Plant and Vegetation. Volume 14. Series editor M.J.A. Werger, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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1 Plant and Vegetation Volume 14 Series editor M.J.A. Werger, Utrecht, The Netherlands

2 Plant and Vegetation is a new Springer series comprising a series of books that present current knowledge and new perspectives on world vegetation. Examining the ecology of plants and vegetation at all scales from plant to landscape and covering key issues such as globalization, invasive species, climate change and the dynamics of plant biodiversity, this book series draws together a wide range of material of interest to plant ecologists, vegetation scientists, and geographers around the world. The series provides a valuable resource for both graduate students and researchers in environmental and biological sciences, as well as for landscape planners and policy makers involved in land-use and restoration projects at local, regional and international levels. More information about this series at

3 Milan Chytrý Jiří Danihelka Zdeněk Kaplan Petr Pyšek Editors Flora and Vegetation of the Czech

4 Editors Milan Chytrý Department of Botany and Zoology Masaryk University Brno, Czech Zdeněk Kaplan Institute of Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice, Czech Jiří Danihelka Department of Botany and Zoology Masaryk University Brno, Czech Petr Pyšek Institute of Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice, Czech ISSN Plant and Vegetation ISBN DOI / ISSN (electronic) ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 Preface The Czech, a country in the heart of Europe, has a long tradition of botanical research. More than two centuries of systematic studies on its flora and almost a century of vegetation research have resulted in a wealth of detailed botanical information. This country is perhaps the only one in the world for which detailed multivolume monographs of both of its flora (the last, ninth volume is under preparation) and vegetation (in four volumes) have recently been published. There are also large databases of records of plant distribution and vegetation plots, which are frequently used in basic and applied research. Despite the existence of extensive botanical information, until quite recently general descriptions of the main patterns in this country s flora and vegetation were available only in Czech, mainly in the introductory chapters of botanical monographs. On the occasion of the centenary of the Czech Botanical Society in 2012, the society published a special issue of its journal Preslia that contained new checklists and Red Lists of the vascular plant flora and bryoflora of this country (Danihelka et al. 2012; Grulich 2012; Kučera et al. 2012) and review articles dealing with the history of botanical research (Krahulec 2012), general information about vegetation (Chytrý 2012), flora (Kaplan 2012), plant invasions (Pyšek et al. 2012) and basic overviews of bryoflora (Kučera et al. 2012) and lichen biota (Liška 2012). As these review articles were well received by botanists both within this country and internationally, we decided to use some of them as a basis for developing a reference book that would summarize the botanical information about the Czech mainly for an international readership. The current book focuses on the Czech flora, including the alien flora, bryoflora and lichen biota, and vegetation, including the history of the vegetation since the last glacial. It also deals with the history of botanical research and conservation of plant diversity in this country. The chapters on vascular flora (Chapter 3), bryoflora (Chapter 4), vegetation (Chapter 7) and plant invasions (Chapter 8) are based on considerably modified, updated and extended papers published in the 2012 special issue of Preslia. Chapters on the history of botanical research (Chapter 2), lichen biota (Chapter 5), vegetation history since the late Pleistocene (Chapter 6) and conservation of botanical diversity (Chapter 9) are entirely new. The chapter on this v

6 vi Preface country s physical geography (Chapter 1), which provides basic information necessary for understanding botanical diversity in an environmental context, uses some materials originally included in the first part of the Preslia review paper on vegetation; however, also these materials have been considerably extended and revised. This book is a publication of the Centre of Excellence Pladias (Plant Diversity Analysis and Synthesis), funded by a grant from the Czech Science Foundation in the years (project no G). This centre includes the Department of Botany and Zoology of Masaryk University, Brno, Institute of Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences and Department of Botany of the University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice. The Pladias researchers have created and critically revised extensive data sets on this country s flora and vegetation and integrated them in the Pladias database, which is now being used for various syntheses, research and applications. Some of the information presented in this book is based on data from this new database. Another of the results of the Pladias project is a new field flora, Key to the Flora of the Czech (Kaplan et al. 2017), the manuscript of which was prepared shortly before the manuscript of this book. This field flora is used as the source of the nomenclature of the vascular plants throughout this book. The nomenclature of bryophytes follows Kučera et al. (2012) and that of lichens follows Liška et al. (2008). We thank colleagues who helped us with the preparation of this book. Apart from the contributors to the Pladias database and authors of individual chapters, it was mainly Ondřej Hájek, who prepared nearly all the maps used in this book; Kryštof Chytrý, who prepared the plates with photographs and R scripts for some graphs; Pavel Dřevojan and Zuzana Sixtová, who checked references; authors of photographs, listed in the captions; Tony Dixon, who proofread the English texts; Martin Kočí, who prepared Index; and Irena Axmanová, who helped us with final proofreading. Various data were kindly provided by the Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech. Special thanks go to Marinus Werger, the editor of the Springer book series Plant and Vegetation, for conceptual advice on the content of this book and specific comments on individual chapters. We hope that this book will become a useful source of information for the international and national community of botanists, bryologists, lichenologists, palaeoecologists, vegetation scientists, invasion ecologists and conservationists, including those doing research in the Czech, travelling to this country for excursions, or those who are searching for a reference on specific topics related to Central European plant diversity. Brno, Czech Brno, Czech Průhonice, Czech Průhonice, Czech April 2017 Milan Chytrý Jiří Danihelka Zdeněk Kaplan Petr Pyšek

7 Preface vii References Chytrý M (2012) Vegetation of the Czech : diversity, ecology, history and dynamics. Preslia 84: Danihelka J, Chrtek J Jr, Kaplan Z (2012) Checklist of vascular plants of the Czech. Preslia 84: Grulich V (2012) Red List of vascular plants of the Czech : 3rd edition. Preslia 84: Kaplan Z (2012) Flora and phytogeography of the Czech. Preslia 84: Kaplan Z, Danihelka J, Chrtek J Jr, Kirschner J, Kubát K, Štech M, Štěpánek J (eds) (2017) Klíč ke květeně České republiky [Key to the Flora of the Czech ]. Academia, Praha Krahulec F (2012) History of the studies on the flora and vegetation in the Czech. Preslia 84: Kučera J, Váňa J, Hradílek Z (2012) Bryophyte flora of the Czech : updated checklist and Red List (2012) and a brief analysis. Preslia 84: Liška J (2012) Lichen flora of the Czech. Preslia 84: Liška J, Palice Z, Slavíková Š (2008) Checklist and Red List of lichens of the Czech. Preslia 80: Pyšek P, Chytrý M, Pergl J, Sádlo J, Wild J (2012) Plant invasions in the Czech : current state, introduction dynamics, invasive species and invaded habitats. Preslia 84:

8 Contents 1 Physical Geography of the Czech... 1 Milan Chytrý 2 History of Botanical Research in the Czech Jiří Danihelka, Milan Chytrý, Jan Kučera, and Zdeněk Palice 3 Flora and Phytogeography of the Czech Zdeněk Kaplan 4 Bryoflora of the Czech Jan Kučera 5 Lichen Biota of the Czech Zdeněk Palice 6 History of Czech Vegetation Since the Late Pleistocene Petr Kuneš and Vojtěch Abraham 7 Current Vegetation of the Czech Milan Chytrý 8 Plant Invasions in the Czech Petr Pyšek, Milan Chytrý, Jan Pergl, Jiří Sádlo, and Jan Wild 9 Conservation of Botanical Diversity in the Czech Handrij Härtel Index of Plant and Syntaxon Names ix

9 Contributors Vojtěch Abraham Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Milan Chytrý Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Jiří Danihelka Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Handrij Härtel Bohemian Switzerland (České Švýcarsko) National Park Administration, Krásná Lípa, Czech Zdeněk Kaplan Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Jan Kučera Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Petr Kuneš Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Zdeněk Palice Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Jan Pergl Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Petr Pyšek Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech xi

10 xii Contributors Jiří Sádlo Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Jan Wild Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech