Electromagnetic Spectrum ANSWER ALL OF THE FOLLOWING USING THE WEB SITES LISTED. http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/index.html Introduction to The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1) Electromagnetic energy travels in waves and spans a broad spectrum from very long waves to very short. 2) What does it mean for an energy wave to be ionizing? 3) What is an atmospheric window? 4) How does the atmosphere protect us from harmful radiation? 5) Why does our atmosphere pose a problem when studying the Electromagnetic spectrum? Anatomy of An Electromagnetic Wave 6) Mechanical waves are caused by a disturbance or in matter, whether solid, gas, liquid, or plasma. Matter that waves are traveling through is called a. Water waves are formed by vibrations in a liquid and sound waves are formed by vibrations in a. 7) A changing field will induce a changing electric field and vice-versa the two are linked. These changing fields form waves. 8) In the and, a Scottish scientist named developed a scientific theory to explain electromagnetic waves. 9) The number of crests that pass a given point within one second is described as the of the wave. 10) The shortest wavelengths are just fractions of the size of, while the longest wavelengths scientists currently study can be larger than the! 11) In the space below, draw a wave that has low energy and one with a higher energy. Low energy High energy I

Wave Behaviors 12) When a light wave encounters an object, they are either,,,,,, or depending on the composition of the object and the wavelength of the light. 13) Reflection is: 14) Using the topography of the Moon diagram; what color represents the lowest elevation and the highest elevation. 15) Absorption occurs when: 16) Why is Atlanta an Island of heat? 17) is the bending and spreading of waves around an obstacle. It is most pronounced when a light wave strikes an object with a size comparable to its own. 18) occurs when light bounces off an object in a variety of directions. The amount of scattering that takes place depends on the of the light and the and structure of the object. 19) Describe why the sky is blue? 20) Refraction is: 21) Label the following 6 diagrams with the appropriate wave property II

Radio Waves 22) Radio waves range in length from: 23) Who proved the existence of Radio waves? 24) How are radio telescopes different than optical telescopes? 25) What, where, and how big is the VLA? Select 02 Radio Waves, and answer the following: 26) Guglielmo Marconi s radio transmissions in 1894, have spread into space for over 100 years. They passed Serius in, Vega in, And Regulus in. 27) Radio waves are the and contain the energy of any Electromagnetic wave. 28) The first commercial radio station went on the air in on November 2 nd. 29) How big is the Arecibo Radio antennae? 30) What 3 major space objects were discovered using radio waves? a. b. c. 31) Objects that have a field usually produce radio waves. 32) Radio waves provide us with,, and. Return to the EMS Home Page III

Microwaves 33) How does a microwave oven heat your food? 34) Medium-length penetrate through clouds, dust, smoke, snow, and rain to reveal the Earth's surface. 35), like those used by a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in your car, can also penetrate the canopy cover of forests to measure the soil moisture of rain forests. 36) Most communication satellites use,,and -bands to send signals to a ground station. 37) Label the three images below with the type of microwave used and what they depict. 38) What is Active remote sensing? 39) List three examples of Active remote sensing: 40) What is passive remote sensing? Select 03 Microwaves, and answer the following: 41) Microwaves range in length form cm - mm. 42) What has happened to the arctic sea ice from 1979-2008? 43) What type of microwave is used in GPS devices? 44) If microwaves were visible, what would our sky look like? 45) Microwaves are the of communication. Return to the EMS Home Page IV

Infrared Waves 46) A typical television remote control uses infrared energy at a wavelength around nanometers. 47) Who discovered infrared light? 48) Describe the experiment used in the discovery of infrared light. 49) What is the approximate temperature of dog s nose in the thermal image? 50) Describe the difference between the images of the Carina Nebula in the visible and in the infrared. 51) The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument onboard the and satellites uses infrared data to monitor smoke and pinpoint sources of forest fires. 52) How are the near-infrared spectral signature) of corn and soybeans similar? How are they different? Select 04 Infrared waves, and answer the following: 53) Infrared light has a wavelength range of nm - nm. 54) Incoming ultraviolet, visible, and a limited portion of infrared energy (together sometimes called " ") from the Sun drive the Earth's climate system. 55) An that's out of balance can cause the temperature of the atmosphere to increase or decrease and eventually affect our climate. 56) Near infrared is helping in the study of Ice, Forests, and. V

Go to the following site and watch the video http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/videos/more_than_your/index.html 57) Infrared cameras can be used by firefighters to: 58) Blue light has a short wavelength and more, Red light has a longer wavelength and energy. 59) What color did the ice cream appear on the infrared image? What happened when she ate the ice cream? 60) Infrared light can pass through some objects that block. 61) blocks infrared radiation. 62) Planets can be seen orbiting a star because they 63) Why do you think footprints can be seen in the infrared? Go to the following site: http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/videos/irrelevant/ Scroll down and watch Spitzer Space Telescope: The Musical. Use standard definition. 64) Spitzer was launched in 65) Spitzer is the fourth great observatory. The other three being,,. 66) Spitzer can see through the that blocks visible light. 67) Infrared depends on the and instead of visible light. 68) Planets have their own faint. Return Back to the EMS home page: http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/index.html VI

Visible Light 69) All electromagnetic radiation is, but we can only see a small portion of this radiation the portion we call. 70) experiment in 1665 showed that a prism bends visible light and that each color refracts at a slightly different angle depending on the wavelength of the color. 71) As objects grow hotter, they radiate energy dominated by wavelengths, changing color before our eyes. 72) Our Sun produces more light than any other color because its surface temperature is 5,500 C. If the Sun's surface were cooler say 3,000 C it would look, like the star Betelgeuse. If the Sun were hotter say, 12,000 C it would look, like the star Rigel. 73) Close examination of the visible-light spectrum from our Sun and other stars reveals a pattern of dark lines called lines. These patterns can provide important scientific clues that reveal hidden of objects throughout the universe. Select 05-Visible Light, and answer the following: 74) How did Newton disprove the idea that the prism colored the white light that passed through it? 75) How are breathtaking sunsets produced? 76) What is the ICESat used for? 77) What famous space telescope utilizes visible light? Go to the following site and watch the windows media version of the video. http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ask_astronomer/video/2008-007.shtml 78) What happens to blue light as it passes through the earth s atmosphere? 79) What happens to other colors as they pass through the atmosphere? 80) Different in the air absorb different of light. 81) How do astronomers know what the atmosphere is like on distant planets? VII

Go to the following website and click Replay Movie towards the top right of the screen. http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/hubble_deep_field/resources.php 82) How many galaxies are in the opening image? How many are in the whole sky? 83) How many stars (potential solar systems) are there in an average galaxy? 84) When looking at the galaxy Andromeda, we see it as it looked years ago. 85) What constellation is near the Deep Field that Hubble observed? 86) How long did Hubble collect data on this one spot? 87) How long has some of the light collected in the Deep Field traveled? Return Back to the EMS home page: http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/index.html Ultraviolet Waves 88) Ultraviolet (UV) light has wavelengths than visible light. 89) Bees, along with some, and other, can see nearultraviolet light reflecting off of plants. attract insects with ultraviolet light to lure them to the trap. 90) rays are the most harmful and are almost completely absorbed by our atmosphere. rays are the harmful rays that cause sunburn. 91) In 1801, conducted an experiment to investigate the existence of energy beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. 92) Describe the experiment used to discover UV rays: 93) Chemical processes in the upper atmosphere can affect the amount of atmospheric that shields life at the surface from most of the Sun's UV radiation. 94) How many Dobson units are there over Antarctica s ozone hole? VIII

Select 06-Ultraviolet waves, and answer the following: 95) Ultraviolet waves range in wavelength from nm to nm. 96) Most reaches the ground, about 95% of is absorbed by the ozone in the atmosphere, is almost completely absorbed by the atmosphere. 97) Chemical substances, both atoms and molecules interact with making this region particularly interesting to scientists. Return Back to the EMS home page: X-rays 98) X-rays have much energy and much wavelengths than ultraviolet light, some so small that some x-rays are no bigger than a single of many elements. 99) X-rays were first observed and documented in 1895 by German scientist. 100) It was discovered that firing streams of x-rays through created detailed images of the bones inside. 101) What is inside the girl s stomach? 102) Our Sun's radiation peaks in the range, but the Sun's corona is much and radiates mostly x-rays. 103) NASA's Mars Exploration Rover, Spirit, used x-rays to detect the signatures of zinc and nickel in Martian rocks. 104) Over what country did PIXIE capture an image of x-ray aurora? Select 07-X-Rays, and answer the following: 105) Scientists fire beams of x-rays at unknown substances to learn what they contain and to decode their. 106) Nasa s Mars rovers used x-rays to identify metals such as and in Martian rocks. 107) X-rays come from objects that are of degrees. 108) X-rays can also be used to gather information about an objects,,, IX

Go to the following site and scroll down to The Chandra Mission and watch Reviewing Five Years with Chandra http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/animations/index.html 109) What Shuttle mission carried Chandra into orbit? 110) There is a lot of stuff out there that Chandra can detect that is very but very. 111) Chandra can measure the brightness and of gases. 112) Chandra can also measure the emissions of. Return Back to the EMS home page http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/index.html Gamma Rays 113) Gamma rays have the wavelengths and the energy of any wave in the electromagnetic spectrum. 114) They are produced by the and most objects in the universe, such as neutron stars and pulsars, supernova explosions, and regions around black holes. 115) On Earth, gamma waves are generated by,, and the less dramatic activity of. 116) Gamma-ray bursts are the most energetic and luminous electromagnetic events since the and can release more energy in 10 seconds than our Sun will emit in its entire expected lifetime! 117) Scientists can use gamma rays to determine the on other planets. Select 08-Gamma Rays, and answer the following: 118) Gamma rays carry enough energy to kill. 119) Gamma ray detectors contain densely packed blocks. 120) The Vela Pulsar emits gamma ray pulses every seconds. 121) How can Gamma rays be used in medicine? X