Geometric Algorithms in GIS GIS Software Dr. M. Gavrilova
GIS System What is a GIS system? A system containing spatially referenced data that can be analyzed and converted to new information for a specific purpose.
GIS Software GIS software: ArcInfo GeoSQL SmallWorld Statistical analysis software: S-Plus Extension for ArcView GIS 3.2 SpaceStat (TerraSeer) Grass GIS GIS visualization software: ArcView, ArcGIS, Visual_Data, GIS Viewer, etc.
Extensions to Databases Oracle Spatial PostgresSQL SDE
GIS Systems Overview Traditional Relational Database
GIS Systems Overview Spatial Processing
GIS Systems Overview What is the difference? Representation Database Query Table GIS Query
ArcInfo Designed by ESRL in 1969 Features: Querying relational databases Tool for statistical analysis Specific display tools (scale change or zooming) Support for graphical formats
Features Data collection Data representation Data storage Data analysis and computation Concurrency and recovery Query facility and optimization
Diagram Graphical display and interaction with the user (ArcEdit) Map editing tools (ArcPlot) Network management (optimal paths) (Network) Layers overlaying (Overlay) Underlying data structure (ArcScan)
ArcInfo
Surface Surface is represented as TIN or GRID Grid has a reference to a Value Attribute Table TIN: List of Triangles, List of Associated Nodes, List of Neighboring Triangles
Objects Objects in ArcInfo: Point Arc Polygon More complex objects: graphs, sequence of arcs. Can be described in a specific language. For instance, a route can be defined within a graph or a network, having specific attributes, a set of roads, a city block can also be represented.
ArcInfo Map queries: after a Map is created, a different coverage (highways, regions, elevation, etc )
ArcView GIS 2 modules: ArcView Spatial Analyst ArcView Network Analyst Requests to the DB are written in a query-type language.
ArcView GIS Designed by ESRI Desktop GIS Oriented toward data integration Used for analyzing maps 2D
GEO/SQL Overview Back End Capability Link to relational (SQL) databases or files Data modeling Base Mapping Security and Integrity Front End Capability Interactive, visual analytical performance Manipulation of data sets Presentation and output
GEO/SQL Features Relational Database (SQL) Querying Libraries,Images Embedded, Linked, SQL Dictionaries Data Formats Raster and Vector Support Format Handlers (loadable drivers)
GEO/SQL Features Fixing Errors in Digitized Data
GEO/SQL Features Storage Structures Spatial Objects (Points, Lines, Polygons)
GEO/SQL Features Storage Structures Non spatial properties Derived Objects and Geo-Coding Labels & Attributes Line Geo-Coding
GEO/SQL Features Spatial Analysis Buffering Generalization Overlay Polygon Dissolve Line Generalization Polygon Dissolve
GEO/SQL Features Data Themes 1. Definition 2. Data Source 3. Geographic Search Criterion 4. Query Condition 5. Graphical Style 6. Labels 7. Column List 8. Data
GEO/SQL Features Page Layout and Printing
Smallworld Licensed by GE Power Systems Smaller GIS business solution OO development language (Magik) Raster/vector graphics Has intranet/internet network capability High-level query language
Extensions for querying spatial DB Oracle Postgre SQL SDE
Oracle Index-aware operations: Contains, covers, inside, overlaps, touch, disjoint Other: Union, difference, intersection, area, length
Oracle Spatial Spatial Attribute Types: point, line string or polygon Spatial Operations, Spatial Indexing
Postgre SQL Open source Operations: Triangulate, scale, polymorphic (works on different types of geometric objects) No topological operations (adjacency is not implemented) No overlay operation
Spatial Database Engine SDE GIS CAD 3D visualization Custom application SDE server Data files ArcInfo files DBMS (spatial, CAD, graphics)
Statistical GIS software There are a number of Software that is being used for statistical analysis of spatial data. S-Plus Extension for ArcView GIS 3.2 SpaceStat (TerraSeer) Grass GIS
Statistical GIS software Typical GIS software does not perform the following functions satisfactory: Robustness Reliability Completeness Capability and features Specific Spatial techniques for Autocorrelation and analysis Spatial hypothesis testing
S-plus features Basic Statistics Summary statistics Crosstabulations Hypothesis tests Probabilities, quantiles, and densities Random number generation Bootstrap and jackknife estimation Power and Sample Size Regression Basic linear regression Polynomial regression Robust regression Constrained regression Logistic regression Generalized linear models Robust MM Regression Linear regression with correlated errors Nonlinear regression and minimization Nonlinear regression with correlated errors Minimum-sum optimization for maximum likelihood and generic optimization Constrained nonlinear regression Nonlinear mixed effects Among Other functions Mixed Effect Models Classifications Nonparametric regressions Smoothing and interpolation Multivariate analysis Cluster Analysis Quality Control
S-plus graphical features Graphical feature of the software Time series charts: high-low-open-close and candlestick Combined vertical/horizontal error bar charts Multiple x-y pair plots Nonlinear curve fitting plots 2-D plots: area plots, barplots, boxplots, density plots, dot charts, histograms, pie charts, and more Scatterplot extensions: scatterplot matrices, linear fits, smooth fits, vary symbol color and size, text as points 3-D plots: point clouds, surface plots, contour plots, color image plots, 3-D barplots Time series plots Quality control charts Statistical model summaries and diagnostics Advanced Data Visualization Easy control of axis scales Pop-up descriptions for data values 2-D and 3-D graph palettes for easy plotting Multiple simultaneous 3-D rotation views 2-D projections in 3-D space Multiple graphs per page with auto-formatting Interactive 3-D view angle specification Interactive observation identification Multiple, user-defined color maps
S-plus With the S+SpatialStats module: Spatial autocorrelation a to assess global association for the values of a variable as a consequence of their location Build neighbor weight matrices based on adjacency as well as distance between sampling units Local spatial association can highlight clusters of data spatially correlated Supports Moran's I index and Geary's c measures of correlation Spatial regression to depict relationships between variables for each spatial unit, given a neighbor weight matrix Model variables may be selected from ArcView themes or S-PLUS data sets
SpaceStat SpaceStat: http://www.terraseer.com/spacestat.html Despite solid indications that spatial effects matter, much empirical work that uses spatial data still fails to take its distinctive characteristics into account. Until SpaceStat, there was no comprehensive software package that covered a reasonable range of techniques in spatial statistics and spatial econometrics. SpaceStat provides tools for the creation of spatial weights matrices, exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial econometric analyses SpaceStat was first released in 1991, and since then was updated 4 times. In 2002, SpaceStat joined forces with TerraSeer. ClusterSeer 2 evaluates disease clusters and non-disease events such as crime or sales data. You can determine whether a cluster is significant, where it is located, and when it arose, providing insight into the origin, causes, and correlates of the event. BoundarySeer is the premier product for the detection, description and analysis of geographic boundaries. It detects patterns in your data and then tests them statistically. Aside from edge detection, most GIS do not provide any boundary analysis techniques.
GrassGIS GrassGIS: http://grass.itc.it/statsgrass/ This is an open sourse, languagebased software, which allows inhouse development of spatial tools that can be used to manipulate data that must be represented by unconventional statistical systems. All of its functionality is essentially a small subset of S-plus.