WHAT EXACTLY IS TAXONOMY? -Classification: putting things into orderly groups based on similar characteristics -Taxonomy: the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms
WHY DO WE CLASSIFY? Imagine trying to find something in Walmart if they didn t classify their products Grocery section freezer section ice cream aisle Blue Bell Rocky Road Home supplies pet products cat aisle canned cat food Tuna Friskies Imagine trying to find a specific photo saved on your computer if there were no labeled files on it
WHY DO WE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS? Necessary for order Can make predictions from patterns Communicate clearly Have common understanding
HOW DO WE CLASSIFY? Physical similaritiesappearance and behavior Genetic similarities- DNA
THE HIERARCHY OF LIFE -Each level is nested in a higher and more general level -Becomes more specific/similar as you move toward species
DID KING PHILLIP C0ME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI? Make your own mnemonic device! Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species *EXTRA CHALLENGE: include Domain at the top*
THE 6 KINGDOMS OF LIFE Living things!
3 DOMAINS AND 6 KINGDOMS OF LIFE Archaea: prokaryotes (ancient bacteria) Bacteria: prokaryotes Eukarya: eukaryotes Plantae Animalia Protista Fungi
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING Similarity at which of these levels indicates the closest relationship? a) Phylum b) Family c) Kingdom d) Class
WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT A NEWLY DISCOVERED ORGANISM IN ORDER TO CLASSIFY IT?
CLASSIFYING Type of cell: Eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Body form: Unicellular or multicellular? Cell wall: Present or not present? What is it composed of? Nutrition: Heterotrophic or autotrophic? Habitat: Land, water, or extreme environments?
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Complete the 6 Kingdoms of Life chart
KINGDOM CELL TYPE BODY FORM ANIMALIA EUKARYOTE MULTI- CELLULAR CELL STRUCTURE NO CELL WALL NUTRITION HABITAT DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS HETERO- TROPHIC LAND/ WATER EXAMPLES MAMMALS, BIRDS, JELLY FISH, MOSQUITOS PLANTAE EUKARYOTE MULTI- CELLULAR CELL WALL W/CELLULOSE AUTO- TROPHIC LAND/ WATER CACTUS, OAK TREE, ROSE BUSH, VENUS FLY TRAP FUNGI EUKARYOTE *MULTI- CELLULAR*/ UNI- CELLULAR CELL WALL W/CHITIN HETERO- TROPHIC LAND MUSHROOM, MOLD, ATHLETES FOOT PROTISTA EUKARYOTE *UNI- CELLULAR* /MULTI- CELLULAR NO CELL WALL OR CELL WALL W/CELLULOSE HETERO- TROPHIC/ AUTO- TROPHIC WATER/ LAND AMEOBA, PARAMECIUM, EUGLENA EUBACTERIA PROKARYOTE UNI- CELLULAR CELL WALL W/PEPTIDO- GLYCAN HETERO- TROPHIC/ AUTO- TROPHIC EVERY- WHERE UBIQUITOUS SALMONELLA, E. coli, STREP AND STAPH ARCHAEBACTERIA PROKARYOTE UNI- CELLULAR CELL WALL W/OUT PEP- TIDOGLYCAN HETERO- TROPHIC/ AUTO- TROPHIC EXTREME ENVIRON- MENTS THERMOPHILES HALOPHILES
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 1. A group of scientists discovers a new organism. This organism is a multicellular eukaryote, and it does NOT possess a cell wall. This organism is: a) An autotroph b) A heterotroph 2. Which kingdom does this organism belong to? a) Plantae b) Protista c) Bacteria d) Animalia
THE HISTORY OF CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS Aristotle: grouped everything into simple groups such as plants and animals Then grouped animals according to if they had blood or didn t have blood, then if they had live young or laid eggs, etc Carolus Linnaeus: created a standard naming system Binomial nomenclature
WHY DO WE NEED A STANDARD NAMING SYSTEM? Are all of these really bears?
WHY DO WE NEED A STANDARD NAMING SYSTEM? Which is most venomous? A) water moccasin B) black moccasin C) cottonmouth D) viper
WHY DO WE NEED A STANDARD NAMING SYSTEM? How many different species of bear are shown?
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE -Common names used by people can be misleading, confusing, and repetitive -Scientists need a consistent naming protocol to communicate effectively -Binomial nomenclature Two name system Greek and Latin words
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE -Dracorex hogwartsia: dinosaur -Spongiforma squarepantsii: mushroom -Euglossa bazinga: bee -Agathidium vaderi: beetle -Axima sidi: wasp -Tinkerbella nana: fly -L. baratheoni, L. lannisteri, L. targaryeni, and L. starki: wasps
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Heteropoda davidbowie: spider Scaptia beyonceae: fly Gnathia marleyi: parasitic isopod Agra schwarzeneggeri: carabid
3 RULES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE 1.) The genus is always written first and the species is written second 2.) The first letter of the genus is always capitalized and the species is lower case 3.) Both genus and species are underlined or italicized
WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME FOR HUMANS?
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING Which is the correctly written scientific name for domestic cats? a) Felis Domesticus b) felis domesticus c) Felis domesticus d) kitty
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING Which pair of organisms is more closely related? a) Acer rubrum & Acer saccharum b) Acer rubrum & Chenopodium rubrum
TAXONOMY -How does naming organisms relate to classifying organisms? -How does taxonomy (naming/classifying) relate to phylogeny (evolutionary relationships)?
Scientists originally grouped organisms just based on the physical similarities that they could see. How well do you think physical traits demonstrate relatedness of different species?
PHYLOGENY The study of evolutionary relationships
ORGANIZING CANDY
ORGANIZING ORGANISMS
DICHOTOMOUS KEY Guide to identifying organisms
CLASSIFICATION IS ALWAYS CHANGING -As technology develops -As we discover new species -As we learn more about organisms and their genetics