Advances in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technologies Series editors Michel A. Aegerter Michel Prassas
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8776
Suresh C. Pillai Sarah Hehir Editors Sol-Gel Materials for Energy, Environment and Electronic Applications 123
Editors Suresh C. Pillai Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Group Institute of Technology Sligo Sligo Ireland Sarah Hehir Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Group Institute of Technology Sligo Sligo Ireland ISSN 2364-0030 ISSN 2364-0049 (electronic) Advances in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technologies ISBN 978-3-319-50142-0 ISBN 978-3-319-50144-4 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50144-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016958479 Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
The International Sol-Gel Society (ISGS) Dear Readers, The International Sol-Gel Society (ISGS) was established in 2003 as an international, interdisciplinary, not-for-profit organization whose primary purpose and objective is to promote the advancement of sol-gel science and technology. ISGS s aims are both to represent the particular needs and aspirations of the international sol-gel community and to support this sol-gel community. The society s mission is threefold: to coordinate the promotion of sol-gel science and technology in the scientific and industrial community, to foster communication between researchers from different fields and geographical regions through the organization of conferences and the publication and circulation of technical papers, to encourage education, training, and research in the field of sol-gel science and technology. To achieve these purposes, ISGS convenes the biannual International Sol-Gel Conference in many parts of the world. The XVIII edition of this International Conference was held in Kyoto, Japan in 2015. The next one will be held in Liège, Belgium in autumn 2017. These conferences play an important role to educate, federate, and disseminate scientific knowledge to people working in related fields. To initiate young researchers and engineers into the sol-gel field, a sol-gel summer school is also operated by ISGS every 2 years in addition to the International Sol-Gel Conferences. In 2011, Springer and ISGS launched a new book series entitled Advances in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technologies to encourage education, training, and research in the field of sol-gel science and technology. Three volumes have already been published: Aerogels Handbook (2011), Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy (2012), and Sol-Gel Nanocomposites (2014). The present volume entitled Sol-Gel Materials for Energy, Environment and Electronic Applications is edited by Suresh C. Pillai and Sarah Hehir. This book focuses on a wide range of applications of sol-gel as well as covering the fundamentals of the v
vi The International Sol-Gel Society (ISGS) relevant sol-gel processings. Therefore, this book is a very good guide to study the sol-gel processing for specific applications. In Chap. 1, an introduction to sol-gel processings with a focus on aerogels is described in a systematic way so that it is easy to understand the applications described in the following chapters even for those who are beginners in the sol-gel approach. The realistic applications include varistor devices, functional coatings for optics, the role of diatoms in environmental applications, sensors, Li-ion batteries, corrosion protection, graphene incorporated in sol-gel materials for energy applications, titanium oxide and finally lanthanum phosphate ceramics for functional applications. Therefore, the readers obtain up-to-date knowledge on interesting applications of sol-gel materials. Springer is also the publisher of the ISGS official journal the Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology (JSST), which is the best tool for readers of this book to learn about the latest research and developments on the science and technology of sol-gel related materials. ISGS is very proud of having this productive relationship with Springer. I wish you a very pleasant and educative reading! Masahide Takahashi President of the International Sol-Gel Society http://www.isgs.org
Preface In recent years sol-gel technology has become a hotbed for state-of-the-art developments in many diverse fields due to the accessibility of advanced materials with tailor-made functionalities through inexpensive and environmentally viable processing routes. The focus of this book is on the use of such technologies and the resultant materials for applications in the energy, environmental and electronic sectors specifically providing a unique perspective. The current book comprises a broad scope encompassing basic knowledge, as well as high-level research advancements with the potential for commercialization and industrial use. Taking an integrated approach, a wide range of topics are covered, from electronic materials, photocatalysts, sensors and optics, to aerogels and materials for energy storage and conversion, consequently showcasing the combined use of chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering in the search for solutions to some of the most challenging issues of our time. One of the reasons for the continued advancement of sol-gel technology is the ease of control of the nanoarchitecture of the resultant materials and the plethora of different material constructs which can be developed. The opening chapter focuses on introducing the core activities involved in sol-gel processing including the formation, ageing and drying of wet gels, with a particular focus on preparation of aerogels. An important application of sol-gel processing in the area of electronics is outlined in Chap. 2, which presents an exploration of the full potential of this technology with regard to the preparation of high-performance varistors. Sol-gel methods can be easily integrated with any varistor processing method and examples of this and the advantages accrued are discussed. A detailed literature survey on the preparation, properties and advantages of sol-gel derived ZnO varistors is included along with recent work on the numerous sol-gel ceramic-polymer varistors. Sol-gel technology has now reached a mature stage in the field of coatings for optics and photonics. Recent achievements in sol-gel derived functional optical coatings, specifically those dealing with reflection and anti-reflective phenomena such as photonic crystals and anti-reflective coatings are discussed in Chap. 3. Additionally, chemical strategies to modify the optical properties of sol-gel coatings vii
viii Preface are described together with a critical analysis of various liquid deposition techniques. Chapter 4 evaluates the role of sol-gel modified unicellular microalgae, diatoms, in numerous environmental applications such as catalysis, separation science, filtration and emerging nanotechnologies. Much of the work presented in this chapter highlights the influence and importance of diatom species on the properties of sol-gel coated diatoms or diatom replicas. The development of a diverse range of chemical sensors derived from sol-gel processing technology for a large range of applications, including determination of gases, forensic analysis and biosensing are reported in Chap. 5. The adaptability of the sol-gel process for the tailoring of material properties is key to the development of such a variety of sensors. The chapter also includes a discussion on the use of sol-gel films in sensor configuration to allow more flexibility. In recent years, cathode materials prepared through sol-gel processing have exhibited improved electrochemical performance in rechargeable Li-ion batteries. Furthermore, some of the major drawbacks of current generation Li-ion battery cathodes have been efficiently alleviated by sol-gel technology processes. Chapter 6 outlines the synthesis, preparation and processing of these cathode materials in addition to some relevant modification procedures. Sol-gel technology for the environmental-based application of developing an alternative to chromium-based corrosion control materials is the focus of Chap. 7. As well as the principles underlying the chemistry of the materials investigated, recent advances in the trends for preparing such corrosion protection systems are also presented. A number of strategies including sol-gel film design, introduction of nanoparticles, application of organic polymers and application of corrosion inhibitors are explored. Due to its high specific surface area, excellent electrical and mechanical properties along with very good chemical stability, graphene is an ideal candidate for next generation energy devices. Chapter 8 gives an overview of the recent research on graphene incorporated sol-gel materials for energy conversion and storage applications including supercapacitors, solar cells, Li-ion batteries and fuel cells. Chapter 9 details the preparation and applications of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) via sol-gel processing. The various crystal forms of TiO 2 are presented and their application as photocatalysts is discussed. In the final chapter, an overview of lanthanum phosphate (LaPO 4 ) derived from sol-gel processes is given. Properties such as hydrophobicity, metallophobicity, low thermal conductivity and machinability make LaPO 4 an ideal material for use in coating applications. A detailed case study of LaPO 4 nanocoating preparation and characterization is also included in this chapter. The obvious strength of the sol-gel method lies in its inherent adaptability and flexibility while maintaining the integrity and consistency of the materials produced. The versatility of the method, as shown throughout this book, lies in the ease of integration of sol-gel technologies with other forms of processing, allowing multidisciplinary approaches to occur with very little effort. The application of sol-gel technologies to some of the work discussed is still at a relatively early stage
Preface ix of development and as such some authors highlight possible limitations to the commercialization of such methods in their respective fields. However, they also suggest strategies to overcome these perceived limitations in the future, thus allowing full commercialization and the benefits of such advancements to be felt by society at large. Sligo, Ireland Suresh C. Pillai Sarah Hehir
Contents 1 An Introduction to Sol-Gel Processing for Aerogels... 1 Saoirse Dervin and Suresh C. Pillai 2 Sol-Gel Materials for Varistor Devices... 23 S. Anas, K.V. Mahesh, M. Jeen Maria and S. Ananthakumar 3 Sol-Gel Derived Functional Coatings for Optics... 61 Guillaume Naudin, Davide R. Ceratti and Marco Faustini 4 The Multiple Roles of Diatoms in Environmental Applications: Prospects for Sol-Gel Modified Diatoms... 101 Yvonne Lang, Francisco del Monte and Peter Dockery 5 Sol-Gel Sensors... 121 Aine M. Whelan 6 Sol-Gel Processed Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries... 155 Vinodkumar Etacheri 7 Sol-Gel Chemistry Engineering for Corrosion Protection.... 197 Killian Barton, Maikki Cullen and Brendan Duffy 8 Graphene-Incorporated Sol-Gel Materials for Energy Applications... 243 Honey John and Maheswary Kavirajan Kavitha 9 Sol-Gel Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide.... 271 Sanjay Gopal Ullattil and Pradeepan Periyat xi
xii Contents 10 Sol-Gel Lanthanum Phosphate: A Versatile Ceramic Material for Diverse Functional Applications... 285 Sankar Sasidharan, Rajesh Komban, Shijina Nambiar, Balagopal N. Nair, M. Padmanabhan, Krishna G. Warrier and U.S. Hareesh Index... 313
Contributors S. Ananthakumar Functional Materials Section, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India S. Anas Functional Materials Section, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; T. K. M. College of Arts and Science, Karicode, Kollam, Kerala, India Killian Barton Dublin Institute of Technology, Focas Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland Davide R. Ceratti Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Paris, France Maikki Cullen Dublin Institute of Technology, Focas Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland Francisco del Monte Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientıficas, Madrid, Spain Saoirse Dervin Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland; Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland Peter Dockery School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Brendan Duffy Dublin Institute of Technology, Focas Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland Vinodkumar Etacheri IMDEA Materials Institute, Getafe, Madrid, Spain Marco Faustini Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Paris, France xiii
xiv Contributors U.S. Hareesh Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India M. Jeen Maria Functional Materials Section, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Honey John Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India Maheswary Kavirajan Kavitha Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India Rajesh Komban Centrum for Angewandte Nanotechnologie (CAN) GmbH, Hamburg, Germany Yvonne Lang School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; School of Science, Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ireland K.V. Mahesh Materials Science and Technology Division, Functional Materials Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Balagopal N. Nair R&D Centre, Noritake Co. Ltd, Miyoshi-Aichi, Japan Shijina Nambiar Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Guillaume Naudin Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Paris, France M. Padmanabhan Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kollam, India Pradeepan Periyat Department of Chemistry, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India Suresh C. Pillai Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland; Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland Sankar Sasidharan Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Sanjay Gopal Ullattil Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Kerala, India
Contributors xv Krishna G. Warrier Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Aine M. Whelan School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2, Ireland