1. Linda had a piece of red sandstone. She hammered it into pieces and then ground them into a powder using a pestle and mortar. She put the powder into a measuring cylinder with water and shook the mixture. The contents settled. (a) Linda said her results showed that sandstone is a mixture of two substances. How could she tell, from the results, that sandstone is a mixture of substances?...... Shire Oak School 1
(b) Linda then poured the cloudy water from the measuring cylinder through filter paper in a filter funnel. She said there might be salts dissolved in the colourless, clear liquid that came through the filter. What could Linda do to find out if there were salts dissolved in the colourless, clear liquid? What would she see if there had been salts dissolved in the colourless, clear liquid? (c) Sandstone is a sedimentary rock. Four stages in the formation of sedimentary rock are listed below. They are not in the correct order. compacted deposited weathered transported Put these stages in the correct order. One has been done for you. stage 1...weathered... stage 2... stage 3... stage 4... Maximum 4 marks Shire Oak School 2
2. The diagram shows four different layers of sedimentary rock in a cliff. (a) Which layer of, A, B, C or D, is probably the oldest?... (b) Igneous rock is formed when magma cools. Choose from the following words to complete the sentences below. gas liquid metal solid Igneous rock is a... Magma is a... (c) Rocks are put into groups according to the way they are formed. The groups are igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. To which group does sandstone belong?... In which group are fossils never found?... Maximum 5 marks Shire Oak School 3
3. The diagram below shows a section through a volcano. Magma is moving up from a magma chamber. Some of the magma erupts to form lava. The liquid lava cools and becomes solid rock. ash cloud lava magma moving upwards sedimentary rock (a) zone of metamorphic rock magma chamber Explain why magma deep underground stays liquid longer than lava on the surface....... (b) As the magma cools underground, it solidifies and crystals are formed. In what way will these crystals be different from the crystals formed when lava solidifies above ground?.. Give the reason for your answer..... Shire Oak School 4
(c) A zone of rock surrounding the magma has become a metamorphic rock. What conditions would cause this to happen?.... Give the name of the metamorphic rock which is formed from limestone in this way.... maximum 5 marks 4. The composition of igneous rocks is very variable. They may be classified according to the amount of silicon they contain. (a) Suggest why igneous rocks are variable in composition....... The table gives information about the silicon content and average density of a number of different rocks. rock % silicon by mass average density in g/cm³ diorite 27 2.84 gabbro 24 2.97 granite 34 2.67 granodiorite 31 2.72 peridotite 21 3.23 Shire Oak School 5
(b) The diagram shows a section through a horizontal intrusion which is called a sill. Some of the igneous rocks in the table are found in the sill. All of the igneous rocks in the sill crystallised slowly from the same magma. Use the information in the table to suggest why different rocks crystallised in different parts of the sill. The largest crystals form in the rock which cools the most slowly. In which of the three igneous rocks would you expect to find the largest crystals? (c) What mass of silicon is present in a 50 cm³ block of diorite? Show your working............. 2 marks Maximum 5 marks Shire Oak School 6
5. The diagram shows a volcano erupting. not to scale (a) Look at the diagram. Give the letter which labels: magma;... liquid lava;... (iii) old solid rock.... (b) When magma and lava cool, they form a hard crystalline rock. What is the name of this type of rock? Tick the correct box. igneous rock metamorphic rock sedimentary rock Shire Oak School 7
(c) The changes listed below take place when a volcano erupts. Which one of these changes could be reversed? Tick the correct box. Old rock is heated to form a different rock. Sulphur burns to form sulphur dioxide. Water is heated to form water vapour. (d) Ash from a volcano dropped into a lake. All the fish in the lake were killed and buried under the ash in the mud at the bottom of the lake. The photograph below shows the remains of a fish millions of years later. The photograph shows the body parts which supported the fish. Give the name of these body parts. Give the name for animal and plant remains that are found in a rock after millions of years. Maximum 7 marks Shire Oak School 8
6. The diagram shows part of a rock face. The igneous rock was formed when magma intruded into the sedimentary rock. The metamorphic rock was formed from the sedimentary rock as a result of the magma cooling. A B C key sedimentary rock metamorphic rock igneous rock D 0 5 metres (a) What is the change of state when magma crystallises to form igneous rock? From... to... (b) The magma cooled more quickly at point C than at point D. What effect did this have on the size of the crystals formed at point C compared to the crystals at point D? At point C...... (c) Explain why a thicker band of metamorphic rock has formed at point A than at point B. It is thicker at point A because......... Maximum 3 marks Shire Oak School 9
7. The diagram shows the geology of a cliff section. (a) A minor intrusion known as a sill is labelled B on the diagram. Explain why the crystals in the sill, B, are smaller than those in the large intrusion labelled A....... (b) Explain why the type of metamorphic rock formed at C is different from that formed at E....... (c) Suggest why the band of metamorphic rocks is wider at C than at D....... (d) A number of geological events are given in the list. deposition of limestones formation of metamorphic rocks deposition of sandstones intrusion of magma Shire Oak School 10
Use the diagram of the cliff section to help you place these four events in the correct sequence. 1st.... 2nd.... 3rd.... 4th.... Some of the layers of rock in the diagram are tilted. It is not possible to be sure when in the sequence of events the tilting occurred. Suggest when the tilting occurred and explain why you cannot be sure, using the evidence in the diagram. 2 marks Maximum 6 marks 8. The diagram shows a geological section of a rock sequence. The letters show sites where rocks are found. cone of extinct volcano made of lava and ash A sediments sandstone F C D mudstone E limestone B Shire Oak School 11
(a) Some of the events which caused this rock sequence are listed below in alphabetical order. 1. Limestone deposited. 2. Mudstone deposited. 3. Rocks folded and eroded. 4. Sandstone deposited. 5. Volcano eroded to form sediment. 6. Volcano formed. Suggest the order in which the events took place. Write the appropriate number in each box, starting on the left with the earliest. (b) The photographs show thin sections of two igneous rocks. They are of equal magnification. One rock is from site A, and the other is from site B. (Obtained from photographs in the Atlas of igneous rocks and their textures, by Mackenzie Donaldson and Guilford; sixth impression 1995; published by Addison Wesley Longman How do you know that rock 1 is more likely to be found at site A than at site B?...... (c) Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate. When limestone is heated strongly it forms calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Write a balanced equation for this reaction. Shire Oak School 12
Sand grains may be found in limestone. Sand is mainly silica, SiO 2. A new mineral can be formed by the reaction of calcium carbonate with silica. This is calcium silicate, CaSiO 3. Write a balanced equation for this reaction. (iii) A different rock is formed when new minerals such as calcium silicate form within limestone. To which group of rocks does this new rock belong? (iv) From which site, C, D, E or F, would a specimen of limestone containing calcium silicate crystals be obtained?... Maximum 6 marks 9. (a) When sedimentary rock is buried it may change into metamorphic rock. Describe two causes of this change. 1.... 2.... 2 marks Name a rock formed by the metamorphism of limestone.... (b) Metamorphic rock can be changed to form igneous rock. Give two main processes which are involved in this change. 1....... 2....... 2 marks Shire Oak School 13
(c) Igneous rock may be changed back into sedimentary rock. The list shows four of the processes involved in this change. burial weathering deposition transport These processes must take place in a particular order. Place the four processes in the correct order. 1.... 2.... 3.... 4.... Maximum 6 marks Shire Oak School 14