1 April 27, 2010 Chapters Chapter One 1 Biology study Chapter Two 2 Chapter Three 3 Chapter Four 4 Chapter Five 5 Chapter Six/ Seven 6/7 Chapter Eight 8 Chapters continued.. Chapter Nine 9 Chapter Ten 10 Basic Principles of Biology Chapter One Ecology/Ecologists: study of living and non living parts of the environment and how they interact. Food Web: combination of all food chains in a community, food source to who eats what. \Food Chain: Diagrams, shows what eats what. Consumer: Cant make its own food. Producer: makes its own food. Decomposer: organisms that break down dead bodies of organisms for food; recycle nutrients. Energy: ability to do work or cause change. Photosynthesis: process of plants absorbing light and converting it into chemical energy. Matter: stuff everything is made up of. Atom: smallest unit of an element, smallest unit of matter. Element: matter that is all the same type of atom. Molecule: Combination of two or more atoms. Compound: combination of one type of atom. Biosphere: organisms, soil, water, and air around them. Hypotheses: statement explains observation. Variable: something you could change. Control: things you haven't changed, what it normally is. Dependent Variable: what is measured, what occurs. ( Y-axis). Independent Variable: what you are changing or testing. (X axis).
2 C h a p t e r s 2 a n d 3 Basic Principles of Biology Chapter Two Population: group of interbreeding individuals of the same specie that live in a particular area. Mortality: death rate. The population increases. Natality: birth rate. The population decreases. Emigration: the individual leaves. Immigration: individual moves in. Population will increase. Abiotic: Non-living things. Biotic: Things that are living. Carrying Capacity: largest population an area can support forever without harming the environment. Homeostasis: trying to remain constant. Tendency for population to remain relatively stable in size. Dispersal: organisms spreading out to other areas. Population Density: number of individuals of a species divided by area. Basic Principles of Biology Chapter Three Community: interacting populations at the same place. Ecosystem: community and its environment. Niche: role in a community, job or what it does. Habitat: physical place where it lives. Herbivore: plant eater. Omnivore: Plant and meat eater. Carnivore: meat eater. Symbiosis: organism of different species that live in direct contact. Mutualism: both organism benefits. Commensalism: only one organism benefits while the other is not affected. Completion: both organisms want some resource, food, etc. Neither organism would benefit. Predator-Prey: where one organism kills and eats the other one. Parasitism: one organism lives off the other without trying to kill it. Ten percent rule: only 10% of energy at any given level is available for use by another organism in the higher level. Gross productivity: total amount of chemical energy stored by producers through photosynthesis. Net Productivity: energy available to consumers. DDT: used to kill mosquitoes Biodiversity: number of different types of organisms that live in a certain area. Stability: greater the biodiversity, the more stable the environment
3 Basic Principles of Biology Chapter Four Catalyst: promotes chemical reactions. (Fire and heat). Active Site: where the action occurs. Substrate: what you are putting together and taking apart. Cellular Respiration: series of chemical reactions that break down sugar and releases energy. ATP: three phosphates. ADP: two phosphates. Protein: for muscle, cell structure, and enzymes. Carbohydrates: carbon hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids: stores energy. Nucleic Acids: hereditary information. Protons: positive charge. Neutrons: no charge. Electrons: negative charge. Synthesis: build of make compounds. Enzyme: catalyst made of protein. Atom: smallest particle of an element. pounds built with carbon and other elements. Basic Principles of Biology Chapter Five Compound Light Microscope: light waves pass through small organisms or slices of larger one. Dyes and Stains: increase contrast in detail. Transmission Electron Microscope: magnifies up to one million times. Shows internal structure specimen has to be dead. Scanning Electron Microscope: magnifies up to one million times. Shows surface of specimen. Hooke: used the word cell. Leeuwenhoek: master lens maker. Metabolism: sum of all the chemical changes taking place in organism. Osmosis: movement or diffusion of water. Diffusion: movement from molecules from one area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Active Transport: low concentration to high concentration. Against concentration gradient. Passive Transport: high concentration to low concentration. Follows concentration gradient. Nucleus: DNA control center. Nucleolus: synthesis, trna, and rrna. Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane: controls what goes in and out. Cell Wall: rigid, provides structure and shape. In plant cells Ribosome: protein synthesis. Endoplasmic Reticulum: site of biosynthesis. Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages. Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration Vacuole: giant storage space. Lysosome: pack of digestive enzymes. Vesicle: small pocket for storage and transportation. Cytoskeleton: shape (think own skeleton). Centrioles: major role in mitosis. Cytosol/Cytoplasm: cytosol is only liquid. Cytoplasm is liquid and has organelles. Protein: main product of cells.
4 C h a p t e r 6 / 7 a n d 9 Basic Principles of Biology Chapter Six and Seven Blastula: hollow ball of cells. Gastrula: three layered mass of cells. Fetus: eight to twelve weeks embryo is called fetus. Blastocyst: after blastula, becomes implanted in uterine wall, cell will grow on one side, becomes embryo. Zygote: fertilized egg. Umbilical Cord: passageway between mom and baby. Cancer: uncontrolled cell growth. Mitosis: 1. Interphase cell does its everyday job. 2. Prophase- DNA condenses into chromosomes. Nuclear membrane breaks down. Spindle fibers form and attach to chromosomes. 3. Metaphase- Chromosomes line up down the center of the cell. 4. Anaphase Chromosomes get pulled toward poles of cell by centrioles. 1. Telophase chromosomes arrive at poles. Nuclear envelope reforms. Cytoplasm splits. Basic Principles of Biology Chapter 9 (8 skipped) Species: group of organisms that are similar enough to make and to provide fertile offspring. Variation: difference among individuals of a species. Acquired Characteristics: characters and traits are acquired by an organism during its lifetime. Evolution: change of allele frequency in a population over many generations. Natural Selection: members of a population with the most successful adaptations to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Mutations; from one per one million gametes. Some are in the exons while some are in the introns. Genetic Recombination: help to increase the genetic variation in a population by producing different combinations of genes. Genetic Drift: random changes that occur in allele frequencies. Speciation: development of a new species. Parallel Evolution: closely related groups evolve in some direction. Coevolution: two unrelated groups become uniquely adapted to one another. Thomas Malthus: wrote about people; can reproduce a lot faster than food in population. Wallace: wrote about evolution Darwin: also wrote about evolution. Wallace and Darwin put both of their books together. Darwin got most of the credit. Hardy Weinberg: frequencies of alleles and genotype in a population remain constant from generation to gene if only mendelian genetics and recombination occurs.
5 C h a p t e r 1 0 Basic Principles of Biology Chapter Ten Taxonomy: classification of organisms. Order: 1. species 2. Genus 3. Order 4. Class 5. Phylum 6. Kingom Kingdoms: 1. Prokaryote lots of diversity. Autotrophic (makes own food)..most are unicellular. 2. Plantae develop from embryo that lacks blastula. 3. Animalia develop from embryo with blastula stage. 4. Fungi develop directly from spores. Protista the remaining eukaryotes ( junk drawer).
6