Directed Reading Packet Geology Unit Name: Teacher: Period: 0
Chapter 1, Section 1: What is a Mineral? Pages 4 to 7 1. What is a mineral? 2. What four questions are asked to in order to determine if a substance is considered to be a mineral? Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. 3. The smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element 4. A substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means 5. A substance made of two or more elements that have been chemically bonded 6. A solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern 7. A mineral that is composed of only one element a. crystal b. atom c. element d. compound e. native element TWO GROUPS OF MINERALS 8. Minerals are divided into two groups based on their chemical composition. What are the two groups? 9. Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen are called. 10. Thinking Time! Based on what you have read about silicon minerals; Why do you think so many minerals contain oxygen and silicon? 11. Which silicate minerals are the main component of most of Earth s rocks? 12. Which silicate minerals separate easily into sheets when they break? 13. What silicate mineral is the basic building block of many rocks? Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. 14. minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen 15. copper, gold, and silver 16. minerals that contain one or more elements like lead or iron combined with sulfur 17. minerals that contain carbon and oxygen 18. minerals that form when an element such as aluminum or iron combine with oxygen 19. minerals that are compounds containing fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine a. native elements b. carbonates c. halides d. oxides e. sulfates f. sulfides 1
Chapter 1, Section 2: Identifying Minerals Pages 8 to 11 COLOR 1. What factors can change the color of a mineral? LUSTER 2. Define luster: 3. List and define the three main types of mineral luster. STREAK 4. Define streak: 5. Why is using a mineral s streak more reliable than using color to identify a mineral? CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE 6. Define cleavage: 7. List the two the minerals, from figure 3, that have cleavage. Describe the difference in cleavage pattern. a. b. 8. Define fracture: HARDNESS 9. Define hardness: 10. How do scientists use the Mohs scale to determine hardness? EXPLAIN IN DETAIL! DENSITY 11. Define density: 12. What substance is the usual reference point for the density of other substances? 13. The ratio of an object s density to the density of water is called the object s SPECIAL PROPERTIES 14. Calcite and fluorite special property that causes them to glow under ultraviolet light is called. 15. How does calcite react when put into contact with a weak acid? 2
Chapter 2, Section 1: The Rock Cycle Pages 28 to 35 1. Define rock. 2. What is the continual process by which new rocks forms from old rock called? 3. How have human used rocks throughout history? PROCESSSES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH 4. Define weathering. 5. One reason that weathering is so important is because it breaks rock down into fragments or,, from which sedimentary rocks are made. 6. Define erosion. 7. Define deposition. 8. Sedimentary rock can be made when sediment is presses and cemented together by dissolved in water. 9. How can buried sediment turn into sedimentary rock? 10. What two different scenarios can occur if the temperature and pressure surrounding sediment are high enough? 11. Define uplift. ILLUSTRATING THE ROCK CYCLE Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. 12. Magma in the Earth s crust that has risen to the surface and cools and solidifies 13. Rock that is forced downward and is exposed to heat and pressure 14. Rocks that are partially or completely melted 15. Igneous rock at the Earth s surface that is weathered and wears away 16. Sediment that washes down into rivers and oceans and is pressed and cemented together a. magma b. sediment c. igneous rock d. sedimentary rock e. metamorphic rock ROUND AND ROUND IT GOES 17. A rock at the earth s surface is primarily affected by forces of and 18. Use the space below to recreate figure 3 on page 32. 3
ROCK CLASSIFICATION 19. Beyond the three basic types of rock, rocks can be based into subcategories based on what two other characteristics? and. 20. What is meant by the composition of a rock?. 21. What characteristics is a rock s texture based on?. 22. What factors can affect the texture of a sedimentary rock?. 23. What factors can affect the texture of an igneous rock?. 24. What factors can affect the texture of a metamorphic rock?. Chapter 2, Section 2: Igneous Rock Pages 36 to 39 1. How does igneous rock form?. 2. What is the Latin meaning for igneous? 3. What two factors affect the type of igneous rock that can be formed?. ORGINS OF IGNEOUS ROCK 4. The material that igneous rock is made of is called its. 5. What are the three ways magma can form? 6. Name and describe the three factors affect the formation of magma. Figure 1 a. b. c. 7. How does the composition of the magma affect the temperature at which it solidifies? COMPOSITION AND TEXTURE OF IGNEOUS ROCK 8. Explain how density and color relate to one another. 9. What is a light colored rock called? 4
10. What minerals are the light colored rocks composed of? 11. What is a dark colored rock called? 12. What minerals are the dark colored rocks composed of? 13. The longer it takes for a rock to cool and solidify, the more time have to grow, giving the rock a(n) grain. 14. The more quickly an igneous rock cools and solidifies the the grain. 15. Where will igneous rock that has cooled most quickly be found? IGNEOUS ROCK FORMATIONS 16. Magma, or pushes, into surrounding rock below the Earth s surface to create such formations as batholiths and sills. 17. Intrusive igneous rock usually has a(n) texture. 18. Igneous rock that forms from lava, or magma that erupts onto the Earth s surface, is called 19. Lava can either erupt or flow from long cracks in the Earth s crust called 20. When lava flows from fissures on the ocean floor at places where tension is causing the ocean floor to be pulled apart, new is formed. Chapter 2, Section 3: Sedimentary Rock Pages 40 to 43 1. Explain how the rock sandstone is created. ORGINS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK 2. Define sediment AND explain how it is formed. 3. When sediment is deposited in layers and compacted, is formed. 4. Dissolved minerals spate from water and become a natural that binds sedimentary rock together. 5. Sedimentary rocks form at or near the Earth s. 6. Define strata: COMPOSITION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK 7. Rock or mineral fragments are called 8. Sedimentary rock that forms when rock or mineral fragments are cemented together is called sedimentary rock. 5
9. Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize out of solution, such as sea water, to become rock is called sedimentary rock. 10. Sedimentary rock that forms from the remains, or fossils, of plant and animals is called sedimentary rock. 11. Some limestone is made from the skeletons of tiny. 12. Limestone made from the calcium carbonate from skeletons and shells of sea creatures is called limestone. 13. Explain how coal is formed. SEDIMENTARY ROCK STRUCTURES 14. What is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers? Chapter 2, Section 4: Metamorphic Rock Pages 44 to 49 1. What is the Greek meaning of metamorphism? 2. What characterizes a metamorphic rock? Meaning what is true of all metamorphic rocks? 3. What forces are involved in creating metamorphic rocks? ORGINS OF METAMORPHIC ROCK 4. The heat and pressure at which some metamorphic rocks originally form allow them to sometimes remain at pressures and temperatures that would melt other rock. 5. Pressure caused by large movements within the crust sometimes causes the in metamorphic rocks to align themselves in parallel bands. 6. During, rock is heated by nearby magma. 7. The effect of heat on rock decreases as the rock s from the magma increases and its decrease. 8. When pressure builds up in rock which is located under the rock formations, occurs. 9. Regional metamorphism occurs deep in the Earth s. COMPOSITION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK 10. What happens to unstable minerals when exposed to new temperatures and pressure? 11. What are index minerals and what can they be used for? 12. Give an example of three index minerals. 6
TEXTURES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK 13. What are the names of the two different types of textures for metamorphic rocks? 14. What is the process called, in which a mineral changes composition during metamorphism? 15. After quartz limestone has recrystallized, what new rock is formed? Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided 16. A rock in which coarse-grained minerals separate into distinct bands 17. A foliated metamorphic rock made from shale 18. A metamorphic rock with minerals grains in planes or bands 19. A metamorphic rock made from phylite that has been exposed to heat and pressure 20. A sedimentary rock made of layers of clay 21. A metamorphic rock made from slate that has been subjected to heat and pressure a. foliated b. shale c. slate d. phyllite e. schist f. gneiss METAMORPHIC ROCK STRCTURES 22. What is a change in the shape of a rock caused by a force placed on it called? Chapter 4, Section 1: Inside the Earth Pages 96 to 103 1. How do scientists think about the physical layers of the Earth? 2. Define compound. THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH 3. Why do less dense compounds make up the Earth s crust while densest compounds make up the core? 4. List the three layers of the Earth based on their composition. Label the letters of each layer on the circle below. a. b. c. 5. What three elements make up most of the Earth s crust? 6. Which crust is denser: oceanic or continental? (circle one) 7. What three elements make up this denser type of crust? 7
8. The mantle is composed of more of the element than the crust. 9. Why do scientists look at the ocean floor to research the mantle? 10. Explain why the mantle is denser than the crust. 11. What element makes up most of the Earth s core? 12. How much of the Earth s mass is made up by the core? THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH Match the correct definition with the correct term from the list below. Write the letter in the space provided 13. The outermost, rigid layer of the earth 14. A layer of slowly flowing rock in the mantle 15. The liquid layer of the core 16. The solid layer of the core 17. The strong, lower part of the mantle 18. Use the letters to label the picture. A. asthenosphere B. lithosphere C. mesosphere D. outer core E. inner core TECTONIC PLATES 19. What are tectonic plates? 20. How are tectonic plates like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle? 21. What are the two kinds of crust that a tectonic plate may contain? AND 22. What do scientists use to study the earth s interior? 23. What are seismic waves? 24. Will a seismic wave traveling through a solid go faster or slower than a seismic wave traveling through liquid? WHY? 8
Chapter 4, Section 2: Restless Continents Pages 104 to 107 WEGENER S CONTINENTAL DRIFT HYPOTHESIS 1. In the early 1900s Alfred Wegener wrote about his hypothesis of continental drift. According to Wegener, how were the continents arranged 245 million years ago? 2. What did Wegener hypothesize happened to these continents? 3. How does fossil evidence support Wegener s theory? 4. List three kinds of evidence found on both sides of the ocean that support Wegener s theory. THE BREAKUP OF PANGAEA 5. Pangaea existed as a huge supercontinent around years ago. 6. 180 million years ago Pangaea split into two huge land masses called AND. 7. When those two continents split 65 million years ago, what were formed? SEAFLOOR SPREADING 8. Why did so many scientists reject Wegener s hypothesis? 9. In the process of sea-floor spreading, what happens when magma rises to the Earth s surface and solidifies? Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided 10. Process of forming new oceanic lithosphere as magma rises to the surface 11. Areas where sea-floor spreading takes places 12. Process that happens when Earth s magnetic poles change place 13. Theory that explains how continents reached their current locations. A. continental drift B. mid-ocean ridges C. sea-floor spreading D. magnetic reversal Continue on to the next page 9
14. State the final proof found that shows that sea-floor spreading does occur. Explain how this final piece of evidence is proof of sea-floor spreading. Chapter 4, Section 3: The Theory of Plate Tectonics Pages 108 to 111 1. What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics? TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDRIES- Before answering questions 2 to, read all of page 108 and 109, including the picture and descriptions. 2. What is a tectonic boundary? 3. What are the three ways tectonic plates can move relative to each other? Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided 4. boundary formed when tectonic plates collide 5. boundary formed when tectonic plates separate 6. boundary formed when tectonic plates slide past horizontally A. transform boundary B. convergent boundary C. divergent boundary 7. Label the boundaries pictures below using the letters from questions 3 through 6. 8. When two plates with continental crust collide, what happens to the continental crust? 9. What happens when continental crust collides with oceanic crust? What is the special name of this boundary? 10
10. What happens when two plates with oceanic crust collide? 11. Which type of boundary produces strike-slip faults? 12. Which type of boundary produces earthquakes? POSSIBLE CAUSES OF TECTONIC PLATE MOTION 13. When rock is heated, it becomes less dense and tends to. 14. When rock cools, it becomes more dense and tend to. 15. Density changes in the asthenosphere are caused by the flow of energy from deep within the earth. 16. How fast due tectonic plates move? 17. What do scientists use to measure the rate of tectonic plate movement? Chapter 5, Section 1: Earthquakes Pages 130 to 135 1. What is seismology? 2. The scientists who study earthquakes are called. WHERE DO EARHTQUAKES OCCUR? 3. Where do most earthquakes take place? 4. Giant pieces of Earth s thin, outermost layer are called. 5. When tectonic plates move and slip past each other, they cause in Earth s crust. 6. Why do earthquakes occur along faults? WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES? Match the definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. Some terms will not be used. 7. rock deformation that is like a stretched rubber band and leads to earthquakes 8. change in the shape of rocks in response to stress 9. sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape 10. Rock deformation, like a piece of molded clay, that does not lead to earthquakes A. deformation B. plastic deformation C. elastic deformation D. plastic rebound E. elastic rebound 11
11. What causes rock deformation? 12. What occurs when more pressure is applied to a rock than it can withstand? 13. During elastic rebound, energy is released that travels as seismic waves. What do seismic waves cause? FAULTS AT TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIES 14. What type of zone has a large number of faults? Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. 15. occurs where two plates slip past each other 16. occurs where two plates push together 17. occurs where two plates pull away from each other A. divergent motion B. convergent motion C. transform motion 18. Where do most earthquakes happen? HOW DO EARTHQUAKES TRAVEL? 19. What types of waves travel through the Earth s Interior? 20. What types of waves travel along the Earth s surface? 21. What are the two different types of body waves? and 22. Which type of seismic wave is the fastest? 23. Which type of wave travels through solids, liquids, and gases? 24. What is another name for a pressure wave? 25. What is another name for an S-wave? 26. An S-wave is unable to travel through. 27. What does the speed of a seismic wave depend on? 28. Which are always the first waves of an earthquake to be detected? 29. Which type of wave always arrives second? 30. How are surface waves different from body waves? Continue on to the next page 12
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided 31. wave of energy that travels through the Earth, away from an earthquake in all directions 32. seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a back-and-forth direction 33. seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a side-to-side direction A. S-wave B. seismic wave C. P-wave Use the space below to summarize the characteristics of P-waves, S-waves, and Surface waves P-waves S-waves Surface waves Chapter 5, Section 2: Earthquake Measurement Pages 136 to 139 LOCATING EARTHQUAKES 1. Define seismograph 2. Define seismogram 3. How do seismologists find an earthquakes start time? 4. Recreate figure 1 in the space below. Label and Define the epicenter and focus in the boxes provided. 13
Answer the following questions very carefully. Your first District Performance Assessment will assess your ability to locate an earthquake using the S-P time method. Your understanding of the nature of seismic waves will also be evaluated. Use figure 2 from page 137 to answer questions 5 through 10. Step 1: 5. What does the red line in the graph represent? 6. What does the purple line represent? 7. Which location (A, B, or C) is the farthest away from the source of the earthquake? 8. What is the S-P time interval for the location of the seismograph from question 7? 9. Which location (A, B, or C) is the closet to the source of the earthquake? 10. How far is the seismograph from question 9 from the source of the earthquake? 11. List the steps for finding an Earthquake s epicenter from figure 3 on page 137 Step 2: Step 3: MEASURING EARTHQUAKE STRENGH AND INTENSITY 12. What is the measure of the strength of an earthquake called? 13. What does the Richter scale measure? 14. Each time the magnitude of an earthquake increase by one unit, the measured ground motion becomes. 15. An earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 on the Richter scale will produce 10 times more ground motion as an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.0. How much more ground motion would an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 produce compared to an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.0? SHOW YOUR WORK 16. What does the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMIS) measure? 17. Which earthquake scale (Richter or MMIS) do you think is a more useful? Explain 14
Chapter 6, Section 1: Volcanic Eruptions Pages 156 to 161 1. Volcanic Eruptions can be times stronger than the explosion produced by the first atomic bomb. 2. Define magma. 3. Define lava. 4. What is a volcano? NONEXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS 5. Explain what can happen during non-explosive eruptions. 6. The most common type of volcanic eruption is 7. Large areas of the Earth are covered with from non-explosive eruptions. 8. Volcanic eruptions occur on land and on the floor. EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS 9. What would you expect to see during a explosive volcanic eruption. 10. In a volcanic eruption, molten rocks blown into dust-sized particles called 11. How quickly can an explosive eruption demolish a mountainside? 12. During an explosive eruption, where do larger pieces of debris fall? WHAT IS INSIDE A VOLCANO? Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. 13. hot liquid material below the Earth s surface 14. an opening in the Earth s crust 15. molten material flowing on the Earth s surface A. vent B. magma C. lava WHAT MAKES UP MAGMA? 16. Explain what (AND why) happens when the water content of magma is high. 17. Explain what (AND why) happens when the silica content of magma is high. WHAT ERUPTS FROM A VOLCANO? 18. The main product of a non-explosive eruption is. 19. The main product of an explosive eruption is. 20. Pyroclastic material forms when is blasted into the air and hardens. 15
21. Define viscosity: 22. Lava that pours out quickly and forms brittle crust is called. 23. Lava that flows slowly and has rounded wrinkles on its glassy surface is called lava. 24. Define pyroclastic flow: 25. How fast can pyroclastic materials travel downhill? Chapter 6, Section 2: Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Pages 162 to 165 DIIFERENT TYPES OF VOLCANOES Determine which type of volcano each statement is referring to. Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The largest mountain on Earth 2. Forms from lava; not steep 3. Often occurs in clusters 4. Forms from alternating layers of pyroclastic material and lava 5. Made entirely of pyroclastic materials 6. Sometimes called a stratovolcano A. shield volcano B. cinder volcano C. composite volcano OTHER TYPES OF VOLCANIC LANDFORMS 7. A funnel-shaped pit around a volcano s central vent is called a(n). 8. What forms when the roof over a magma chamber collapses?. 9. Craters, calderas, and lava plateau are volcanic. 10. A caldera is than a crater. 11. A long crack in the Earth s crust is called a(n). 12. After repeated eruptions of lava spread over a large area, is formed. 13. Lava plateaus are created by eruptions. Chapter 6, Section 3: Causes of Volcanic Eruptions Pages 166 to 171 THE FORMATION OF MAGMA 1. Where does magma form? 2. What levels of pressure and temperature allow magma to form in the upper layers of the mantle? WHERE VOLCANOES FORM 3. Where do a large number of volcanoes form? 16
4. Why are the plate boundaries surrounding the Pacific Ocean called the Ring of Fire? 5. What types of plate boundaries have the greatest percentage (80%) of volcanoes? WHEN TECTONIC PLATES SEPARATE 6. What structure forms as tectonic plates separate? 7. How do mid-ocean ridges form? WHEN TECTONIC PLATES COLLIDE 8. When a continental and oceanic plate collides, which plate will slide under the other? 9. Define subduction: 10. Look at the picture below. What features tend to form on the continental crust as the oceanic and continental plates collide? 11. What exactly is causing these features to form along these coastal areas? Explain: 17