FFFN05 (FFFN05D, FYST40) Nanomaterials: Thermodynamics and Kinetics Description of subject Thermodynamics from a Materials Science perspective Focus on material phases, equilibrium, phase stability Kinetic processes important in Materials Science (phase transformations, chemical reactions) We will focus on topics and examples of special interest to those studying Materials Science of nanostructures and nanoscience applications This will include discussion of modifications of the above topics on the nanoscale (however, this is not the primary focus) 1
Why are we studying this? In order to develop new applications and devices in nanotechnology, we need to create novel materials In addition, controlling matter on a very small scale requires understanding of the fundamental processes occuring In both fabrication and characterization of novel materials for nanoscale devices, we need an understanding of specific materials science topics, especially relating to thermodynamics and kinetics Note regarding overlap We will not discuss: Techniques and instrumentation Crystal structure, crystal growth etc. Conventional metallurgy However there will be small overlap with: Thermodynamics in Physics Thermodynamics in Chemistry Courses on transport processes Physical chemistry (kinetics) 2
Web site www.nano.lth.se/jonas.johansson click on FFFN05 (menu on the right) All important files (schedule, exercises, ) Lecture notes will be placed on the web site before or after each lecture Reading course material Order this book today: R. T. DeHoff, Thermodynamics in Materials Science, Second Edition, CRC Press 2006, ISBN 978 0 8493 4065 9 You will also need: J. H. Leinhard, A Heat Transfer Textbook, Third Edition. Chapter 1, 2, 10 (Available from the course web site) Chapter 2: Diffusion, page 60 95 (file on course web site; password: c2v4s3) Other useful texts may be added to the course web site. 3
Course examination The course grade will be determined by the score on a written exam (January 13, 8 13, Room H221, ) You also must complete and hand in weekly written exercises. To pass the course you must hand in at least 4 sets (out of 6 exercise sets). You can receive up to 10% bonus on the exam from your exercise mark! About exercises Exercise Supervisor: Exercise supervisors: Robert Hallberg, robert.hallberg@ftf.lth.se and Fangfang Yang, fangfang.yang@ftf.lth.se Exercise Sessions Fridays, 8 10, Room H322 Each exercise consists of 4 8 questions. ONLY THREE of the questions for each exercise are intended to be handed in these are indicated in red. The exercises should be completed individually. For each question you can receive 2 points: 1 point for a reasonable attempt to solve the question 1 point for an answer that is essentially correct In order to pass the course you must HAND IN at least 4 exercises Additionally, the exercise marks will count as BONUS on the final exam 36 exercise marks will be worth 10 bonus exam marks, 18 will be worth 5 etc. Exercises are due at the latest on the Tuesday at 16.00 after the exercise session. Late exercises will count toward the requirement to pass (hand in at least 4), but will not count for bonus marks. 4
Quick Outline Week 1: Fundamental concepts in thermodynamics + mixing Week 2: Phase equilibria and phase diagrams Week 3: Surface and size effects in thermodynamics Week 4: Chemical Reactions Week 5: Heat Transfer processes Week 6: Mass Transfer processes Week 7: Review of course material, prepare for exam Lectures: Tue 10 12, H322 Wed 10 12, H322 (see course webpage) Exercises: Schedule Fri 8 10, H322 (hand in the following Tuesday 16.00 in Jonas Johansson s mailbox) Written exam Jan 13, 8 13 H221 5
First lecture Review of concepts in thermodynamics that we will use in the course Will go through fairly quickly assume you have seen it before If you feel a bit rusty, check the first chapters in the book If you have never studied this or feel very unsure ask and I can help! Second lecture Fundamental processes and models describing thermodynamics of mixing Important for determining the energy to form a multicomponent phase Critical to determine equilibrium phases/states (phase diagrams) key to materials science! 6
Next Apply to Materials and Phases Third lecture: describe the concept of stable phases and equilibrum Determine what phases are stable for which conditions Fourth focus on phase diagrams Map of stable equilibrium material phases One of the most important tools in materials science it describes the expected properties of a material for specific conditions 7
Small systems curvature matters Once we have developed a description of materials, equilibrium and properties for bulk phases, we want to consider surfaces For small systems, introducing surfaces changes the properties capillarity effects We will discuss mathematically how thermodynamics is modified on the nanoscale Chemistry Up to this point we only considered systems with materials that did not change chemically Next, we will consider chemical thermodynamics the thermodynamics of reactions Describe which reactions will take place and what chemical substances will form under what conditions 8
Moving on to kinetics What is kinetics? We will start off with chemical kinetics in this (the eighth) lecture Understand the rates at which chemical reactions occur, and the details of the processes involved (Nonequilibrium thermodynamics) Heat transfer (week 5) What controls the rate of energy transfer? We want to understand the processes by which energy (heat) is transferred between materials in a system Describe different processes, and how to treat these mathematically in a real system How does heat transfer differ on the nanoscale? 9
Mass transport (week 6) Finally, we consider diffusion processes: the movement of mass from one position to another Processes that occur, and the rates at which these processes occur, will be described Mass transport processes on the nanoscale 10