ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS IDARI TRAINING PROGRAMME

ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS IDARI TRAINING PROGRAMME School of the Environment Dr Sigrid Stagl University of Leeds Ph. 0113-343-6787 Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Fax. 0113-343-6716 21-25 July 2003 Email. sts@env.leeds.ac.uk Introduction The main areas covered in this course are: The basic assumptions of ecological economic analysis; analytical frameworks applied by ecological economists; and institutional arrangements suggested for sustainable development. The course draws on contemporary economic thought as well as material from such fields as evolutionary biology, ecology, nonequilibrium systems theory, social psychology and environmental ethics. You will undertake independent research within the overall structure of a reading list, seminar and lecture plan. Aims To understand the relationship between economic, social and biophysical systems; To appreciate the interdisciplinary approach for the analysis of environmental issues; To become familiar with the analysis of energy and material flows in the economy; To understand the ethical, social and behavioural foundations of human well-being; To have a critical awareness of the issues relating to environmental valuation (incl. role of discounting and incommensurability of values). Form of teaching 5 x 3 hours of integrated lectures and discussions and 5 x 2 hours exercises. You are expected to take an active part in the discussions and exercises. For this course you will write one individual essay (2,000-2,500 words) and contribute to a group project. The course leader will suggest topics for both tasks, but each student/group can make a case for other topics related to contents covered in this course. Day Time Topics Mo 21 July 9-10:30 History (and Meaning) of Ecological Economics 11-12:30 Ecological Principles 14-16 Exercise: Read an article critically and draw a mind map Tue 22 July 9-10:30 Transferring Ecological Concepts into Economics 11-12:30 Economic Growth and Thermodynamics 14-16 Exercise: Estimating Environmental Kuznets Curve Wed 23 July 9-10:30 Sustainable Development 11-12:30 Natural Capital 14-16 Exercise: Fish Bank Game Thu 24 July 9-10:30 Values and Behaviour 11-12:30 Uncertainty and Risk 14-16 Exercise: Multicriteria Evaluation Fri 25 July 9-10:30 Participation and Institutional Change 11-12:30 Ecological Economics and Integrated Rural Development 14-16 Exercise: Vensim modelling

Preparation and Participation You are asked to read the key texts and a choice of the other texts. For the latter, you can choose them according to your interests and background, but I encourage you to read as many of these texts as possible. When interacting with your readings you should maintain a journal in which you criticize the texts, develop questions and discussion ideas, and develop ideas for your essay and group project. For the critical review of the readings try to develop a structure, i.e. some questions which you ask yourself about each text. The following questions are indicative and you may want to refer to them when writing your journal. 1. What is the subject matter or focus of the readings? For example, is the focus substantive, theoretical, or some combination? Does the reading deal with a specific empirical problem or a conceptual issue? Integrating ideas from different disciplines? 2. What is the question, argument, theory or perspective of the readings? Is it vague or is it clear? Is it implicit or explicit? 3. What is the research method (or rather research design) used in the readings? Is the method appropriate? Is it well used? 4. What type of evidence is used? How appropriate and adequate is the evidence? 5. What are the findings and conclusions? Are they defensible in light of method and evidence? 6. What are the assumptions or preferences (explicit or implicit) on which the particular research is based? 7. In what ways could the research be improved (given its intellectual and political priorities)? 8. In what ways do these readings converge, differ or complement each other or other relevant material you are familiar with? Form of Assessment Students' performance will be evaluated through two elements 30% group exercises (10% each; deadline - tba) and 70% individually written essay (deadline tba). Main Books Bergh, J. C. J. M. v. d. and Straaten, J. v. d. 1997 Economy and Ecosystems in Change Analytical and Historical Approaches, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Ecological Economics. Cleveland, C. J., Stern, D. I. and Costanza, R. 2001 The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Daly, H. E. 1996 Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development, Boston: Beacon Press. Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 2

Harris, J. M. 2002 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach, Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Norgaard, R. B. 1994 Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future, London; New York: Routledge. O'Connor, M. and Spash, C. 1999 Valuation and the Environment: Theory, Method, and Practice, Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar Pub. Recommended Classic Books Costanza, R. 1991 Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability, New York: Columbia University Press. Daly, H. E. and Cobb, J. B. J. 1989 For the Common Good. Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future, Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. Daly, H. E. 1977 Steady-State Economics: The Economics of Biophysical Equilibrium and Moral Growth, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. There are several journals, which you can refer to, especially for individual research. These include: Ecological Economics Environment and Planning (A) and (C) Environmental Politics Environmental Values (abstracts online http://www.erica.demon.co.uk/) Journal of Environmental Management Journal of Industrial Ecology International Journal of Environment and Pollution International Journal of Sustainable Development Land Economics Schedule and reading assignments Background: Environmental Economics (for non-economists) Harris, Jonathan M. (2002) Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company (esp. Part Two: 35-118). Bergh, J. C. J. M. v. d., 2002. Environmental economics. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint. 21 July 2003 History (and Meaning) of Ecological Economics Proops, J., 2002. Identification of ecological economics issues. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint. Harris, J. M. 2002 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach, Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company: 3-16. Martínez Alier, J. 2000 'Ecological Economics' International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. Article 4.9. [http://www.h-economica.uab.es/unitat/papers/5-2001.pdf] 3

Spash, C. L. 1999 'The Development of Environmental Thinking in Economics', Environmental Values (8): 413-435. Ecological Economics, chapter 2.1. History of ecological economic thought Christensen, P. P. 2001 'Early links between sciences of nature and economics: historical perspectives for ecological and social economics', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Martínez Alier, J. and Schlüpmann, K. 1987 Ecological economics: energy, environment, and society, Oxford [Oxfordshire]; New York, NY, USA: Basil Blackwell. Key concerns Institute, W., 2003. State of the World 2003 - Progress Towards a Sustainable Society. Earthscan, London. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2003. Human Development Report 2003 - Millennium Development Goals: A compact among nations to end human poverty. Oxford University Press, New York; Oxford. [http://hdr.undp.org/] European Environment Agency (EEA) 2002 'Environmental Signals 2002: Benchmarking the Millennium', Copenhagen. [http://www.eea.eu.int/] Worldwatch Institute (eds) 2002 Vital Signs: 2002-2003, The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future, London: Earthscan Publications. World Bank 2002 'World Development Report 2003: Sustainable Development in a Dynamic Economy', Washington, D.C. [http://www.worldbank.org/] World Resources Institute, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme and World Bank 2000 World Resources 2000-2001: People and Ecosystems the Fraying Web of Life, Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. Key concepts Munda, G. 1997 'Environmental economics, ecological economics, and the concept of sustainable development', Environmental Values 6(2): 213-233. Bergh, J. C. J. M. v. d. 2000 'Ecological Economics: Themes, Approaches, and Differences with Environmental Economics', Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper. [http://www.tinbergen.nl/] Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, chapters 1-4. 21 July 2003 Ecological Principles Ecological Economics, chapter 3.2. Holland, A. 1996 'The use and abuse of ecological concepts in environmental ethics', in N. S. Cooper and R. C. J. Carling (eds) Ecologists and Ethical Judgements, London: Chapman and Hall. Jarvis, P. J. 2000 Ecological Principles and Environmental Issues, Harlow: Prentice Hall. 4

McIntosh 1986 The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "Insight review articles" in Nature (vol 405, May 2000), which cover biodiversity. They can be downloaded free of charge as.pdf files: http://www.nature.com/nature/insights/6783.html 22 July 2003 Transferring Ecological Concepts into Economics Ecological Economics, chapter 2.2 and 2.3. Mulder, P. and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. 2001 'Evolutionary economic theories of sustainable development', Growth and Change 32 (Winter): 110-134. Sui, D. Z., 2002. Economy as ecosystems. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint. Holling, C. S., Schindler, D. W., Walker, B. W. and Roughgarden, J. 1995 'Biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems: an ecological synthesis', in K.-G. M. C. Perrings, C. Folke, C. S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (ed) Biodiversity Loss: Economics and Ecological Issues, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, chapter 13: Co-evolution Gowdy, J. M. 1994 Coevolutionary economics: the economy, society, and the environment, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Hadfield, L. and Seaton, R. A. F. 1999 'A co-evolutionary model of change in environmental management', Futures 31(Aug): 577-592. Norgaard, R. 1988 'Sustainable development: A co-evolutionary view', Futures 20(Dec.): 606-620. Norgaard, R. B. 1994 Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future, London; New York: Routledge. Functioning and Resilience Brock, W. A., Maler, K., Perrings, C. 2002 Resilience and sustainability: the economic analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems, in L. Gunderson and C. S. Holling (eds) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural systems, Washington, D.C; London: Island Press: 261-289. Holling, C. S. and Gunderson, L. H. 2002 'Resilience and apative cycles', in L. Gunderson and C. S. Holling (eds) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural systems, Washington, D.C; London: Island Press: 25-62. Safe Minimum Standard Bishop, R. C. 1978 'Endangered species and uncertainty: the economics of a safe minimum standard', American Journal of Agricultural Economics 60: 10-18. Bishop, R. C. 1979 'Endangered species and uncertainty: A reply', American Journal of Agricultural Economics 61: 376-379. 5

Ciriacy-Wantrup, S. 1952 Resource Conservation: Economics and Policies, Berkeley: University of California Press. Industrial Ecology Harris, J. M. 2002 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach, Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company: 351-373. Deep Ecology Naess, A. 1989 Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sessions, G., Ed. (1995) Deep Ecology for the 21 st Century. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications. Land Ethic Leopold, A. (1960) A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 22 July 2003 Economic Growth and Thermodynamics Cleveland, C. J., 2002. Biophysical constraints to economic growth. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint. Harris, Jonathan M. (2002) Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company: 17-34. Stern, D. I. 2001 'The environmental Kuznets curve: a review', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 193-217. Hinterberger, F., Luks, F. and Stewen, M., 2002. Economics growth and sustainable development. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint. Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. R. 1997 'The poetry of thermodynamics; Energy, entropy/exergy and quality', Futures 29(9): 791-810. Boulding, Kenneth E. (1997) 'The economics of the coming spaceship Earth' in Costanza, Robert, Perrings, Charles and Cleveland, Cutler J. (eds.) The Development of Ecological Economics. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar. Daly, Herman E. (1996) Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development. Boston: Beacon Press. Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, chapters 6 and 7. Thermodynamics and Entropy Ayres, R. U. 1998 'Eco-thermodynamics: economics and the second law', Ecological Economics 26(2): 189-209. Georgescu-Roegen, N. "Energy and Economic Myths." Southern Economic Journal 41, no.3 (January 1975). Selections reprinted in H.E. Daly (Editor) Economics, Ecology, Ethics: Essays Towards a Steady-State Economy. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1980. Georgescu-Roegen, N. 1971 The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, Cambridge, Mass.,: Harvard University Press. 6

Gowdy, J. and Mesner, S. 1998 'The Evolution of Georgescu-Roegen's Bioeconomics', Review of Social Economy 56(2): 136-56. Khalil, E. L. 1990 'Entropy law and exhaustion of natural resources Is Nicholas Georgescu- Roegen's paradigm defensible?' Ecological Economics 2(2): 163-178. Khalil, E. L. 1991 'Entropy law and Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's paradigm: A reply', Ecological Economics 3(2): 161-163. Lozada, G. A. 1991 'A defense of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's paradigm', Ecological Economics 3(2): 157-160. O'Connor, M. 1991 'Entropy, structure, and organisational change', Ecological Economics 3(2): 95-122. Young, J.T. 1991 Is the entropy law relevant to the economics of natural resource scarcity? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 21 (September):169-179. Environmental Kuznets Curve Ekins, P. 2000 Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: The Prospects for Green Growth, London: Routledge. Economic Growth Hirsch, F. 1976 Social Limits to Growth, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. and Behrens III, W. W. 1972 The Limits to Growth. A report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind, New York,: Universe Books. Munasinghe, M., Sunkel, O. and Miguel, C. d. 2001 The Sustainability of Long-term Growth: Socioeconomic and Ecological perspectives, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 23 July 2003 Sustainable Development Bell, D. V. J. and Cheung, Y.-k. A., 2002. Introduction to sustainable development. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint. Gowdy, J. M. and Walton, M., 2002. Sustainability concepts in ecological economics. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint. Viederman, S., 2002. Sustainability. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint. Beckerman, W. 1994 'Sustainable development: is it a useful concept?' Environmental Values 3(3): 191-209. Daly, H. E. 1995 'On Wilfred Beckerman's critique of sustainable development', Environmental Values 4: 50. Dobson, A. 1996 'Environmental Sustainabilities: An Analysis and a Typology', Environmental Politics 5(3): 401-428. Spash, C. L. 1993 'Economics, ethics, and long-term environmental damages', Environmental Ethics 15(2): 117-132. Ecological Economics, chapter 3.1., 3.3 and 3.4 7

Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, chapter 5. Paehlke, R. 2002 'Methods for sustainability assessment: sustainability indicators', in UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint. Dimensions of Human Development Alkire, S. 2002 'Dimensions of human development', World Development 30(2): 181-205. Dasgupta, P. 2002 'Is contemporary economic development sustainable?' Ambio 31(4): 269-271. Social and Environmental Justice Martinez-Alier, J. 2002 The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation, Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Norton, B. G. 1989 'Intergenerational equity and environmental decisions: A model using Rawls' veil of ignorance', Ecological Economics 1(2): 137-159. Padilla, E. 2002 'Intergenerational equity and sustainability', Ecological Economics 41(1): 69-83. Weak vs Strong Sustainability Beckerman, W. 1995 'How would you like your sustainability, Sir? Weak or strong? A reply to my critics', Environmental Values 4(2): 169-179. Common, M. 1996 'Beckermann and his critics on weak and strong sustainability: confusing concepts and conditions', Environmental Values 5: 83-88. Gowdy, John and McDaniel, Carl (1999) 'The physical destruction of Nauru: an example of weak sustainability'. Land Economics 75: 333-38. Gowdy, John M. and O'Hara, Sabine U. (1997) 'Weak Sustainability and Viable Technology'. Ecological Economics 22: 239-47. Jacobs, M. 1995 'Sustainable development, capital substitution and economic humility: response', Environmental Values 4: 57-68. 23 July 2003 Natural Capital Costanza, R., Farber, S., Castaneda, B. E. and Grasso, M. 2001 'Green national accounting: goals and methods', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 262-282. Harris, J. M. 2002 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach, Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company: 121-158. England, R. W. 2001 'Alternatives to gross domenstic product: a critical survey', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 218-237. Lawn, P. A. 2003 'A theoretical foundation to support the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), and other related indexes', Ecological Economics 44(1): 105-118. Ekins, P., Simon, S., Deutsch, L., Folke, C. and De Groot, R., 2003. A framework for the practical application of the concepts of critical natural capital and strong sustainability. Ecological Economics, 44(2-3):165-185. De Groot, R., Van der Perk, J., Chiesura, A. and van Vliet, A. 2003 'Importance and threat as determining factors for criticality of natural capital', Ecological Economics 44(2-3): 187-204. 8

Chiesura, A. and de Groot, R. 2003 'Critical natural capital: a socio-cultural perspective', Ecological Economics 44(2-3): 219-231. Ecological Economics, chapter 3.5. Cleveland, C. J. and Stern, D. I. 2001 'Natural resources scarcity indicators: an ecological economic synthesis', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 238-261. Deutsch, L., Folke, C. and Skanberg, K., 2003. The critical natural capital of ecosystem performance as insurance for human well-being. Ecological Economics, 44(2-3):205-217. Simon, S. and Proops, J. (eds) 2000 Greening the Accounts, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Jansson, A., Hammer, M., Folke, C. and Costanza, R. 1994 Investing in Natural Capital - The Ecological Approach to Sustainability, Washington D.C: Island Press. 24 July 2003 Values and Behaviour Ecological Economics, chapter 3.6. Vatn, A. and Bromley, D. W. 1994 'Choices without Prices without Apologies', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 26: 126-48. Martínez-Alier, J., Munda, G. and O'Neill, J. 1998 'Incommensurability of values in ecological economics', in M. O'Connor and C. Spash (eds) Valuation and the Environment: Theory, Method and Practice, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Niemeyer, S. and Spash, C. 2001 'Environmental valuation analysis, public deliberation, and their pragmatic syntheses: a critical appraisal', Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 19: 567-585. Aldred, J. 2004. 'Consumer valuation and citizen deliberation: towards a comparison', in M. Getzner, C. L. Spash and S. Stagl (eds) Alternatives for Environmental Evaluation, London: Routledge. Environmental Valuation De Montis, A., De Toro, P., Droste-Franke, B., Omann, I. and Stagl, S., 2004. Criteria for quality assessment of MCDA methods. In: M. Getzner, C. Spash and S. Stagl (eds), Alternatives for Environmental Evaluation, London: Routledge. Hoyningen-Huene, P. and Schaber, P., 2002. Incommensurability of knowledge: theories and values. In: UNESCO (ed) Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris; London: Imprint. Kenyon, W., Hanley, N. and Nevin, C. 2001 'Citizens' juries: an aid to environmental valuation?' Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 19: 557-566. Munda, G. 1995 Multicriteria Evaluation in a Fuzzy Environment: Theory and Applications in Ecological Economics, Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. O'Connor, M. and Spash, C. 1999 Valuation and the Environment: Theory, Method, and Practice, Cheltenham, UK Northampton, MA: E. Elgar Pub. 9

O'Hara, S. U. 2001 'The challenges of valuation: ecological economics between matter and meaning', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 89-108. O'Neill, J. 1993 Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-being and the Natural World, London: Routledge. O'Neill, J. 1997 'Value pluralism, incommensurability and institutions', in J. Foster (ed) Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-Being and the Natural World, London: Routledge: 75-88. Rosenberger, R. S., Peterson, G. L., Clarke, A. and Brown, T. C. 2003 'Measuring dispositions for lexicographic preferences of environmental goods: integrating economics, psychology and ethics', Ecological Economics 44(1): 63-76. Sagoff, M. 1998 'Aggregation and deliberation in valuing environmental public goods: A look beyond contingent pricing', Ecological Economics 24(2-3): 213-230. Spash, Clive L (2000) 'Ethical motives and charitable contributions in contingent valuation: Empirical evidence from social psychology and economics'. Environmental Values 9:#. van Rensburg, T. M., Mill, G. A., Common, M. and Lovett, J. 2002 'Preferences and multiple use forest management', Ecological Economics 43(2-3): 231-244. Environment and Human Behaviour Brekke, K. A., Howarth, R. B. and Nyborg, K. 2003 'Status-seeking and material affluence: evaluating the Hirsch hypothesis', Ecological Economics 45: 29-39. Bromley, D. W. 2001 'Searching for sustainability: the poverty of spontaneous order', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 74-88. Faber, M. and Proops, J. (eds) 1996 Ecological Economics: Concepts and Methods, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, chapters 11 and 12. Söderbaum, P. 2000 Ecological Economics - A Political Economics Approach to Environment and Development, London: Earthscan. 24 July 2003 Uncertainty and Risk Chichilnisky, G. and Heal, G. 1993 'Global environmental risk', Journal of Economic Perspectives 7(4): 65-86. Wynne, B. 1992 'Uncertainty and environmental learning: reconceiving science policy in the preventive paradigm', Global Environmental Change (June): 111-127. Funtowicz, S., O'Connor, M. and Ravetz, J. 1997 'Emergent Complexity and Ecological Economics', in J. C. J. M. v. d. Bergh and J. v. d. Straaten (eds) Economy and ecosystems in change: analytical and historical approaches, Cheltenham, UK ; Lyme, NH: Edward Elgar. Sterling, A. and Mayer, S. 2001 'A novel approach to the appraisal of technological risk: a multicriteria mapping study of a genetically modified crop', Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 19: 529-555. Faber, M., Manstetten, R. and Proops, J. 1992 'Humankind and the Environment', Environmental Values 1(3): 217-241. Postnormal Science Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. 1990 Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy, Dordrecht: Kluwer. 10

Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. R. 1994 'The worth of a songbird: ecological economics as a post-normal science', Ecological Economics 10: 197-207. 25 July 2003 Participation and Institutional Change Ecological Economics, chapter 4. Jacobs, M. 1997 'Environmental valuation, deliberative democracy and public decisionmaking institutions', in J. Foster (ed) Valuing Nature? Economics, Ethics and Environment, London: Routledge. O'Neill, J. 2001 'Representing people, representing nature, representing the world', Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 19: 483-500. Bloomfield, D., Collins, K., Fry, C. and Munton, R. 2001 'Deliberation and inclusion: vehicles for increasing trust in UK public governance?' Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 19: 501-513. Harris, J. M. 2002 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach, Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company: 424-442. Norgaard, R. B. 2001 'The improvisation of discordant knowledges', in C. J. Cleveland, D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds) The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Aguilera-Klink, F. and Sanchez-Garcia, J. 2002 'Social participation, institutional change, and land property in the building up of sustainability: a case study of land-use conflict in Tenerife (Canary Islands)', Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20: 593-612. 25 July 2003 Ecological Economics & Integrated Rural Development Baldock, D., Dwyer, J., Lowe, P., Petersen, J. and Ward, N. 2001 'The Nature of Rural Development: Towards a Sustainable Integrated Rural Policy in Europe. A Ten-Nation Scoping Study', London: Institute for European Environmental Policy. Dwyer, J., Baldock, D., Beaufoy, G., Bennett, H., Lowe, P. and Ward, N. 2002 'Europe s Rural Futures The Nature of Rural Development II. Rural Development in an Enlarging European Union', London: Several. 11