correlated to the Virginia Standards of Learning Chemistry CC2 5/2004 2003
Science Standard Correlation By Page Numbers CH.1 The student will investigate and understand that experiments in which variables are measured, analyzed, and evaluated, produce observations and verifiable data. Key concepts include IAE: Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach: 5 7; The Scientific Method: 8 9; Learning Chemistry: 9 11; Scientific Notation: 15 18; Units: 18 19; Measurements of Length, Volume, and Mass: 19 22; Uncertainty in Measurements: 22 23; Significant Figures: 23 28; Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis: 28 33; Temperature Conversions: 33 41; Density: 41 44; Chapter Review: 44 53; The Mole: 216 221; Molar Mass: 221 226; Percent Composition of Compounds: 226 228; Calculation of Empirical Formulas: 230 235; Calculation of Molecular Formulas: 235 237; Chapter Review: 237 245; The ph Scale: 467 473; Using Your Calculator: A1 A3; Scientific Notation: A4 A6; Graphing Functions: A6; SI Units and Conversion Factors: A7 a) designated laboratory techniques; IAE: Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach: 5 7; Measurements of Length, Volume and Mass: 19 22; Chemistry in Focus: 21; Separation of Mixtures: 64 65 VSOLS: 7 9 b) safe use of chemicals and equipment; Teachers may address safety issues during demonstrations. See, for example: IAE: Demonstration: 67, 156, 189, 260, 284, 485, 523, 608 1
c) proper response to emergency situations; Opportunities to address proper response to emergency situations can be found on the following pages: IAE: Demonstration: 67, 156, 189, 260, 284, 485, 523, 608 d) manipulation of multiple variables with repeated trials; IAE: Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach: 5 7; The Scientific Method: 8 9 e) accurate recording, organizing, and analysis of data through repeated trials; IAE: Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach: 5 7; The Scientific Method: 8 9; Uncertainty in Measurement: 22 23; Significant Figures: 23 28; Graphing Functions: A6 f) mathematical and procedural error analysis; VSOLS: 7 9, A1 A2, A3 A6 Opportunities to address this standard can be found on the following pages: IAE: Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach: 5 7; The Scientific Method: 8 9; Learning Chemistry: 9 11; Uncertainty in Measurements: 22 23 VSOLS: A2 A3 2
g) mathematical manipulations (SI units, scientific notation, linear equations, graphing, ratio and proportion, significant digits, dimensional analysis); IAE: Scientific Notation: 15 18; Units: 18 19; Measurements of Length, Volume and Mass: 19 22; Uncertainty in Measurement: 22 23; Significant Figures: 23 28; Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis: 28 33; Temperature Conversions: An Approach to Problem Solving: 33 40; Density: 41 44; Chapter Review: 44 53; The Mole: 216 221; Molar Mass: 221 226; Percent Composition of Compounds: 226 228; Formulas of Compounds: 228 230; Calculation of Empirical Formulas: 230 235; Calculation of Molecular Formulas: 235 237; Chapter Review: 237 245; Scientific Notation: A4 A6; Graphing Functions: A6; SI Units and Conversion Factors: A7 h) the use of appropriate technology including computers, graphing calculators, and probeware for gathering data and communicating results; and i) construction and defense of a scientific viewpoint (the nature of science). VSOLS: IAE: IAE: 7 9, A2 A3, A3 A6 Measurement: Past, Present, and Future: 21; The ph Scale: 467 473; Chapter Review: The ph Scale: 475 479; Demonstration: 110, 175, 465, 469, 534, 538; Using Your Calculator: A1 A3 Solving Problems Using A Scientific Approach: 5 7; The Scientific Method 8 9; Chemistry in Focus: 4, 6, 10, 19, 21, 21, 36, 62, 69, 71, 86, 89, 93, 97, 102, 124, 161, 193, 195, 213, 257, 281, 283, 298, 300, 305, 326, 334, 340, 346, 377, 403, 415, 426, 459, 463, 464, 468, 486, 539, 541, 560, 565, 567, 597, 608, 630, 641 3
Science Standard CH.2 The student will investigate and understand that the placement of elements on the periodic table is a function of their atomic structure. The periodic table is a tool used for the investigations of a) average atomic mass, mass number, and atomic number; Correlation By Page Numbers IAE: Isotopes: 95 98; Introduction to the Periodic Table: 98 102; Natural States of the Elements 102 106; Ions: 106 110; Compounds that Contain Ions: 110 112; Electron Arrangement in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: 295 298; Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table: 299 303; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: 303 307 IAE: Isotopes: 95 98; Introduction to the Periodic Table: 98 102; Ions: 106 110; Atomic Masses: Counting Atoms by Weighing: 214 216; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: 303 307 b) isotopes, half lives, and radioactive decay; IAE: Isotopes: 95 98; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: 303 307; Radioactive Decay: 552 556; Nuclear Transformation: 556 557; Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half-life: 553 559; Dating by Radioactivity: 559; Medical Applications of Radioactivity: 560 561 c) characteristics of subatomic particles as to mass and charge; VSOLS: 117 118, 119 123 IAE: The Structure of a Atom: 91 94; Introduction to the Modern Concept of Atomic Structure: 94 95; Isotopes:95 98; Introduction to the Periodic Table: 98 102; Ions:106 110; Electron Arrangement in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: 295 298; Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table: 299 303; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: 303 307 4
d) families or groups; IAE: Introduction to the Periodic Table: 98 102; Electron Arrangement in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: 295 298; Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table: 299 303; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: 303 307; Electronegativity: 319 321 VSOLS: 41 60 e) series and periods; IAE: Introduction to the Periodic Table: 98 102; Electron Arrangement in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: 295 298; Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table: 299 303; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: 303 307; Electronegativity: 319 321 f) trends including atomic radii, electronegativity, shielding effect, and ionization energy; g) electron configurations, valence electrons, and oxidation numbers; VSOLS: 41 60 IAE: Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: 303 307; Electronegativity: 319 321; Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions: 323 326 VSOLS: 41 60 IAE: Ions:106 110; The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development: 288 289; Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: 295 298; Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table: 299 303; Oxidation States: 522 525 VSOLS: 35 40, 63 75 5
h) chemical and physical properties; and IAE: Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes: 56 59; Mixtures and Pure Substances:61 63; Introduction to the Periodic Table: 98 102; Natural States of the Elements: 102 106; Ions: 106 110; Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: 295 298; Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table: 299 303; Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table: 303 307 i) historical and quantum models. IAE: Dalton s Atomic Theory: 88 89; The Structure of the Atom: 91 94; Introduction to the Periodic Table: 98 102; Rutherford s Atom: 279 280; The Energy Levels of Hydrogen: 285 286; The Bohr Model of the Atom: 287 288; The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom: 288 289; The Hydrogen Orbitals: 289 292; The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development: 293 294; Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table: 295 298; Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table: 299 303 VSOLS: 22 33, 35 40 6
Science Standard CH.3 The student will investigate and understand how conservation of energy and matter is expressed in chemical formulas and balanced equations. Key concepts include Correlation By Page Numbers IAE: Dalton s Atomic Theory: 88 89; Formulas of Compounds: 89 90; Balancing Chemical Equations: 158 165; Reactions in Which a Solid Forms: 183 185; Describing Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: 183 185; Reactions That Form Water: Acids and Bases: 185 188; Reactions of Metals With Nonmetals (Oxidation-Reduction): 188 191; Ways to Classify Reactions: 192 194; Other Ways to Classify Reactions: 196 199; Formulas of Compounds: 228 230; Calculation of Empirical Formulas: 230 235; Calculation of Molecular Formulas: 235 237; Information Given by Chemical Equations: 247 249; Mole Mole Relationships: 249 251; Lewis Structure: 328 332; Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds: 332 338; Molecular Structure: 338 339; Molecular Structure: Molecules with Double Bonds: 345 348; Structural Formulas and Isomerism: 579 582 VSOLS: 3 6 7
a) nomenclature; IAE: Symbols for the Elements: 86 87; Formulas of Compounds: 89 90; Ions 106 110; Compounds that Contain Ions: 110 112; Naming Compounds: 123; Naming Compounds That Contain a Metal and a Nonmetal(Types I and II): 124 131; Naming Binary Compounds That Contain Only Nonmetals (Type III): 132 134; Naming Compounds That Contain Polyatomic Ions: 137 140; Naming Acids: 104 141; Writing Formulas from Names: 141 142; Naming Alkanes: 582 587; Alkenes and Alkynes: 590 593; Naming Aromatic Compounds: 593 597; Alcohols: 598 601; Naming Aldehydes and Ketones: 603 605 b) balancing chemical equations; IAE: Chemical Equations: 155 158; Balancing Chemical Equations: 158 165; Information Given by Chemical Equations: 247 249; Mole-Mole Relationships: 249 251; Balancing Oxidation- Reduction Reactions by the Half-Reaction Method: 529 534 8
c) writing chemical formulas (molecular, structural, empirical, and Lewis diagrams); IAE: Formulas of Compounds: 89 90; Writing Formulas from Names: 141 142; Formulas of Compounds: 228 230; Calculation of Empirical Formulas: 230 235; Calculation of Molecular Formulas: 235 237; Lewis Structure: 328 332; Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds: 332 338; Molecular Structure: 338 339; Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model: 339 345; Molecular Structure: Molecules with Double Bonds: 345 348; Structural Formulas and Isomerism: 579 582; Naming Alkanes: 582 587 VSOLS: 3 6 d) bonding types (ionic, covalent); IAE: Ions: 106 110; Types of Chemical Bonds: 317 319; Electronegativity: 319 321; Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments: 322 323; Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions: 323 326; Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds: 327 328 VSOLS: 61 62 9
e) reaction types (synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, oxidation-reduction, neutralization, exothermic and endothermic); and IAE: Predicting Whether A Reaction Will Occur: 173 174; Reactions in Which a Solid Forms: 174 183; Describing Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: 183 185; Reactions That Form Water: Acids and Bases: 185 188; Reactions of Metals With Nonmetals (Oxidation-Reduction): 188 191; Ways to Classify Reaction: 192 194; Other Ways to Classify Reactions: 196 199; Neutralization Reactions: 439 441, Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: 521 522, Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Between Nonmetals: 526 529; Nuclear Transformations: 556 557 f) reaction rates and kinetics (activation energy, catalysis, degree of randomness). VSOLS: 10 21, 114 116 IAE: Conditions That Affect Reaction Rates: 484 487; Le Chatelier s Principle: 496 504 VSOLS: 10 21 10
Science Standard Correlation By Page Numbers CH.4 The student will investigate and understand that quantities in a chemical reaction are based on molar relationships. Key concepts include IAE: The Mole: 216 221; Molar Mass: 221 226; Percent Composition of Compounds: 226 228; Mole-Mole Relationships: 249 251; Mass Calculations: 251 259; Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant: 259 265; Percent Yield: 265 266; Pressure and Volume: Boyle s Law: 362 366; Volume and Temperature: Charles s Law: 366 371; Volume and Mass: Avogadro's Law: 371 373; The Ideal Gas Law: 373 378; Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures: 378 382; Laws and Models: A Review: 382; The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases: 383; Solution Composition: An Introduction: 427; Solution Composition: Mass Percent: 428 429; Solution Composition: Molarity: 429 434 a) Avogadro's principle and molar volume; IAE: The Mole: 216 221; Molar Mass: 221 226; Percent Composition of Compounds: 226 228; Volume and Moles: Avogadro s Law: 371 373; Gas Stoichiometry: 385 388 b) stoichiometric relationships; IAE: Information Given by Chemical Equations: 247 249; Mole-Mole Relationships: 249 251; Mass Calculations: 251 259; Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant: 259 265; Percent Yield: 265 266; Gas Stoichiometry: 385 388; Stoichiometry of Solution Reactions: 437 439; Neutralization Reactions: 439 441; Solution Composition: Normality: 441 445 c) partial pressure; IAE: Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures: 378 382 11
d) gas laws; IAE: Pressure and Volume: Boyle s Law: 362 366; Volume and Temperature: Charles s Law: 366 371; Volume and Mass: Avogadro s Law: 371 373; The Ideal Gas Law: 373 378; Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures: 387 382; Laws and Models: A Review: 382; The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases: 383 e) solution concentrations; IAE: Solubility: 423 427; Solution Composition: An Introduction: 427; Solution Composition: Mass Percent: 428 429; Solution Composition: Molarity: 429 434; Dilution: 434 437; Solution Composition: Normality: 441 445 VSOLS: 104 110 f) chemical equilibrium; and IAE: The Equilibrium Condition: 487 489; Chemical Equilibrium: A Dynamic Condition: 489 490; The Equilibrium Constant: An Introduction: 490 494; Heterogenous Equilibria: 494 496; Le Chatelier s Principle: 496 504; Applications Involving the Equilibrium Constant: 504 505; Solubility Equilibria: 505 508 12
g) acid/base theory: strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes; dissociation and ionization; ph and poh; and the titration process. IAE: Reactions in Which a Solid Forms: 174 183; Describing Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: 183 185; Reactions That form Water: Acids and Bases: 185 188; Neutralization Reactions: 439 441; Solution Composition: Normality: 441 445; Acids and Bases: 457 460; Acid Strength: 460 465; Water as an Acid and a Base: 465 467; The ph scale: 467 473; Calculating the ph of Strong Acid Solutions: 474; Buffered Solutions: 474 475 VSOLS: 113 13
Science Standard CH.5 The student will investigate and understand that the phases of matter are explained by kinetic theory and forces of attraction between particles. Key concepts include Correlation By Page Numbers IAE: Laws and Models: A Review: 382; Pressure: 359 362; Pressure and Volume: Boyle s Law: 362 366; Volume and Temperature: Charles s Law: 366 371; Volume and Moles: Avogadro s Law: 371 373; Laws and Models: A Review: 382; The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases: 383; The Implications of Kinetic Molecular Theory: 383 385; Water and Its Phase Changes: 400 401; Energy Requirements for the Changes of State: 401 405; Intermolecular Forces: 405 407; Evaporation and Vapor Pressure: 407 409; Le Chatelier s Principle: 496 504 VSOLS: 76 78, 79 102, 103 112 a) pressure, temperature, and volume; IAE: Pressure: 359 362; Pressure and Volume: Boyle s Law: 362 366; Volume and Temperature: Charles s Law: 366 371; Volume and Moles: Avogadro s Law: 371 373; Laws and Models: A Review: 382; The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases: 383; The Implications of Kinetic Molecular Theory: 383 385; Le Chatelier s Principle: 496 504 VSOLS: 76 78 b) vapor pressure; IAE: Dalton s Law of Partial Pressure: 378 381; Evaporation and Vapor Pressure: 407 409 VSOLS: 76 78, 79 102 14
c) phase changes; IAE: Water and Its Phase Changes: 400 401; Energy Requirements for the Changes of State: 401 405; Intermolecular Forces: 405 407 VSOLS: 79 102, 103 112 d) molar heats of fusion and vaporization; IAE: Energy Requirements for the Changes of State: 401 405 VSOLS: 79 102, 103 112 e) specific heat capacity; and IAE: Energy, Temperature, and Heat: 66 67; Calculating Energy Changes: 68 73 15
f) colligative properties. Opportunities to address this standard can be found on the following pages: IAE: Solution Composition: An Introduction: 427; Solution Composition: Mass Percent: 428 429; Solution Composition: Molarity: 429 434; Dilution: 434 437 VSOLS: 103 112 16
Science Textbook Adoption Additional Criteria Additional Criteria Evidence 1. Safe use of materials and equipment is encouraged. 1. The laboratory experiments in Introductory Chemistry in the Laboratory have been safely tested and include complete safety guidelines for both teachers and students (pp. xv xxviii, 3, 14, 23, 32). In the Instructor s Annotated Edition there are safety warnings given for classroom demonstrations (IAE p. 608). 2. Materials emphasize the use of effective instructional practices and learning theories. Students are guided through different approaches such as the learning cycle. 2. The book takes an active-learning approach, guiding and developing students understanding of concepts and ideas. In-Class Discussion Questions provide an excellent opportunity for collaborative work at the end of each chapter (IAE p. 166). Examples, found throughout the book, offer a step-by-step approach to solving problems (IAE p. 68 69). Students are exposed to new material by working through the concepts before they are presented with mathematical formulas or overall strategies. Students are provided the opportunity to conduct scientific inquiry appropriate for their age, grade, and maturity. Concepts are introduced through concrete experiences. Students conduct scientific inquiry in all Laboratory Experiments. Icons mark the places in the text where laboratory experiments are relevant to chapter content (IAE pp. 41, 437). Teaching Support boxes provide suggestions, activities and in-class demonstrations to help teach concepts through concrete experiences (IAE pp. 40 43, 212 214, 218 219). 17
Science Textbook Adoption Additional Criteria Students are required to use manipulative materials during investigations and activities. Multiple opportunities are provided for students to apply concepts. Learning activities offer opportunities for students to revise their prior knowledge and create new knowledge. Students are encouraged to pose questions and to identify problems, as well as propose multiple solutions and design and conduct tests of inference. Students collect and interpret data through a variety of technologies and draw conclusions based on that data. Teaching Support: Activity sections in the book use a variety of manipulatives in investigations and experiments (IAE p. 42 43). Students are provided with numerous opportunities to apply concepts in the Questions and Problems and Additional Problems sections (IAE p. 74 79). Opportunities for students to explore ideas and concepts, revise their prior knowledge and create new knowledge are found in Teaching Support: Activity sections (IAE p. 212). Laboratory Experiments offer opportunities to solidify materials learned in the text through observations and experimentation. Students collect and interpret data through many different technologies (graphing calculator, CBL, etc). 18
Science Textbook Adoption Additional Criteria Additional Criteria 3. Materials present content in an accurate, unbiased manner, and are based on sound science. Materials do not contain content errors (omissions of current content, out-of-date content, overgeneralizations, etc.). Materials do not contain production errors (misspelled words, word omissions, incorrect answers). Diverse groups (racial, ethnic, cultural, linguistic), males and females, people with disabilities, and people of all ages are represented appropriately. The materials are free of non-scientific explanation. Evidence 3. McDougal Littell presents a text that is error and bias free. Diverse groups are represented in the photos and text (IAE pp. 22, 123, 153, 154, 246, 256, 459, 559, 620). Experiments have been tested for accuracy. 19
Science Textbook Adoption Additional Criteria Additional Criteria 4. Materials promote student assessment as an integral part of the instructional process. Assessment suggestions and scoring criteria for student performances on work such as lab practicals or tasks, concept maps, research projects, observation checklists, etc., are provided. Assessment items include multiple-choice, short answer, essay and open-ended questions with charts, graphs, and diagrams imbedded within the items. Evidence 4. In Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation there are a variety of assessment options that correlate precisely to the program objectives. Teaching Tips are found throughout the text to help guide and give assessment standards to teachers (IAE pp. 33, 43). Comprehensive Chapter Review sections provide multiplechoice, short answer, essay and open-ended questions for student practice and assessment (IAE pp. 44 53, 73 79). Options include techniques for assessing students prior knowledge. Assessment items reflect the rigor and the intent of the standards. For example, they require students to use higher order thinking skills to apply, analyze, synthesize, evaluate, and make judgments or recommendations. To connect the student s prior knowledge to the content of the chapter, a general overview is given at the beginning of each chapter with defined objectives (IAE pp. 1, 14 15, 54 55). Cumulative Review sections provide questions from multiple chapters that require students to use higher order thinking skills (IAE pp. 80, 208, 276). 20
Science Textbook Adoption Additional Criteria Additional Criteria 5. Materials are presented in an organized, logical manner and are appropriate for the age, grade, and maturity of the students. Materials are organized appropriately within and among units of study. Format design includes titles, subheadings, and appropriate cross-referencing for ease of use. Writing style, length of sentences, and vocabulary are appropriate. Graphics and illustrations are appropriate. Level of abstraction is appropriate, and real life examples, including careers are provided. Sufficient applications are provided to promote depth of understanding. Evidence 5. The text has a systematic and organized format. Colored boxes distinguish important rules and steps from the rest of the text (IAE p. 90). Titles, subtitles and cross-references provide a logically formatted text. Materials are well-organized and easy to use. Following the Self-Check Exercises, cross-references to similar end-of-chapter problems are given providing additional practice for students (IAE p. 90). Key Terms are in bold type and are clearly defined for students and also referenced in the Index/Glossary (IAE p. 23). The writing style of the text is appropriate for high school students. Visual representations of chemical reactions, processes and other phenomena are illustrated in photos and drawings throughout the text (IAE pp. 67, 378). Chemistry in Focus boxes provide real life connections to current applications of chemistry (IAE pp. 10, 19, 21, 62). Additional Problems incorporate material from multiple sections of the text providing challenging problems for students (IAE pp. 242 245). 21