Open spatial data infrastructure a backbone for digital government Thorben Hansen Geomatikkdagene 2018 Stavanger 13.-15. mars
Spatial Data Infrastructure definition the technology, policies, standards, and human resources necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute, and improve utilization of geospatial data Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association (GSDI) GSDI Cookbook, 2009 acquire process store distribute improve utilization
Spatial Data Infrastructure another view Spatial data come from many sources and is used within many domains. An efficient use of government resources requires that spatial data is stored, made available and maintained at the most appropriate level and that it is possible to combine spatial data from different sources and share them between several users and applications European Commission INSPIRE Directive 2007 user user user user user framework for data sharing - source source source source source
Spatial Data Infrastructure drivers Technology drivers Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) heterogeneous it-environments consisting of loosely coupled systems Standards (it and data) interoperability Business drivers Civil Digital Government INSPIRE Military Network Based Operations (NBO)
Spatial Data Infrastructure what does it take people
Spatial Data Infrastructure organization governance policies & licensing funding & pricing partnerships markets legislative framework people
Danish NMCA timeline National Survey and Cadastre Geodata Agency Agency for Data Supply Geodata Agency Cost recovery (~30%) from selling maps and geodata to government bodies, private companies and consumers Cost Recovery (~30%) from selling geodata to government bodies and private companies Cost recovery (~30%) from mandatory gov. subscriptions and selling to private companies Free and open data NMCA split in two Basic Data program Mandatory Gov. subscription Topo.data coprod. w municipalities INSPIRE directive Google Earth and Google Maps Google buy Keyhole Technology Geodata UNEP contract Service Keyhole Com. establ. Technology Digital to develop Map Supply virtual globe launched geo-browser US Exec.Order 12906: NSDI OGC founded 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988
Business Model cost recovery at point-of-use Players Consumers Content providers Application providers Fundamentals: A shared resource embedded in multiple applications Consumers must have license to use data Application providers have open access on equal terms Market competition on development of applications consumer application provider content provider
Governance high level involvement SDI Coordination Council (2010- ) established in accordance with the Danish SDI Act anchored in Ministry of the Environment / Ministry of Energy to implement Danish NSDI (including support of INSPIRE) members from government, universities and private business Geodata Service Community (2001-2010) established by the digital task force (e-gov) anchored in Ministry of the environment to facilitate cooperation about geodata members from central and local government The Basic Data Board (2013- ) established by The Danish Government anchored in Ministry of Finance to implement Danish Basic Data Program members from central and local government 2001 2010 2013
Free access for everyone since 2013 Government investments for approx. 125 million Once fully implemented, the revenues for society are expected to be approx. 100 million annually Private sector revenues will be approx. 65 million annually Real estate, insurance, financial, telecom and utility sectors, GPS manufacturers and entrepreneurs expected to be among those to benefit hugely from the initiatives
Focus on benefits vs on cost recovery For data associated with a cost at the point of use, the funding issue creates a competitive situation, whereas free data earns its value by being included as source everywhere including in OSM, Here, Google and others Strong demand from consumers that e.g. commercial car navigation systems are kept current with free, authenticated address data SIDE 11
Business Model free and open data Players Consumers Content providers Application providers Fundamentals: A shared resource embedded in multiple applications Consumers must have license to use data Application providers have open access on equal terms Market competition on development of applications consumer application provider content provider
The value of geodata - follow up (2017) The value of geodata was measured in 2012 (the last year before geodata was made at the point of use) and again in 2016. The value increased from 210 million to 460 million. The value consists of: Efficiency gain of approx. 130 million. This is the actual economic efficiency in business that geodata has made possible. Productivity gain of approx. 330 million. This reflects that geodata is used for both private and government production. Development from 2012 to 2016 Use of geodata X 4 Number of users of geodata X 75 Value of geodata X 2
Spatial Data Infrastructure foundation data domain data metadata people
Geodata content from NMCA Cadastral Parcels Administrative Units, Named Places and Addresses Basic topographic features including: buildings and structures roads and railways watercourses, lakes and seashore Digital Elevation Model Digital Topographic Maps Orthophotos
Basic data content
Spatial Data Infrastructure people systems & services interoperability enabling technologies
Spatial Data Infrastructure architecture front-end back-end edit analyze view network manage share search remodelling publishing
Spatial Data Infrastructure people data metadata services
From many sources used in many domains user user user user user framework for data sharing - source source source source source
publish Easy to combine interoperability means the possibility for spatial data sets to be combined, and for services to interact, without repetitive manual intervention catalog user resource provider Support publish-find-bind paradigm: Resource providers publish metadata about resources (geodata sets and geodata services) Users discover, evaluate and utilize the resources
What does it take? Prerequisites: what are the data sources available? what data do they contain? how is the data modelled? how do we send data across? what is the format of the data sent?
NO STANDARDS NO INTEROPERABILITY
International standards Geospatial standards ISO/TC211 OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) standards IEEE ISO OASIS W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and many more
Guidelines How to use the standards in e-government context e.g. model rules for basic data in INSPIRE context e.g. INSPIRE application schemas in military context e.g. NGIF from DGIWG etc.
Spatial Data Infrastructure communication users culture people skills resources
and then: How do we make it work?
From many sources used in many domains user user user user user framework for data sharing - source source source source source
millions hits Use of The Digital Map Supply 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Business Model without and with open data Players Consumers Content providers Application providers Fundamentals: A shared resource embedded in multiple applications Application providers have open access on equal terms Market competition on development of applications consumer application provider content provider consumer application provider content provider
Application Provider Program Annual business/ technical seminar
From many sources used in many domains user user user user user framework for data sharing - source source source source source
Providing content to the SDI Data providers are responsible for making their data content available in the SDI compliant with the requirements from e-government, INSPIRE, etc. Some manage to do that most don t Lack critical mass to build required skills SDFE is currently developing the role of supporting other government agencies with their data supply needs Operator of the data distributer handling basic data Offers assistance for other data, e.g. data covered by INSPIRE
Spatial Data Infrastructure governance policies & licensing funding & pricing partnerships markets legislative framework communication users culture people foundation data domain data metadata skills resources data metadata services systems & services interoperability enabling technologies
Geodata the backbone in efficient digital government
Data-Driven Digital Government citizens / businesses volatile data decisions channels authenticated data Data-driven society Pervasive digitization From islands-of-automation to fully digital environment including mainstream digital ecosystems, new types of data sources and augmented intelligence
Data-Driven Digital Government classic citizens / businesses volatile data decisions channels authenticated data Islands-of-automation Direct interaction between government bodies and citizens / businesses Public servant in the center Public records define the truth for government business
Data-Driven Digital Government channels citizens / businesses volatile data decisions channels authenticated data Digital communication Use of multiple digital channels for information dissemination API s for data sharing (e.g. W*S) API s for managing data in government processes Engage mainstream digital ecosystems in government processes e.g. Google, Apple and Facebook
Data-Driven Digital Government volatile data citizens / businesses volatile data decisions channels authenticated data Use of other information Non-governmental records e.g. crowd sourced data such as Open Street Map Internet of Things (IoT) Sensor data with time and location Real-time attributes and positions (data in motion to be combined with data at rest ) SmartCity (Smart )
Data-Driven Digital Government decisions citizens / businesses volatile data decisions channels authenticated data Artificial intelligence (AI) Machine learning Deep learning Neural networks Applications of AI Chatbots Decision support (augmented intelligence) Image matching (e.g. for change detection)
Data-Driven Digital Government operation citizens / businesses volatile data decisions channels authenticated data Multiple collaborating players devices people organizations (government, SME s, NGO s) Security model authentication authorization GDPR (general data protection regulation) Event driven event ledger as the record of truth Blockchain distributed event ledger
Important messages Digital government is by far the most important business driver for a SDI SDI is a shift in paradigm this is a business challenge Funding by charging at the point-of-use defeats the purpose Making a business case for a data infrastructure is difficult Governance involving high level management is a must Interoperability is not easy the community needs to be educated Supporting evolving data-driven digital government must be prepared It s all about cooperation think about your role