bi-b-ßsf IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Imcpw IΩyq-WnÃv Bi-b-ßsf tkmjy-en-ãp-imcpw s]mdp- n- p- ns \ -k-xysø kui-cy-]q w hnkva-cn- p-sim- mwv {io. Iem-\m-Y {]t m-`n- p- -Xv. F n-\-[niw? C y IΩyq- Wn-Ãp -]m n-xs 22- -tesd tncn-i-fmbn amdn-\n p ]c-kv]cw A w sh p-i-bm-wv. kn.-]n.-sf-bpss \b-]-cn-]m-sn-isf kn.-]n.- sf.-fωpw kn.-]n.-sf.-fωns \b-]-cn-]m-sn-isf kn.-]n.-sf.bpw Xs AwKo-I-cn- m\pw s]mdp- n- m\pw Xøm-dn- -s m. `uxn-

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 36 I-hm-Zn-I-fn G hpw kwl-sn-x-ambn {]h Øn- p Hcp hn`m- KsØ ChnsS Nq n- m-wn p Ft -bp- q. bp n-hm-zn-iƒ F p ]d-bp- -h-cp-ss-xs IY-sb- mwv! Ah ns-bn Øs bp Al- - m ]c-kv]cw shdp- p-ibpw XΩn-e-Sn- p-ibpw snøp- p. bp n hgn-\-s-øm-\p- m-bn pw {]ÿm\w ""icn-bmb ]mx-i-fn-eqss Nen- m A\p-h-Zn- p- n '' F p ]d p ]ckv]cw Imep-hm-cp- p. CsXms kw`-hn- p-sim ncns Ckvem-an-t\mSp thtwm {io. Iem-\m-Ys Acniw? {io. Iem-\m-Ys GsX mw kzm`m-hni A`n-em-j-ß-sfbm-Wv Ckvemw NX- -c- p- -sx p hy -am- n-bn- n. AXn- \m F\n-s m pw ]d-bm-\m-hn-. AXp-t]m-se, icn-bmb ]mxbn-eqss Nen- p- -Xn\p A\p-h-Zn- p- n-s p ]d- -Xns A hpw At -b-am-wv. c -hn-πhw \bn- p- -Xn\pw IpØn-s me \S-Øp- n-\p-ap kzmx-{ yw {]Jym-]n- p-in- -Wsa- m-sw- n Ckvemw AX-\p-h-Zn- n-. a\p-jy-po-h\v henb hne Iev]n- p ax-am-w-xv. tkmjy-enãv Bi-b-ßƒ F p ]d- -Xp-sIm v F mwv Dt±-in- p- Xv? tkmjy-en-k-øn\v At\Iw \n h-n- \-ß-fp- v. tkmjy-enãv kap-zm-b-ßfpw ]e-x-c-øn-ep- v. IΩyq- Wn-khpw A{]-Im-cw-X-s. IΩyq-Wn-k-Ønse I n tkz m- [n-]-xy-øn\v (Totalitarianism) IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im Xs FXn-cm-bn- Øo n- p- v. "dnhn-j-\nkw' AXm-Wt m sxfn-bn- -Xv. "bqtdm IΩyq-Wn-k-Øns ]nd-hnbpw AXp-Xs Xpd- p-im- n. IΩyq- Wnkw ark-xr-jvw-bm-sw pw IΩyq-WnkØnse kz -`qan NpS-e- -f-am-sw pw h p-iq-sn-bn-cn- -bm-wt m! Ãm ens Incm-X-`-c-W-Øn \S-am-Sn-b-sX- m-sw v Ccp]Xmw ]m n tim {Kv hgn {Iqjvt hv temi-øn\v hy -am- n-s m-sp- Øp. 9 a\p-jy-a-\-m n sr n-sø-dn- p `oi-c-hmgvn hc-wsa- mwv {io. Iem-\m-Ys A`n-em-j-sa- n Ckvemw F p snøww? a\p-jy-xz-tømsp _lp-am-\-ap- -Xp-sIm v Ckvem- 9. Stalin s Ghost.

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 37 an ZrV-ambn hniz-kn- p- -h AXn-t\mSv tbmpn- p- n. hntbm-pn- p-hm-\p Ah-Imiw bp n-hmzn t\xm-hmb {io. Iem-\m-Y Zb-hmbn A\p-h-Zn- p-x-t - Ww! ""D -h\pw C m-ø-h\pw F p-ap- m-ip-sa ]n n-cn- apx-em-fnø Bi-b-ßsf Ckvemw Xmtem-en- p- p'' F p Iem- \m-y ]d-bp- p. D -hs apx-en C m-ø-h-\p Ah-Imiw `qan-bn BZy-ambn {]Jym-]n- Xv hnip- -Jp -B-\m-Wv F hkvxpx {io Iem-\m-Y\v Rm ]d- p-x-c-s tbm? Ah-cpsS apx-en tnmzn p h pw tnmzn- m-\m-hm-ø-h pw Ah-Im-i-ap v'' F v Jp - B {]Jym-]n- -t mƒ 10 apx-ens DS-a-ÿ-X-bn kaq-l-øn- \p ] mfnø-sø, Ah-Im-isØ kwi-b-te-i-at\y Jp - B tlmjn- p-i-bmwv snbvxxv. Cu kmº-øn-i-xøz-øn- \v \nb-a-]-c-amb {]mtbm-kn-i-cq]w \ ti- -Xv AXm-Xp-Im-esØ `c-w-iqs-amwv. Ckvemw Hcp ]pxnb kmaqlni]cn-jvimcw \S- m- n. AXp-hsc temiw I n- n- mø kmaq-lnikmwkvim-cni kmº- ØnI ]cn-h Ø\w AXv kr n- p. G hpw Ipd Im-ewsIm v G hpw hym]-iambn G hpw \o p-\n Hcp ]cn-h Ø- \-am-bn-cp p Ckvemw hcp-øn-b-xv. BZna apkvenw-i-fpss kmaqlni]-cn-jvim-c-øns {]K-Xn-sb- n They proceeded with extraordinary rapidity ""Akm-[m-c-W- io{l-x-tbmss Ah apt dn'' F p _ {S v d ]d- p 11. Ckvemw C y v Hcp "tsmwn v' Bbn- mwv A\p-`-h-s - -sx v s\lvdp ]d- p. Islam brought a new impulse for the progress to India. To some extend it served as a tonic. It shook up India 12. Ak-aX \nd C y kmaq-lnihy-h-ÿnxn-bn Ckvemw hcp-ønsh al- Ømb ]cn-h Ø-\-sØ-bmWv s\lvdp Nq n- m-wn- -Xv. 10. hnip- -Jp -B 51:20. 11. A History of Western Philosophy-Bertrand Russel, P.419. 12. Glimpse of World History- Nehru, P. 283.

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 38 Ckvemw kmaq-lni-kmw-kvim-cni afi-e-ß-fn hcp-ønb al- Ømb hnπ-hsø \ntj-[n- m {io. Iem-\m-Y ss[cy-s - Sp- Xv kn.-]n.-f-kv.-bp-hns Ncn{Xw temi-n-cn-{x-am-sw v sx n- -cn- -Xp-sIm- m-hptam! AXn ]s, Ckvem-an-I-N-cn-{X-h-kvXp- X-Iƒ Is -Øn-sb p hcn!! D -h\pw C m-ø-h\pw XΩn-ep A cw C m-xm- m- \mwv Ckvemw {ian- -Xv. kimøv hyhÿnxn ] nwn t]t me-ßsf kr n- m-\p- -XmsW Iem-\m-Ys A`n-{]mbw ]Iz- Nn- sb Ipdn- p- n-. "N møv' hnx-c-w-amwv kimøv hyhÿnxnsb p At±lw sx n- -cn p F p txm p p! Hcm-fpsS apx-en pw BZm-b-Øn\pw H w _m[-iamip- -X-c-Øn CuSm- p- -Xn v Jp -B \n t±-in ASn-ÿm-\-\n-Ip-Xn-bmWv kim- Øv. G hpw ]cn-jvir-x-amb kmaqlnikmº-øni ka-xz-hm-zß-fn t]mepw (Equalitarianism) aqe-[-\-ønt\m BsI apxent m \nipxn si p- -Xns\ Ipdn- p k -ev]-an-. C Iw- SmIvkpw kq SmIvkpw as m SmIvkpIfpw hcp-am-\-øn\pw BZm-b-Øn\pw am{x-ap- -Xm-Wv. Ckvemw BsIapX-en- mwv \nipxn \n t±-in- n- p- -Xv. Nne-t mƒ CXv hcp-am-\-øns ]Ip- Xn-tbm-fhpw ht - pw. 13 Ckvemw hyh-ÿ-nxnbn [\w B pw shdpsx (Idle) Iq n-bn-sm km[n- m-sx-h-cp- p. shdpsx sh p apx sim t mdpw hnhn[ txmx-\p-k-cn- p kimøv aptj\ AepØv Xocp-Ibpw AXv tã ns DS-a-X-bn-em-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw snøp- p. As - n B [\w hyh-km-b-kw-cw-`-ß-fn \nt - ]n-t - n-h-cpw. A\y v D]-tbm-Kn- m simsp- mø B`c-W-ßƒ p-t]mepw kimøv simsp- -Ww. t_ p-i-fn timsn- -W- n Ddp- ni cl-ky-ambn \nt -]n p ]en-i-ta ]enit\sn Ip p-iq n B apx-ens kwc- -W-Øn Ae-kambn PohnXw X n-\o- m Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn- p-i-bn-. IpØI apx-em-fn-ø-øns thcn\v sh p-i-bmwv Ckvemw CXp- 13. Ahmadiyyath or the True Islam. Hazrath Mirza Mahmood Ahmad, P. 339.

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 39 hgn snbvxn- p- -Xv. CtXm-sSm w ""Ah-cpsS apx-en tnmzn- p- -h pw tnmzn- m-\m-hm-ø h pw'' D Ah-Imi {]Jym-]-\-Øns {]mtbm-kni {]h Ø-\-ßfpw \S- pw. kimøv ASn-ÿm-\-\n-Ip-Xn-bm-Wv. kim-øv am-{xta ]ncn- m ]msp q Fs m pw \n -bn- n- n-. ""t_mwv am n-sh- -s thx\w'' F ap{zm-hm-iy-øn hnπhw ImWp- -h v sxmgnem-fn pw sxmgn-em-fn-i-f- mø kaq-l-øse a p hn`m-kßƒ pw apx-em-fn-bpss kzøn Ah-Imiw Ds v {]Jym-]n Jp -B-\n ]ptcmka\w ImWm Ign-bm-ØsXt? _p n as tßm ]Wbw sh n-cn- -bm-iptam? ""D -h-cn \n v ]nsn-s -SpØv C m-ø-h v Xnc-n p-sim-sp- pi'' F Bibw `qtem-iøv BZy-ambn Db Øn-bXv apl-ωzv \_n(-k) Xncp-ta-\n-bmWv (ap- Ø-^n-Jp Aebv-ln). CXmWv kim-øns {]mtbm-kni hymjym-\w. F m, CsXms hyh-ÿn-x-am -Ønepw \oxn- \n-b-a-ßƒ -\p-k-cn pw {]mh Øn-I-am- -W-sa- -XmWv \n - w. Cu kmº-øni kn m- -ß-fn \n v {]tnm-z\w Dƒs m- p-sim- mwv Xncp-\-_n-bpsS Hcp {]kn klm-_n-bm-bn-cp A_q-Z K^v^m-cn(-d) hnπhw {]kw-kn- -Xv. temi-n-cn-{x-ønse BZysØ IΩyq-WnÃv As - n kmº-øn-i-hn-π-h-imcn A_q- Z K^v^mcn Bbn-cp p F p ]d-bp-tºmƒ B[p-\nI tkmjyenãv ]cn-lm-k- ncn Nncn-t pw! F nepw kmaqlnikmº- ØnI imkv{x-k-th-j-i v AXv Is -Øm {]bm-k-an-. kºøv \oxn-]q w hnx-cww snøp- -Xn\v "an -hn-e'sb kw_- n "Xoknkv' hmbn- n-cn- -W-sa- n-. Xokn-kp-Iƒ Xøm-dm- n-b-h Fhn-sSbpw H pw \S- m- o- p-an-. F mwv Ch-cpsS kmaq-lni-t a k ev]w? hm -Iy-Ime s] j\pw hn[-hm-s] j\pw \S- n hcp-øn-b-xmwv hnπ-h-i-c-amb t\ w! AXpw Cu Iw]yq- bpk-øn! F{X Zcn-{Z-amWv Cu k -ev]- ßƒ. Ckvemw ]Xn-\mev \q m v apºv \S- m- nb t a-]- - Xn-bmWv Ct mƒ ]pxp-a-bpss ]px- n v sim p-\-s- p- -Xv.

Ckvemw {]_p XbpsS axw 40 The system of old age pensions now prevailing in many countries of Europe, was first introduced by Umar. For wayfareres large caravansaries were erected in all big centres. Children without any guardians were brought up at the expense of the state. ""bqtdm- nse ]e cmpy-ß-fnepw Ct mƒ \ne-hn-ep hm -Iy-Im-e-s] j Da (-d) BWv temiøv H m-a-xmbn \S- n-em- n-b-xv. bm{x- m p-th n {][m\ ti{µ-ß-fn-se mw henb henb k{x-ßfpw ]Sp-Øn- p. c n-xm- - m-cn- mø Ip n- I-fpsS ]cn]me\w tã v kwc- -WØn-em- n'' 14. Jeo^ A ap- JvX-Zn-dns a{ n-bm-bn-cp Aen-bp_v\p Cukm-bpsS Iev]-\- {]-Imcw No^vsa-Un- Hm^o-k-dm-bn-cp ko\m k m `nj-kz-c- msc kwl-sn- n p acp pw t]dn tcmkn-i-tfbpw txsn t]mip-am-bn-cp- p. as m-cp-iq w `nj-kz-c- m Pbn-ep-I-fn \nxyk-µ i\w \S-Øn-t m- p 14 a. apkvenw `c-w-i Øm- ƒ Hcm-bncw sim w-ap-ºp-xs kmaq-lnit -a-øn\p Dd- p-hcp-øn-bxv C{]Imcsa m-am-bn-cp- p. AsX mw AhnsS \n s! ]eni G m-sn-s\- n kjmhv Iem-\m-Y F p-]-d-bp p? apx-em-fn-ø-øns ASnÿm-\-]-c-amb Hcm-i-b-at ]eni? Cu ]eni G m-sns\ Ckvemw I i\-ambn hntcm-[n- Xp D -h\pw C m-ø-h\pw XΩn-ep A -csø \ne-\n Øm-\mtWm? apx-em-fn-bpss apx t_ n- -en- m ]en-ibpw Iq p-]-en-ibpw sim v AXv A\p-kyqXw s]cp-ip- p. bqtdm- nepw Ata-cn- -bn-ep-ap timso-iz-c- m timsn-iz-c- m-cmbnøs \ne-\n p- Xp ]eni G m-sn-eq-ss-bt? ]en-i-bn-e-[n-jvtn-x-amb B[p-\nI t_ nßv k{º-zm-b-øn-eq-ss-bmwv IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn kºøv hf-cp- -Xv. IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fn-am kºøv t_ n-en p ]en-i-sim p hym]mcw \S-Øp- p. NqjW-Øn am{xw A[njvTn-X-amb hmbv]m Iº-\n-Iƒ hf-cp- p. temi ItºmfsØbpw \mw-b-hyh-ÿ-nxnitfbpw ]eni \nb-{ n- p- p. 14. Early Caliphate- Moulana Muhamamd Ali. M.A. LLB, P.190 14a. History of the Arabs- Prof. Hitty, P. 365