Črni ogljik, povzročitelj podnebnih sprememb lokalne, regionalne in globalne meritve

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Črni ogljik, povzročitelj podnebnih sprememb lokalne, regionalne in globalne meritve Griša Močnik 1,2, M. Lenarčič 3 1 Aerosol d.o.o., Slovenia 2 Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia 3 Aerovizija d.o.o grisa.mocnik@aerosol.si grisa.mocnik@ijs.si 1

Zahvala sodelavkam in sodelavcem! L. Drinovec 1, P.Vidmar 1, I. Ježek 1, G. Razoršek 1, T. Dobovičnik 1, I. Iskra 1, M. Lenarčič 2, G. Schauer 3, J. Turšič 4, G. Muri 4, T. Bolte 4, M. Kistler 5, E. Cetintas 5, H. Bauer 5, A. Kasper Giebl 5, A.D.A. Hansen 6, A. Gregorič 8, L. Ferrero 9, J.-E. Petit 10,11, J.Sciare 10, O.Favez 11, P.Zotter 12, R.Wolf 12, A.S.H. Prévôt 12, T. Müller 13, A. Widensohler 13, E. Coz 14, M. Rupakheti 15 I.J. Arnold 16, R.K. Chakrabarty 16, H. Moosmüller 16, M. Remškar 17, J. Vaupotič 17

Aerosolizirani črni ogljik Kaj je črni ogljik? Zakaj je pomemben? Kako ga merimo? Globalne, regionalne in lokalne meritve in relevanca Onesnaženost zraka! Kateri viri? Podnebne spremembe! 3

Aerosoliziran črni ogljik ČO (BC) je produkt nepopolnega izgorevanja BC ni preprosto povezan z emisijami CO 2 BC emisij ni mogoče predvidevati: moramo jih meriti delci BC particles različnih virov lahko imajo različne lastnosti in te povzročijo različne pojave v atmosferi: (premog/dizel/biomasa, Evropa/Azija/ZDA) d pp =20 nm d m =472 nm d pp =46 nm Sprememba merila! 4

Črni ogljik je regionalno onesnaževalo 5

Črni ogljik in podnebne spremembe Total BC forcing: direct + indirect 1,1 W/m 2 (Bond et al 2013) Top of the atmosphere W/m 2 S. Menon, J. Hansen et al. Science (2002) 2250 V. Ramanathan, G. Charmichael, Nature Geosci (2008) 221 Haze over Asia: up to 40% of sunlight absorbed. Crop yields reduced ; local rainfall changed. BC forcing is almost 1/3 of the total TOA GHG forcing! 6 Heat redistribution weather

Podnebje in zdravje! Drew Shindell, et al. Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security Science 335, 183 (2012); 7

Vpliv na zdravje možgani Krvožilni sistem pljuča 8

Črni ogljik: prostorska heterogenost in učinki Izpusti BC se razlikujejo za velikostne rede Emisijske faktorje je potrebno meriti Zunanje koncentracije so zelo heterogene Lokalni učinki: zdravje Regionalni učinki: transport onesnaževal Globalni učinki : podnebje Meritve so potrebne na vseh ravneh lokalni, regionalni in globalni: izmerimo stanje okolja validiramo modele in z njim napovemo izboljšanje implementiramo ukrepe izmerimo učinkovitost ukrepov 9

Metoda 10

Optično merjnje in analiza: prednosti Časovna resolucija kemijska analiza: 1 dan! Optične metode minute, sekunde! Takojšnja, visoka občutljivost Nedestruktivna Majhna Dodatna dimenzija čas Dodatna dimenzija valovna dolžina 11

Inštrument: Aethalometer BC Reference I 0 Sensing I ATN = ln (I 0 / I) Light Source Light Detectors Filter with Sample b abs ~ ATN/ t Vzorči kontinuirno. Optična atenuacija ~ sprememba ATN, absorpcija. Absorpcijo merimo kontinuirno : λ = 370 do 950 nm. Optično absorpcijo spremenimo v koncentracijo BC: BC (t) = b(t) / Real-time: minutna resolucija 12

Aethalometer AE33

Lokalne meritve 14

Lokalno onesnaženje zraka promet 15

BC (ng/m 3 ) BC (ng/m 3 ) BC (ng/m 3 ) Ljubljana (avgust oktober 2013) 12000 10000 C) Vojkova Pred zaporo Med zaporo ozadje 12000 10000 B) Vošnjakova Pred zaporo Med zaporo Center - obvoz 8000 6000 Po zapori 8000 6000 4000 2000 Po zapori Pred zaporo 4000 2000 Pred zaporo 0 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Ura (h) 12000 10000 0 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Ura (h) Pred zaporo ozadje 8000 6000 Center - obvoz 4000 Po zapori Center - zapora 2000 A) Slovenska Pred zaporo Med zaporo 0 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Ura (h) Center - zapora

BC traffic BC traffic (backgroud) (ng/m 3 ) Ljubljana (BC traffic center ozadje) 8000 7000 6000 Before pred zaporo closure After po zapori closure 5000 4000 70 % 3000 2000 1000 0 Center - zapora Center - obvoz 17

0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 BC v Novi Gorici spremembe čez dan ng/m 3 8000 8000 7000 promet workday Sunday 7000 6000 6000 5000 5000 4000 4000 3000 3000 2000 1000? 2000 1000 0 0 18

Biomasa je globalno pomemben vir 19

Lesni dim vs. diesel - 7λ Merimo pri več valovnih dolžinah z Aethalometrom Absorpcisjki koeficient - b abs Za čisti BC: b abs ~1/λ Angstromov exponent: b abs ~1/λ α diezel: α 1 lesni dim: α 2 in več J. Sandradewi et al., A study of wood burning and traffic aerosols in an Alpine valley using a multi-wavelength Aethalometer, Atmospheric Environment (2008) 101 112 20

[μg/m 3 ] [μg/m 3 ] 0:00 23:00 22:00 0,00 0:00 23:00 22:00 21:00 20:00 19:00 18:00 17:00 16:00 15:00 14:00 13:00 12:00 11:00 10:00 9:00 8:00 7:00 6:00 5:00 4:00 3:00 2:00 1:00 0:00 Določanje virov: katere vire omejevati? 0,0 5:00 4:00 3:00 2:00 1:00 0:00 9,00 8,00 7,00 6,00 BC BCff BCwb Zagorje workday BC delavnik 60,0 50,0 40,0 CM CMff CMwb 0:00 23:00 22:00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 0:00 23:00 22:00 21:00 20:00 19:00 18:00 17:00 16:00 15:00 14:00 13:00 12:00 11:00 10:00 9:00 8:00 7:00 6:00 5:00 4:00 3:00 2:00 1:00 0:00 30,0 promet 73% 20,0 ± 8% 10,0 27% ± 8% zgorevanje 0,0 lesa 5:00 4:00 3:00 2:00 1:00 0:00 21

Biomass-smoke vs. diesel - 7λ 22

konc. ( g/m 3 ) Koncentracije PM10 Zagorje 100 100 ARSO 90 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 SO4 NH4 K Ca Na Mg NO3 Cl CMff CMwb 10 10 PM10 0 27.10.2009 3.11.2009 10.11.2009 17.11.2009 24.11.2009 0 23

Regionalne meritve 24

Analiza trajektorij Analiza trajektorij: Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) verjetnost, da je zrak, prišel iz lokacije in je povzročil koncentracije na merilnem mestu Trajektorije: 72 h HYSPLIT v4.9 Začetek: 500 m AGL analiza PSCF: BC Paris zima 2013

Kje so viri? - Angstromov eksponent α Aethalometer AE33 - PSCF Pariz zima 2013 α < 1.3 emisije prometa α > 1.3 zgorevanje biomase

Globalne meritve 27

Letalo in vzorčenje: meritve na 3 km in pri 200 km/h 28

Letalo in vzorčenje: meritve na 3 km in pri 200 km/h 29

30

Različni viri: točkovni in porazdeljeni 31

Black carbon layers @ 3 km 32

BC (ng/m 3 ) BC (ng/m 3 ) BC (ng/m 3 ) Rezultati 2012 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 2000 5:00 7:00 9:00 11:00 13:00 2000 15:00 16:59 1800 UTC 1800 1600 Srednja Amerika 1600 1400 1400 1200 1200 1000 1000 1400 800 1400 800 1200 600 1200 nad Malezijo 600 1000 400 1000 400 800 200 800 200 6000 600 0 40012:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 400 20:00 21:00 200 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) 0 0 0:30 2:30 4:30 6:30 8:30 10:30 12:30 UTC 200 Kongo 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50

Rezultati 2016

Primer: Azija

Vzlet: Tajska Pristanek: Indija Povečane koncentracije črnega ogljika

37

Industrija v razvitem svetu Industrijski viri črpanje in predelava nafte, so v razvitem svetu še vedno pomemben regionalen vir črnega ogljika. 38

Sklepi Lokalni, regionalni in globalni učinki pomembnost BC Lokalni učinki onesnaženje zraka in zdravje Regionalni učinki transport onesnaževal Globalni učinki podnebje Meritve so potrebne za vse tipe učinkov Primeri 39

Hvala! Vprašanja? grisa.mocnik@aerosol.si grisa.mocnik@ijs.si 40

BC in CM dve strani istega kovanca Črni ogljik BC primaren, viri Ogljični aerosoli CM Primarni in sekundarni, prispevajo k PM2.5 41