Novel, Hybrid RF Injector as a High-average average-current Electron Source Dinh Nguyen Los Alamos National Laboratory Lloyd Young TechSource Energy Recovery Linac Workshop Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility March 19-23, 25
Outline Normal-Conducting RF Gun Problems Superconducting RF Gun Problems Hybrid RF Photoinjector Normal-conducting 1½-cell 1 + SRF cells How might it solve the above problems? Preliminary Cavity Design Preliminary PARMELA Simulation Results Summary
Normal-Conducting RF Gun Problems Ohmic loss scales with (gradient) 2. Using a high gradient multi-cell cavity leads to large ohmic losses and requires careful thermal management. Thermal distortion in a multi-cell cavity leads to cavity detuning and loss of RF field flatness. High Q.E. photocathodes are poisoned by contaminations desorbed from the heated cavity walls.
Superconducting RF Gun Problems Magnetic field for emittance compensation near the cathode is incompatible with SRF cavities. Operating a semiconductor cathode at low temperature in an SRF cavity leads to low Q.E. Debris released from semiconductor cathodes could quench the SRF cavities.
Hybrid, NC-SRF Gun Concept Solenoid Magnet Non-resonant Vacuum cell Thermal Standoff Independently Power Niobium Full-cells (3x) Copper 1.5-cell Cavity Magnetic Shield Coax Power Coupler Normal-conducting Superconducting
How the hybrid gun may solve the NC or SRF gun problems Solutions to NC gun problems Cryo-pumping reduces cathode contamination Ohmic loss is reduced with only 1.5-cell NC injector Solutions to SRF gun problems NC gun can admit solenoid field for emittance compensation at high bunch charge NC cathode is isolated from SRF cavities Allows semiconductor cathode to operate at RT Protect SRF cavities
Basic Injector Design Physics Gradients Image charge field z (, φinj ) EIC E 2 Invariant Envelope 2 σ i = γ I 3I γ Space-charge charge emittance growth in drift ε I I = βγ G( L A) ( ) D SC 2 Keep the thermal standoff relatively short to reduce emittance growth in drift + + + + + + + + + E IC - - - - - - - - - q = ε A E z ( z, t) = E cos( kz)sin( ωt) q = Bunch charge A = Emission area E z = Cathode cell gradient E IC = Image charge field σ i = input rms radius γ = beam s gamma γ = gradient (dγ/dz) I = peak current I = Alvén current G(L/a) = geometric factor.5 (parabolic) D = drift distance
Example Parameter Set Frequency f 7 MHz Bunch charge q 1 nc Beam energy E k 5 MeV Emission area A 1.13 cm 2 Image charge field E IC φ inj 1 MV/m Injection phase inj 15 o Cathode cell gradient E C 5 MV/m Drift distance D.7 m SRF cell gradient Invariant rms radius E SRF 1 MV/m radius σ i 2.6 mm
Minimizing Emittance Thermal emittance ε n,t Space charge emittance ε n,sc RF-induced emittance Total emittance ε n,rf ε n scales with radius scales with radius -1 scales with radius 2 Thermal emittance ε = σ n, T r kt mc 2 Space-charge emittance ε n, SC n = γ I A I 3σ r σ z Total emittance + 5 ε = ε + ε + ε 2 2 2 n, SC n, RF n, T RF induced emittance ε n = γ k σ σ 2 2 2, RF RF r z
Preliminary Design of 1.5-cell Normal-conducting Injector Cathode cell Full cell with RF feeds Resonant frequency = 7.176 at 2 deg. C MHz, bore radius = 6.5 cm F = 7.6159 MHz 3 3 25 25 2 2 15 15 1 1 Cathode stem Non-resonant pumping cell 5 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 C:\MYSTUFF\TEMP\7MHZINJ\DINHNGUYEN\PHOTCAVITY\1HALFCAV\HALFP1.AF 3-14-25 19:43:1 5
RF Loss in RT Cu 1.5-cell Gun RF power vs Gradient 3 25 2 Ohmic loss (kw) 15 1 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gradient (MV/m) Total RF consumption = Ohmic loss + Beam power At 5 MV/m and 1 ma 139 kw 1 kw At 5 MV/m and 1 A 139 kw 1 MW
The calculated power density at 7 MV/m is ~1 W/cm 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Fields and power on segments 1 through 44 for 7MV/m in cathode cell 8CFIELD.TBL 3-16-25 ::56 2 P.D. 1 E H 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 S (cm)
On-axis Magnetic Fields for Emittance Compensation NPRINT= 12 Z from. to 18. PRINTED AT X1= 2.5, Y1= 2.5, and x2=y2= 2.5 BFIELD.TBL 3-17-25 11:36:58 8 6 Main solenoid Magnetic shield gauss 4 2-2 By(x2,y2) By(x1,) Bx(x2,y2) By(,y1)Bz(,) Bx(x1,) B(,) Bx(,y1) Bz(x2,y2) -4 Bucking solenoid -6-8 -6-4 -2 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 16 18 A magnetic shield is used to reduce stray magnetic field in SRF region All solenoids have to be off when SRF cavities are being cooled down Z(cm)
A similar 2.5-cell NC injector is in fabrication at AES with 9/5 delivery Cooling Non-resonant cell for pumping Solenoid magnets Cathode cell Tapered ridge-loaded waveguides
Preliminary Design of SRF Cavity High-Power Coax Coupler problem for tuning elliptical cavity F = 699.99998 MHz 4 35 Gradient = 1 MV/m 4 35 3 3 25 25 2 2 15 15 1 1 5 5 Asymmetric SRF Cavity -2-15 -1-5 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 C:\MYSTUFF\TEMP\7MHZINJ\DINHNGUYEN\SUPERCONDUCTING\FULLCELL\1B1.AF 2-8-25 13:57:38
RF Field Plots NPRINT= 2 Z from. to 5. PRINTED AT R1=, R2= 1. WT= 9.degrees RFFLD9.TBL 3-17-25 11:37: 14 12 1 st SRF cell 3 rd SRF cell 1 8 NC 1½-cell 2 nd SRF cell MV/m 6 4 2-2 Er(R2,Z) Ez(,Z) Ez(R2,Z) Bphi(R2,Z) 5 1 15 2 25 3 Z
Hybrid injector at 5 MV/m NC and 1 MV/m SRF yields >5 MeV Unnormalized longitudinal emittance (mm-mrad) Normalized transverse emittance (mm-mrad) Energy (MeV) Rms Radius (mm)
PARMELA Simulations Phase-space space Plots at z = 43.5 cm
PARMELA Simulations Phase-space space Plots at z = 423 cm
PARMELA simulation for 1 nc shows rms emittance <3 microns Time Step rms-emittance vs Time or Z 18 TISTEP.TBL 3-17-25 14:12: 16 14 12 mm-mrad 1 8 Normalized transverse emittance (mm-mrad) 6 Yn Xn 4 2 Zun Unnormalized longitudinal emittance (mm-mrad) 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 5 Z(cm)
Summary A novel hybrid injector with 1½-cell 1 normal- conducting gun and 3 independently powered superconducting RF cells is presented. The hybrid injector admits an external magnetic field near the cathode for emittance compensation. PARMELA simulations show the feasibility of achieving 5 MeV energy from 1½-cell1 NC at 5 MV/m and 3 SRF cells at 1 MV/m. Preliminary simulations show emittance from the hybrid injector is less than 3 microns for 1 nc.