Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of 50 Opencast Coal Mines of CIL producing more than 5 mcm (Coal+OB) based on Satellite Data for the Year

Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of 50 Opencast Coal Mines of CIL producing more than 5 mcm (Coal+OB) based on Satellite Data for the Year 2013-14

Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of 50 Opencast Coal Mines of CIL producing more than 5 mcm (Coal+OB) based on Satellite Data for the Year 2013-14 CMPDI March- 2014 Remote Sensing Cell Geomatics Division CMPDI, Ranchi Job No 561410027 1

CONTENTS Executive Summary 3 1.0 Background 6 2.0 Objective 7 3.0 Methodology 7 4.0 Work plan 11 5.0 Land Reclamation in WCL 13 6.0 Land Reclamation in SECL 39 7.0 Land Reclamation in NCL 65 8.0 Land Reclamation in MCL 90 9.0 Land Reclamation in CCL 118 10.0 Land Reclamation in BCCL 134 11.0 Land Reclamation in ECL 142 Job No 561410027 2

Executive Summary 1.0 Project Land restoration / reclamation monitoring of 50 opencast coal mines of Coal India Ltd. (CIL) producing 5 million cu.m. and more (Coal+OB) per year based on satellite data on annual basis. 2.0 Objective Objective of the land restoration / reclamation monitoring is to assess the area under backfilling, plantation, social forestry, active mining area, water bodies, distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest in the leasehold area of the project. This will help in assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and to take up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection. 3.0 Salient Findings Out of the total mine leasehold area of 617.34 Km 2 of the 50 OC projects considered for monitoring during 2013-14; total excavated area is 345.74 Km 2 (56.00%); out of which 163.19 Km 2 area (47.20%) has been planted (Biologically Reclaimed), 109.54 Km 2 area (31.68%) is under backfilling (Technically Reclaimed) and 73.02 Km 2 area (21.12%) is under active mining. It is evident from the analysis that 272.73 Km 2 (78.88%) areas of the OC projects are already under reclamation and balance 73.02 Km 2 (21.12%) area is under active mining. Company wise details are given in Table -1 & Fig-1. On comparing the status of land reclamation carried out in year 2013-14 with respect to years 2012-13 in the 50 Opencast projects of different coal companies, it is evident from the analysis that area under land reclamation has increased from 268.20 Km 2 (Yr. 2012) to 272.73 Km 2 (Yr. 2013) which includes both plantation and areas under backfilling. This increase of 4.53 Km 2 area of land reclamation in one year is the result of the efforts made by CIL s subsidiary companies. Year wise comparison in land reclamation in different subsidiaries is given in Fig.2. Job No 561410027 3

It has been observed that in some projects, overall vegetation cover has been reduced marginally in the leasehold area in spite of increase in the area of plantation. This is primarily because of cutting of vegetation due to mine advancement. Table-1 Company wise Land Reclamation Status in OC projects (5 million cu.m. and more Coal +OB) based on Satellite Data of year 2013 Sl. No. Coal Company (No. of OC Projects) 1 WCL (10) 2 SECL (10) 3 NCL (10) 4 MCL (11) 5 CCL (05) 6 BCCL (02) 7 ECL (02) TOTAL CIL (50) Leasehold Area in Sq. Kms. (% calculated in respect of total excavated area) Plantation Under Backfilling Under Active Mining 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Total Excavated Area (ii+iii+iv) Total Area under Reclamation 95.01 159.48 174.52 86.36 48.47 14.06 39.44 27.44 42.66 61.70 14.41 16.33 1.34 3.83 27.88 42.29 57.65 14.50 15.68 1.36 3.83 23.43 22.21 28.52 12.63 4.30 4.63 4.77 24.52 24.67 29.63 14.34 5.43 4.82 6.13 7.95 18.74 17.61 14.58 4.70 1.24 3.59 9.64 16.24 22.11 15.59 4.97 1.12 3.35 58.82 83.61 107.83 41.62 25.33 7.21 12.19 62.04 83.20 109.39 44.43 26.08 7.29 13.31 50.87 64.87 90.22 27.04 20.63 5.97 8.60 52.40 66.96 87.28 28.84 21.11 6.18 9.96 46.65 51.02 57.22 34.62 64.47 18.59 31.42 44.94 50.83 52.70 32.64 60.12 18.66 28.78 39.83 26.56 26.45 30.35 16.98 64.22 39.13 39.52 29.65 27.09 32.28 20.82 66.12 46.06 13.52 22.41 16.33 35.03 18.56 17.20 29.45 15.54 19.52 20.21 35.09 19.06 15.36 25.17 86.48 77.59 83.67 64.97 81.44 82.80 70.55 84.46 80.48 79.79 64.91 80.94 84.77 74.83 617.34 167.71 163.19 100.49 109.54 68.41 73.02 336.61 345.74 268.20 272.73 49.82 47.20 29.85 31.68 20.32 21.12 54.53 56.00 79.68 78.88 (ii+iii) Job No 561410027 4

Fig. 1 : Company wise Land Reclamation Status in the Year 2013 Fig.2 : Yearwise comparision of Land Reclamation in CIL Subsidiaries Job No 561410027 5

1.0 Background 1.1 Land is the most important natural resource which embodies soil, water, flora, fauna and total ecosystem. All human activities are based on the land which is the most scarce natural resource in our country. Mining is a site specific industry and it could not be shifted anywhere else from the location where mineral occurs. It is a fact that surface mining activities do effect the land environment due to ground breaking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reclaim and restore the mined out land for its productive use for sustainable development of mining. This will not only mitigate environmental degradation, but would also help in creating a more congenial environment for land acquisition by coal companies in future. 1.2 Keeping above in view, Coal India Ltd. (CIL) issued a work order vide letter no. CIL/WBP/Env/2009/2428 dated 29.12.2009 to Central Mine Planning & Design Institute (CMPDI), Ranchi, for monitoring land reclamation. status of all the opencast coal mines having production of more than 5 million m 3 per annum (coal + OB taken together per annum) based on remote sensing satellite data, regularly on annual basis for sustainable development of mining. Another work order vide letter no. CIL/WBP/ENV./2011dated23/08/11 was issued by CIL for monitoring of less than 5 million m 3 per annum capacity (Coal +OB) projects from the year 2011 at interval of three years. Further, a revised work order was issued vide letter no. CIL/WBP/Env/2011/4706 dated 12.10.2012 from Coal India Limited for the period 2012-13 to 2016-17. According to this work order, all mines in CIL with output capacity of 5 million cu. m (coal +OB) shall be monitored every year and all mines below this capacity shall be monitored at an interval of 3 yrs. All coalfields in CIL shall also be monitored at an interval of 3 yrs as per a defined plan. The result of land reclamation status of all such mines to be put on the website of CIL, (www.coalindia.in), CMPDI (www.cmpdi.co.in) and the concerned coal companies in public domain. Detail report to be submitted to Coal India and respective subsidiaries. Job No 561410027 6

1.3 Land reclamation monitoring of all opencast coal mining projects would also comply the statutory requirements of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF).Such monitoring would not only facilitate in taking timely mitigation measures against environmental degradation, but would also enable coal companies to utilize the reclaimed land for larger socio-economic benefits in a planned way. 1.4 CMPDI undertook the above study and the present report is embodying the findings in nutshell carrying out for the 50 opencast projects of different subsidiaries producing 5 million cubic m. coal + OB or more in the year 2013-14. This study is being carried out in since year 2008 on annual basis and progressive changes in the status of land reclamation have been assessed. 2.0 Objective Objective of the land reclamation/restoration monitoring is to assess the area of backfilled, plantation, OB dumps, social forestry, active mining area, settlements and water bodies, distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest land in the leasehold area of the project. This is an important step taken up for assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and for taking up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection. 3.0 Methodology There are number of steps involved between raw satellite data procurement and preparation of final map. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad, being the nodal agency for satellite data supply in India, provides only raw digital satellite data, which needs further digital image processing for extracting the information and map Job No 561410027 7

preparation before uploading the same in the website. Methodology for land reclamation monitoring is given in fig 3. Following steps are involved in land reclamation /restoration monitoring: Basic Data IRS P6 (LISS - IV) Data Source Pre-processing, geometric correction, rectification & geo - refrencing Secondary Data Topographical Maps (Scale 1:50,000) Image Enhancement Training set Identification Geocoded FCC Generation Creation of Vector Database (Drainage, Road, Railway network, Block boundary, Forest Boundary etc.) Signature Generation Training Set Refinement Report Preparation Pre-Field Classification Validation through Ground Truthing Pass Fail Integration of Raster & Vector database in GIS Final land Reclamation map Methodology for Land Reclamation Monitoring Fig.3 : Methodology for Land Reclamation Monitoring 3.1 Data Procurement: After browsing the data quality and date of pass on internet, supply order for data is placed to NRSC. Secondary data like leasehold boundary, topo sheets are procured for creation of vector database. 3.2 Satellite Data Processing: Satellite data are processed using ERDAS IMAGINE Professional v2012 s/w / PCI Geomatica v10.1 digital image processing s/w. Methodology involves the following major steps: Job No 561410027 8

Rectification & Georeferencing: Inaccuracies in digital imagery may occur due to systematic errors attributed to earth curvature and rotation as well as nonsystematic errors attributed to satellite receiving station itself. Raw digital images contain geometric distortions, which make them unusable as maps. Therefore, georeferencing is required for correction of image data using ground control points (GCP) to make it compatible to SoI topo-sheet. Image enhancement: To improve the interpretability of the raw data, image enhancement is necessary. Local operations modify the value of each pixel based on brightness value of neighbouring pixels using ERDAS IMAGINE Professional v2012 s/w / PCI Geomatica v10.1 digital image processing s/w and enhance the image quality for proper interpretation. Training set selection Training set requires to be selected, so that software can classify the image data accurately. The image data are analysed based on the interpretation keys. These keys are evolved from certain fundamental image-elements such as tone/colour, size, shape, texture, pattern, location, association and shadow. Based on the image-elements and other geo-technical elements like land form, drainage pattern and physiography; training sets were selected/identified for each land use/cover class. Field survey was carried out by taking selective traverses in order to collect the ground information (or reference data) so that training sets are selected accurately in the image. This was intended to serve as an aid for classification. Classification and Accuracy assessment Image classification is carried out using the maximum likelihood algorithm. The classification proceeds through the following steps: (a) calculation of statistics [i.e. Job No 561410027 9

signature generation] for the identified training areas, and (b) the decision boundary of maximum probability based on the mean vector, variance, covariance and correlation matrix of the pixels. After evaluating the statistical parameters of the training sets, reliability test of training sets is conducted by measuring the statistical separation between the classes that resulted from computing divergence matrix. The overall accuracy of the classification was finally assessed with reference to ground truth data. Area calculation The area of each land use class in the leasehold is determined using ERDAS IMAGINE Professional v2012 / PCI Geomatica v10.1 digital image processing s/w. Overlay of Vector data base Vector data base created based on secondary data. Vector layer like drainage, railway line, leasehold boundary, forest boundary etc. are superimposed on the image as vector layer in the Arc GIS database. Pre-field map preparation Pre-field map is prepared for validation of the classification result 3.3 Ground Truthing: Selective ground verification of the land use classes are carried out in the field and necessary corrections if required, are incorporated before map finalization. 3.4 Land reclamation database on GIS: Land reclamation database is created on GIS platform to identify the temporal changes identified from satellite data of different cut-off dates. Job No 561410027 10

4.0 Work Plan 4.1 Total 50 opencast projects producing 5 million cubic m. and more (Coal + OB together) during the year 2012 were taken up for the study. Based on the RESOURCESAT-2 satellite data, land reclamation /mine closure monitoring was carried out using ERDAS IMAGINE digital image processing s/w and Arc-Info GIS. Baseline data on reclamation of these OC projects of CIL s subsidiaries have been also done during the year 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. 4.2 Besides project wise land reclamation monitoring, coalfield wise vegetation cover monitoring on regional scale has also been planned for the major 28 coalfields of India at regular interval of three years using remote sensing satellite data to assess the regional impact of coal mining and associated industrialization on the land use and vegetation cover in the coalfield. Geo-environmental baseline data for Raniganj, Jharia, East Bokaro, West Bokaro, Karanpura, Singrauli (Moher Sub-basin), Korba, Bisrampur, Shoagpur, Mand-Raigargh, Talcher, Ib Valley, Wardha Valley, Bander, Kamptee, Umrer, Pench Kanhan and Makum coalfields based on the satellite data have been generated and will be monitored regularly at three years interval. 4.3 The list of subsidiary wise 50 opencast projects taken up based on satellite data of year 2013 is given in table below : Job No 561410027 11

Subsidiary (No. of Projects) Opencast Projects ( 5 million Cu.m. Coal +OB or more per annum) WCL (10) Sasti, Padmapur, Durgapur, Mugoli, Umrer, Ukni, Niljai, New Majri (IIA), Pimpalgaon & Ghugus SECL (10) Dipka, Gevra, Kusmunda, Manikpur, Bishrampur, Dugga, Jamuna, Rajnagar, Dhanpuri & Chirimiri NCL (10) MCL (11) CCL (05) BCCL (02) ECL (02) Amlohri, Nigahi, Jayant, Dudhichua, Khadia, Krishnashila, Bina, Kakri, Jhingurdah, Block-B Ananta, Balram, Lingraj, Bharatpur, Bhubaneswari, Jagannath, Hingula, Belpahar, Lakhanpur, Samleswari, & Lajkura Ashoka, Piparwar, K.D. Hesalong, Parej & Rajrappa Block-II, Muraidih Sonpur-Bazari, Rajmahal TOTAL (50) 4.4 Subsidiary wise land reclamation status of the above mentioned 50 OC projects derived from satellite data for the year 2013 are given in the following pages: Job No 561410027 12

WESTERN COALFIELDS LIMITED

5.0 Land Reclamation Status in Western Coalfields Ltd. 5.1 Following 10 OC projects producing more than 5 million cubic m. (Coal + OB together) of Western Coalfields Ltd. have been taken up for land reclamation monitoring during the year 2013-14: Sasti Padmapur Durgapur Mugoli Umrer Ukni Niljai New Majri Pimpalgaon Ghugus 5.2 Project wise Land Reclamation status in WCL for the year 2013 is given in Table 5.1 and also shown graphically in Fig 5.1. Area statistics of different land use class present in the mine leasehold of the above projects for the year 2013 are shown in the Table 5.2. Land use maps derived from satellite data are shown in Plate 5.1-5.10. Land reclamation monitoring of the above mentioned 10 projects is being done since 2009 on annual basis. Year wise changes in the different land use classes based on satellite data are depicted in Bar Charts in Fig. 5.2 5.11. 5.3 Study reveals that 84.46% of mining area has been under reclamation by WCL out of which 44.94% area has been revegetated and 39.52% area is under backfilling. There is an increase of 1.53 Km 2 in area under reclamation in WCL in the year 2013 with respect to the year 2012, out of which 0.44 Km 2 increase in biological reclamation (Plantation) and 1.09 Km 2 increase in the technical reclamation (Barren Backfilling). Job No 561410027 14

5.4 After analyzing the satellite data of year 2013 vs. 2012, it is evident that plantation carried out on backfilled area, OB dumps as well as under social forestry in all the mines of WCL has increased from 27.44 Km 2 to 27.88 Km 2 in span of last one year. This increase of 0.44 Km 2 area of plantation in one year time is due to the efforts of WCL towards mine land reclamation. 5.5 Out of 10 projects of WCL, maximum land reclamation has been carried out in Ghushus project (91.18%) followed by New Majri (91.11%) and Sati OCP (90.85%). Job No 561410027 15

Table 5.1 Sl. No. (Area in Sq Km) Projectwise Land Reclamation Status in Opencast Projects of WCL based on Satellite Data of the year 2013 % Calculated in terms of Total Excaveted Area Project Plantation/Vegetation Area Under Backfilling Area under Active Mining Total Excaveted Area Total area under Reclamation Name Leasehold (i) ii iii iv ii+iii+iv ii+iii 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 SASTI 12.69 12.69 3.31 3.33 2.42 2.43 0.49 0.58 6.22 6.34 5.73 5.76 53.22 52.52 38.91 38.33 7.88 9.15 92.12 90.85 2 PADMAPUR 7.34 7.34 2.15 2.15 2.97 2.99 0.76 0.74 5.88 5.88 5.12 5.14 36.56 36.56 50.51 50.85 12.93 12.59 87.07 87.41 3 DURGAPUR 8.88 8.88 3.38 3.38 3.20 3.22 0.71 0.69 7.29 7.29 6.58 6.60 46.36 46.36 43.90 44.17 9.74 9.47 90.26 90.53 4 MUGOLI 7.88 7.88 1.55 1.57 1.99 2.20 1.19 1.23 4.73 5.00 3.54 3.77 32.77 31.40 42.07 44.00 25.16 24.60 74.84 75.40 5 UMRER 9.45 9.45 5.64 5.66 1.83 1.81 1.09 1.09 8.56 8.56 7.47 7.47 65.89 66.12 21.38 21.14 12.73 12.73 87.27 87.27 6 UKNI 9.30 9.30 2.14 2.25 2.29 2.19 1.28 1.46 5.71 5.90 4.43 4.44 37.48 38.14 40.11 37.12 22.42 24.75 77.58 75.25 7 NILJAI * 4.88 15.30 1.94 2.03 1.30 2.25 0.96 2.22 4.20 6.50 3.24 4.28 46.19 31.23 30.95 34.62 22.86 34.15 77.14 65.85 8 NEW MAJRI 9.05 9.05 3.70 3.70 3.06 3.06 0.59 0.66 7.35 7.42 6.76 6.76 50.34 49.87 41.63 41.24 8.03 8.89 91.97 91.11 9 PIMPALGAON 4.92 4.92 1.49 1.64 1.56 1.58 0.40 0.49 3.45 3.71 3.05 3.22 43.19 44.20 45.22 42.59 11.59 13.21 88.41 86.79 10 GHUGUS 10.20 10.20 2.14 2.17 2.81 2.79 0.48 0.48 5.43 5.44 4.95 4.96 39.41 39.89 51.75 51.29 8.84 8.82 91.16 91.18 TOTAL (WCL) 84.59 95.01 27.44 27.88 23.43 24.52 7.95 9.64 58.82 62.04 50.87 52.40 46.65 44.94 39.83 39.52 13.52 15.54 61.91 65.30 86.48 84.46 * Lease hold area of Niljai OC has been increased as Niljai South has been included. Earlier only Niljai North had been taken into consideration. Job No 564607137 16

Figure : 5.1 Job No 564607137 17

SETTLEMENTS AGRICULTURE WATERBODIES WASTELANDS RECLAIMED ACTIVE MINING PLANTATION SCRUBS FORESTS Table 5.2 CMPDI STATUS OF LAND USE / RECLAMATION IN OC MINES (>5mcu.m) OF WESTERN COALFIELDS LTD BASED ON SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2013 (Area in Sq Km) SASTI PADMAPUR DURGAPUR MUGOLI UMRER UKNI NEELJAI NEW MAJRI PIMPALGAON GHUGUS TOTAL Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Dense Forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Open Forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Scrubs 0.54 4.26 0.82 11.17 0.48 5.41 1.14 14.47 0.00 0.00 1.86 20.00 1.40 9.15 0.37 4.09 0.41 8.33 0.79 7.75 7.81 9.23 Social Forestry 0.57 4.49 0.91 12.40 0.95 10.70 0.18 2.28 1.25 13.23 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.57 11.59 1.07 10.49 5.58 6.60 Plantation on OB Dump 2.40 18.91 1.24 16.89 2.43 27.36 1.01 12.82 2.79 29.52 0.78 8.39 0.69 4.51 2.38 26.30 1.07 21.75 0.80 7.84 15.59 18.43 Plantation on Backfill 0.36 2.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 4.82 1.62 17.14 1.47 15.81 1.26 8.24 1.32 14.59 0.00 0.00 0.30 2.94 6.71 7.93 Total Plantation (Biological Reclamation) 3.33 26.24 2.15 29.29 3.38 38.06 1.57 19.92 5.66 59.89 2.25 24.19 2.03 13.27 3.70 40.88 1.64 33.33 2.17 21.27 27.88 32.96 Total Vegetation 3.87 30.50 2.97 40.46 3.86 43.47 2.71 34.39 5.66 59.89 4.11 44.19 3.43 22.42 4.07 44.97 2.05 41.67 2.96 29.02 35.69 42.20 Coal Quarry 0.53 4.18 0.67 9.13 0.51 5.74 1.03 13.07 0.99 10.48 1.29 13.87 2.06 13.46 0.66 7.29 0.39 7.93 0.48 4.71 8.61 10.18 Advance Quarry Site 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 2.54 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.25 Quarry Filled With Water 0.05 0.39 0.07 0.95 0.18 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.06 0.16 1.72 0.16 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.10 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.97 Coal Dump 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Area Under Active Mining 0.58 4.57 0.74 10.08 0.69 7.77 1.23 15.61 1.09 11.53 1.46 15.70 2.22 14.51 0.66 7.29 0.49 9.96 0.48 4.71 9.64 11.40 Area under Backfilling 2.31 18.20 1.11 15.12 1.41 15.88 1.17 14.85 1.70 17.99 1.38 14.84 0.99 6.47 1.98 21.88 0.61 12.40 2.32 22.75 14.98 17.71 Barren OB Dump 0.12 0.95 1.88 25.61 1.81 20.38 1.03 13.07 0.11 1.16 0.81 8.71 1.26 8.24 1.08 11.93 0.97 19.72 0.47 4.61 9.54 11.28 Total Area Under Technical Reclamation 2.43 19.15 2.99 40.74 3.22 36.26 2.20 27.92 1.81 19.15 2.19 23.55 2.25 14.71 3.06 33.81 1.58 32.11 2.79 27.35 24.52 28.99 Total Area Under Mine Operation 3.01 23.72 3.73 50.82 3.91 44.03 3.43 43.53 2.90 30.69 3.65 39.25 4.47 29.22 3.72 41.10 2.07 42.07 3.27 32.06 34.16 40.39 Waste Lands 0.61 4.81 0.18 2.45 0.68 7.66 0.75 9.52 0.09 0.95 0.00 0.00 1.85 12.09 0.45 4.97 0.44 8.94 3.05 29.90 8.10 9.58 Sand Body 0.21 1.65 0.05 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 1.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.50 Total Wasteland 0.82 6.46 0.23 3.13 0.68 7.66 0.75 9.52 0.09 0.95 0.00 0.00 1.85 12.09 0.61 6.74 0.44 8.94 3.05 29.90 8.52 10.07 Reservoir, nallah, ponds 0.13 1.02 0.09 1.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.51 5.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 3.43 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.29 1.07 1.27 Total Waterbodies 0.13 1.02 0.09 1.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.51 5.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 3.43 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.29 1.07 1.27 Crop Lands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 14.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.58 Fallow Lands 4.53 35.70 0.15 2.04 0.00 0.00 0.86 10.91 0.00 0.00 1.19 12.80 2.81 18.37 0.00 0.00 0.20 4.07 0.00 0.00 9.74 11.52 Total Agriculture 4.53 35.70 0.15 2.04 0.00 0.00 0.86 10.91 0.00 0.00 1.19 12.80 4.99 32.61 0.00 0.00 0.20 4.07 0.00 0.00 11.92 14.09 Urban Settlement 0.04 0.32 0.04 0.59 0.43 4.84 0.00 0.00 0.24 2.54 0.00 0.00 0.17 1.11 0.34 3.76 0.09 1.83 0.32 3.14 1.67 1.98 Rural Settlement 0.10 0.79 0.08 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.11 1.18 0.13 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.41 0.34 3.33 0.83 0.98 Industrial Settlement 0.19 1.50 0.04 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.08 1.02 0.05 0.53 0.24 2.58 0.26 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.02 0.23 2.25 1.14 2.96 0.00 Total Settlement 0.33 2.60 0.17 2.25 0.43 4.84 0.13 1.65 0.29 3.07 0.35 3.76 0.56 3.66 0.34 3.76 0.16 3.25 0.89 8.73 3.65 5.92 Grand Total 12.69 100.0 7.34 100.0 8.88 100.0 7.88 100.0 9.45 100.0 9.30 100.0 15.30 100.0 9.05 100.0 4.92 100.0 10.20 100.0 95.01 100.0 Job No 564607137 18

Plate 5.1 Job No 564607137 19

Plate 5.2 Job No 564607137 20

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Figure - 5.2 Figure - 5.3 Job No 561410027 29

Figure - 5.4 Figure - 5.5 Job No 561410027 30

Figure - 5.6 Figure - 5.7 Job No 561410027 31

Figure - 5.8 Figure - 5.9 Job No 561410027 32

Figure 5.10 Figure - 5.11 Job No 561410027 33

Photograph -5.1 :Plantation on OB dump in Sasti OCP Photograph 5.2 : Plantation on OB dump in Ghugus OCP Job No 561410027 34

Photograph 5.3 : Plantation on OB dump in Mugoli OCP Photograph 5.4 : Plantation on OB dump in New-Majri OCP Job No 561410027 35

Photograph 5.5 : Plantation on backfilled area in Niljai OCP Photograph 5.6 : Plantation on backfilled area in Pimpalgaon OCP Job No 561410027 36

Photograph 5.7 : Plantation on OB dump in Ukni OCP Photograph 5.8 : Plantation on backfilled area in Umrer OCP Job No 561410027 37

Photograph 5.9 : Plantation on OB dump in Durgapur OCP Photograph 5.10 : Plantation on OB dump in Padmapur OCP Job No 561410027 38

SOUTH EASTERN COALFIELDS LIMITED

6.0 Land Reclamation Status in South Eastern Coalfields Limited 6.1 Following ten opencast projects of SECL producing 5 million cubic m. or more (coal+ob) together were taken up for land reclamation monitoring during the year 2013-14: Dipka Gevra Kusmunda Manikpur Dugga Bishrampur Chirimiri Rajnagar Dhanpuri Jamuna 6.2 Project wise Land Reclamation status in SECL is given in Table 6.1 and also shown graphically in Fig 6.1. Area statistics of different land use class present in the mine leasehold area of the above projects for the year 2013 are shown in the Table 6.2. Land use maps derived from satellite data are shown in Plate 6.1-6.10. Land reclamation status of the above mentioned 10 projects, were also prepared for the year 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. Year wise changes in the different land use classes based on satellite data are depicted in Bar Charts in Fig.6.2-6.11. 6.3 Study reveals that out of total 83.20 Km 2 excavated area; 66.96 Km 2 area (80.48%) is under reclamation, out of which 42.29 Km 2 (50.83%) area has already been revegetated and 24.67 Km 2 (29.65%) area are under backfilling. 6.4 After analyzing the satellite data of the year 2012 and 2013, it is evident that area under land reclamation has increased from 64.87 Km 2 in the year 2012 to 66.96 Km 2 in the year Job No 561410027 40

2013 in the above ten OC projects of SECL in a period of one year. There is an increase of 2.09 Km 2 reclaimed area in SECL with respect to the year 2012, out of which, there is a marginal decrease of 0.37 Km 2 in biological reclamation and 2.46 Km 2 increase in the areas under technical reclamation (barren backfilling) corresponding to the year 2012. This may be due to more areas coming under technical reclamation. 6.5 Study indicates that in Manikpur, Bishrampur and Rajnagar projects, area of plantation have reduced marginally with respect to the year 2012 because of the OB dumping on vegetated backfilled / OB Dump area due to constrained of dumping space. 6.6 Overall, all the projects of SECL considered for this report indicate either an increase or static trend in plantation except for Manikpur, Bishrampur and Rajnagar projects and there has been increase in area under backfilling in all projects except for Dhanpuri as compared to 2012.The increase in area of plantation and area under backfilling in most of the projects of SECL taken up in this study indicates that SECL is committed for reclamation of mine land for maintaining the ecological balance in the region. 6.7 Out of 10 projects of SECL, Dugga OCP ranks on top for land reclamation (100%) followed by Bishrampur (98.05%) and Rajnagar (97.79%) in the year 2013-14. Job No 561410027 41

Table 6.1 Projectwise Land Reclamation Status in Opencast Project of SECL (> 5 million Cu. M. of Coal+OB) based on Satellite Data of the Year 2013 (% Calculated in terms of Total Excavated Area) (Area in Km 2 ) Project Plantation Under Backfilling Active Mining Total Excavated Area Total Area under Reclaimation Sl. Name Leasehold (ii) (iii) (iv) (ii+iii+iv) (ii+iii) No. (i) 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 DIPKA 22.26 2.84 3.01 2.83 3.11 3.35 3.52 9.02 9.64 5.67 6.12 31.49 31.22 31.37 32.26 37.14 36.51 62.86 63.49 2 GEVRA 41.86 7.44 7.71 6.08 6.10 6.73 6.61 13.52 13.81 20.25 20.42 36.74 37.76 30.02 29.87 33.23 32.37 66.77 67.63 3 KUSMUNDA 16.72 3.87 4.23 2.02 2.16 5.09 2.74 10.98 9.13 5.89 6.39 35.25 46.33 18.40 23.66 46.36 30.01 53.64 69.99 4 MANIKPUR 19.44 2.79 2.55 1.84 2.04 1.89 1.82 6.52 6.41 4.63 4.59 42.79 39.78 28.22 31.83 28.99 28.39 71.01 71.61 5 DUGGA * 5.41 1.81 1.83 1.22 1.38 0.38 0.00 3.41 3.21 3.03 3.21 53.08 57.01 35.78 42.99 11.14 0.00 88.86 100.00 6 BISHRAMPUR 15.23 8.06 7.60 3.20 3.48 0.24 0.22 11.50 11.30 11.26 11.08 70.09 67.26 27.83 30.80 2.09 1.95 97.91 98.05 7 CHIRIMIRI 6.51 2.77 2.78 0.38 0.43 0.20 0.23 3.35 3.44 3.15 3.21 82.69 80.81 11.34 12.50 5.97 6.69 94.03 93.31 8 RAJNAGAR 8.61 4.91 4.23 0.94 1.97 0.12 0.14 5.97 6.34 5.85 6.20 82.24 66.72 15.75 31.07 2.01 2.21 97.99 97.79 9 DHANPURI 14.59 3.96 4.07 2.38 2.27 0.24 0.46 6.58 6.80 6.34 6.34 60.18 59.85 36.17 33.38 3.65 6.76 96.35 93.24 10 JAMUNA 8.85 4.21 4.28 1.32 1.73 0.50 0.50 6.03 6.51 5.53 6.01 69.82 65.75 21.89 26.57 8.29 7.68 91.71 92.32 TOTAL 159.48 42.66 42.29 22.21 24.67 18.74 16.24 83.61 83.20 64.87 66.96 51.02 50.83 26.56 29.65 22.41 19.52 77.59 80.48 Note : * In Dugga OCP no mining activity was observed during 2013-14 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 42

Fig.6.1: Land reclamation status in OC projects of SECL in the year-2013 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 43

Table 6.2 Status of Land Use / Reclamation in OC Mines(>5 mcu.m) of South Eastern Coalfields Ltd. based on Satellite data of the Year 2013 CMPDI Job No 561410027/(SECL) 44

Plate 6.1 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 45

Plate 6.2 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 46

Plate 6.3 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 47

Plate 6.4 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 48

Plate 6.5 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 49

Plate 6.6 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 50

Plate 6.7 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 51

Plate 6.8 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 52

Plate 6.9 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 53

Plate 6.10 Job No 561410027/(SECL) 54

Figure 6.2 Figure 6.3 Job No 561410027 55

Figure 6.4 Figure 6.5 Job No 561410027 56

Figure 6.6 Figure 6.7 Job No 561410027 57

Figure 6.8 Figure 6.9 Job No 561410027 58

Figure 6.10 Figure 6.11 Job No 561410027 59

Photograph 6.1: Plantation in Dipka Opencast Project Photograph 6.2: Plantation in Gevra Opencast Project Job No 561410027 60

Photograph 6.3: Plantation in Kusmunda Opencast Project Photograph 6.4: Plantation in Manikpur Opencast Project Job No 561410027 61

Photograph 6.5: Plantation on OB Dump in Dugga Opencast Project Photograph 6.6: Plantation on OB Dump in Bishrampur Opencast Project Job No 561410027 62

Photograph 6.7: Plantation on OB Dump in Chirimiri Opencast Project Photograph 6.8: Plantation on OB Dump in Rajnagar Opencast Project Job No 561410027 63

Photograph 6.9: Plantation on OB Dump in Dhanpuri Opencast Project Photograph 6.10: Plantation on OB Dump in Jamuna Opencast Project Job No 561410027 64

NORTHERN COALFIELDS LIMITED

7.0 Land Reclamation Status in Northern Coalfields Ltd. 7.1 Following 10 OC projects producing more than 5 million cubic m. (Coal + OB together) of Northern Coalfields Ltd. have been taken up for land reclamation monitoring during the year 2013-14: Amlohri Nigahi Jayant Dudhichua Khadia Krishnashila Bina Kakri Jhingurdah Block-B 7.2 Project wise Land Reclamation status in NCL for the year 2013 is given in Table 7.1 and also shown graphically in Fig 7.1. Area statistics of different land use class present in the mine leasehold of the above projects for the year 2013 are shown in the Table 7.2. Land use/cover maps derived from satellite data are shown in Plate 7.1 7.10. Land reclamation status of the above mentioned 10 projects, were also prepared for the year 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. Year wise changes in the different land use classes based on satellite data for the last three years are depicted in Bar Charts in Fig. 7.2 to 7.11. 7.3 Study reveals that 87.28 Km 2 of mining area has already been under reclamation in NCL out of which 57.65 Km 2 area has been revegetated and 29.63 Km 2 area is under backfilling. There is a decrease of 2.94 Km 2 area under reclamation in NCL with respect to the year 2012. Job No 561410027 66

7.4 After analyzing the satellite data of year 2012 vs. 2013, it is evident that area under plantation has decreased due to dumping done on already vegetated areas due to space constraints for dumping of OB. This has happened in Amlhori, Nigahi, Khadia, Bina, Kakri and Block B. 7.5 There is a significant reduction in social forestry also as the area which had been denotified at Amlohri project contained social forestry plantations. Some plantation loss has also occurred due to erosion of dumps at Khadia OC Project. Plantation in the area has decreased from 61.70 km 2 ( 2012) to 57.65 km 2 (2013). Hence there is a decrease of 3.05 km 2 of plantations in the OCPs of NCL. 7.6 Out of 10 projects of NCL, maximum land reclamation work has been carried out in Jhingurdah Project (93.66%) followed by Kakri (86.67%) and Khadia (83.02%). Job No 561410027 67

Sl. No. Table 7.1 Summarised Land Reclamation Status in Opencast Projects of NCL based on Satellite Data of the year 2013 % Calculated in terms of Total Excavated Area Project Plantation Under Backfilling Under Active Mining Total Excavated Area Total Area under reclamation Name Leasehold ii iii iv ii+iii+iv ii+iii (i) 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 AMLOHRI* 21.75 10.75 7.25 4.44 4.78 2.67 3.90 17.86 15.93 15.19 12.03 60.19 45.51 24.86 30.01 14.95 24.48 85.05 75.52 2 NIGAHI 30.16 9.96 9.75 4.60 4.23 3.17 3.50 17.73 17.48 14.56 13.98 56.18 55.78 25.94 24.20 17.88 20.02 82.12 79.98 3 JAYANT # 29.11 12.56 12.65 3.52 3.78 3.17 3.73 19.25 20.16 16.08 16.43 65.25 62.75 18.29 18.75 16.47 18.50 83.53 81.50 4 DUDHICHUA 14.00 4.01 4.07 4.15 4.62 2.45 2.34 10.61 11.03 8.16 8.69 37.79 36.90 39.11 41.89 23.09 21.21 76.91 78.79 5 KHADIA 14.91 5.44 5.41 3.29 3.10 1.47 1.74 10.20 10.25 8.73 8.51 53.33 52.78 32.25 30.24 14.41 16.98 85.59 83.02 6 KRISHNASHILA 5.94 1.12 1.13 0.55 0.57 0.57 0.63 2.24 2.33 1.67 1.70 50.00 48.50 24.55 24.46 25.45 27.04 74.55 72.96 7 BINA # 17.98 6.31 6.18 3.30 3.18 1.12 2.72 10.73 12.08 9.61 9.36 58.81 51.16 30.75 26.32 10.44 22.52 89.56 77.48 8 KAKRI 13.60 5.97 5.70 1.62 1.71 1.11 1.14 8.70 8.55 7.59 7.41 68.62 66.67 18.62 20.00 12.76 13.33 87.24 86.67 9 JHINGURDAH 12.43 5.27 5.24 0.79 0.82 0.41 0.41 6.47 6.47 6.06 6.06 81.45 80.99 12.21 12.67 6.34 6.34 93.66 93.66 10 BLOCK-B* 14.64 0.31 0.27 2.26 2.84 1.47 2.00 4.04 5.11 2.57 3.11 7.67 5.28 55.94 55.58 36.39 39.14 63.61 60.86 TOTAL (NCL) 174.52 61.70 57.65 28.52 29.63 17.61 22.11 107.83 109.39 90.22 87.28 57.22 52.70 26.45 27.09 16.33 20.21 61.79 62.68 83.67 79.79 * Leasehold Area in these OCPs have decresed due to denotification and reorganization, as per data provided by NCL # Leasehold Area in These OCPS have increased due to expansion of the project, as per data provided by NCL Job No 564607137 68

Fig.7.1: Land reclamation status in Opencast Projects of NCL in the Year 2013 Job No 564607137 69

Table 7.2 Job No 564607137 70

Plate 7.1 Job No 561410027 71

Plate 7.2 Job No 561410027 72

Job No 561410027 73 Plate 7.3

Plate 7.4 Job No 561410027 74

Plate 7.5 Job No 561410027 75

Plate 7.6 Job No 561410027 76

Plate 7.7 Job No 561410027 77

Plate 7.8 Job No 561410027 78

Plate 7.9 Job No 561410027 79

Plate 7.10 Job No 561410027 80

Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Job No 561410027 81

Figure 7.4 Figure 7.5 Job No 561410027 82

Figure 7.6 Figure 7.7 Job No 561410027 83

Figure 7.8 Figure 7.9 Job No 561410027 84

Figure 7.10 Figure 7.11 Job No 561410027 85

Photograph 7.1 : Plantation on OB Dump in Amlohri OCP Photograph 7.2: Technical Reclamation in Nigahi OCP Job No 561410027 86

Photograph 7.3: Dumping causing loss of natural vegetation at Nigahi OCP Photograph 7.4 : View of Reclamation & Plantation at Dudhichua OCP Job No 561410027 87

Photograph 7.5 : Newly Planted samplings on Dump top at Krishnashila OCP Photograph 7.6 : Plantation on OB Dump of Bina OCP Job No 561410027 88

Photograph 7.7 : Plantation around OB Dump at Kakri OCP Photograph 7.8 : Plantation around Block B OCP Dumps Job No 561410027 89

MAHANADI COALFIELDS LIMITED

8.0 Land Reclamation Status in Mahanadi Coalfields Limited 8.1 Following eleven opencast projects of MCL producing more than 5 million cubic meter and more (Coal + OB) were taken up for land reclamation monitoring during year 2013-14 : Ananta Balram Lingaraj Bharatpur Bhubaneswari Jagannath Hingula Belpahar Lakhanpur Samleswari Lajkura 8.2 Project wise Land Reclamation status in MCL for the year 2013 is given in Table 8.1 and also shown graphically in Fig 8.1. Area statistics of different land use class present in the mine leasehold of the above projects for the year 2013 are shown in the Table -8.2. Land use maps derived from satellite data are shown in Plate 8.1 8.11. Land reclamation status of the above mentioned 11 projects, were also prepared for the year 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. Year wise changes in the different land use classes based on satellite data are depicted in Bar Charts in Fig.8.2 8.12. 8.3 Study reveals that out of total 44.43 Km 2 excavated / mined out area; 28.84 Km 2 area (64.91%) is under reclamation. Out of which 14.50 Km 2 (32.64%) area has been re-vegetated and 14.34 Km 2 (32.27%) area is under backfilling. Job No 561410027/(MCL) 91

8.4 Analysis of satellite data indicates that area of plantation has increased from 14.41Km 2 (2012) to 14.50 Km 2 (2013). This increase of 0.09 Km 2 plantation areas in one year indicates that MCL is committed for reclamation of mine land for maintaining the ecological balance in the region. It has been observed in some of the projects natural vegetation has also started growing on stabilized old backfilled areas and OB dumps due to high soil fertility. 8.5 On comparing the status of land reclamation for the year 2013 with respect to the year 2012 in different projects, it is evident from the analysis that area of land reclamation has increased from 27.04 Km 2 (Yr. 2013) to 28.84 Km 2 (Yr.2012). 8.6 Out of 11 projects of MCL, Bharatpur OCP ranks on top for land reclamation (78.99%) followed by Balram OCP (75.56%) and Lajkura OCP (72.12%). Job No 561410027/(MCL) 92

Table 8.1 Project wise Land Reclamation Status in Opencast Projects of MCL based on Satellite Data of the year 2013 (% Calculated in terms of Total Mined-Out Area) CMPDI (% calculated in respect of total excavated area) Area are in Km 2. Project Plantation/ Vegetation Under Backfilling Under Active Mining Total Excavated Area Area under Reclamation Sl. Name Leasehold ii iii iv ii+iii+iv ii+iii No. (i) 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 Ananta 4.56 1.03 1.04 1.12 1.30 1.44 1.38 3.59 3.72 2.15 2.34 28.69 27.98 31.20 34.98 40.11 37.04 59.89 62.96 2 Balram 10.21 1.32 1.37 1.77 2.02 1.29 1.10 4.48 3.09 3.39 4.38 30.14 30.44 40.41 45.13 29.45 24.44 70.55 75.56 3 Lingaraj 7.26 0.87 0.88 1.00 1.27 1.79 1.60 3.66 3.75 1.87 2.15 23.77 23.43 27.32 33.98 48.91 42.59 51.09 57.41 4 Bharatpur 9.43 2.50 2.54 1.56 1.77 0.90 1.15 4.96 5.46 4.06 4.31 50.40 46.60 31.45 32.38 18.15 21.01 81.85 78.99 5 Bhubaneswari 7.33 0.47 0.47 0.63 0.91 1.16 1.72 2.26 3.10 1.10 1.38 20.80 15.18 27.88 29.39 51.33 55.43 48.67 44.57 6 Jagannath 4.99 2.16 2.16 0.77 0.85 1.21 1.17 4.14 4.18 2.93 3.01 52.17 51.71 18.60 20.35 29.23 27.94 70.77 72.06 7 Hingula 4.83 0.57 0.57 0.83 0.94 1.49 1.54 2.89 3.06 1.40 1.51 19.72 18.66 28.72 30.82 51.56 50.52 48.44 49.48 8 Belpahar 9.74 2.15 2.15 0.77 0.80 1.41 1.51 4.33 4.47 2.92 2.95 49.65 48.17 17.78 17.94 32.56 33.89 67.44 66.11 9 Lakhanpur 16.20 1.49 1.49 1.82 1.91 1.73 2.20 5.04 5.60 3.31 3.41 29.56 26.67 36.11 34.11 34.33 39.22 65.67 60.78 10 Samleswari 7.13 1.30 1.30 1.53 1.67 1.65 1.69 4.48 4.66 2.83 2.97 29.02 27.83 34.15 35.95 36.83 36.22 63.17 63.78 11 Lajkura 4.68 0.55 0.53 0.83 0.88 0.51 0.55 1.89 1.96 1.38 1.41 29.10 26.99 43.92 45.12 26.98 27.88 73.02 72.12 TOTAL (MCL) 86.36 14.41 14.50 12.63 14.34 14.58 15.59 41.62 44.43 27.04 28.84 34.62 32.64 30.35 32.27 35.03 35.09 48.19 51.45 64.97 64.91 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 93

Fig.8.1: Land reclamation status in OC projects of MCL in the year 2013 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 94

SETTLEMENTS AGRICULTURE WATER WASTELANDS RECLAIMED ACTIVE MINING PLANTATION SCRUBS FORESTS CMPDI Table 8.2: STATUS OF LAND RESTORATION / RECLAMATION IN MAHANADI COALFIELD LIMITED BASED ON SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2013 (Area in Sq. Kms.) ANANTA BALRAM LINGARAJ BHARATPUR BHUBANESHWARI JAGANNATH HINGULA BELPAHAR LAKHANPUR SAMLESWARI LAJKURA TOTAL Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Dense Forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.67 10.31 0.08 1.12 1.19 25.40 2.98 3.45 Open Forest 0.01 0.25 0.13 1.25 0.25 3.44 0.72 7.63 0.98 13.36 0.01 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.10 2.83 17.47 0.13 1.84 0.61 13.01 5.68 6.58 Total Forest (A) 0.01 0.25 0.13 1.25 0.25 3.44 0.76 8.02 0.98 13.36 0.01 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.10 4.50 27.78 0.21 2.96 1.80 38.41 8.66 10.03 Scrubs (B) 0.23 5.06 2.03 19.86 1.28 17.66 1.13 11.98 0.84 11.45 0.22 4.41 0.26 5.38 2.38 24.43 2.38 14.69 0.67 9.39 0.38 8.11 11.80 13.66 Social Forestry 0.11 2.41 0.22 2.20 0.43 5.92 0.37 3.96 0.47 6.34 0.15 3.00 0.25 5.14 0.40 4.13 0.43 2.65 0.18 2.50 0.06 1.28 3.07 3.56 Plantation on OB Dump 0.11 2.41 0.27 2.65 0.32 4.47 0.43 4.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 4.76 0.70 7.18 0.30 1.88 0.48 6.68 0.28 5.94 3.13 3.62 Plantation on Backfill 0.82 17.97 0.87 8.52 0.12 1.72 1.74 18.41 0.005 0.07 2.01 40.26 0.09 1.86 1.05 10.78 0.76 4.69 0.64 9.01 0.19 4.06 8.30 9.61 Total Plantation(Biological Reclamation C) 1.04 22.79 1.37 13.37 0.88 12.11 2.54 26.98 0.47 6.41 2.16 43.26 0.57 11.76 2.15 22.09 1.49 9.22 1.30 18.19 0.53 11.28 14.50 16.79 Total Vegetation (A+B+C) 1.28 28.10 3.52 34.48 2.41 33.21 4.43 46.98 2.29 31.22 2.39 47.88 0.83 17.14 4.54 46.62 8.37 51.69 2.18 30.54 2.71 57.80 34.96 40.48 Coal Quarry 0.93 20.47 0.42 4.07 1.18 16.28 0.36 3.84 1.14 15.54 0.30 5.92 0.49 10.13 1.16 11.90 1.52 9.38 1.18 16.56 0.41 8.80 9.09 10.53 Coal Face 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 Coal Dump 0.14 3.01 0.19 1.91 0.22 3.03 0.21 2.26 0.34 4.64 0.23 4.61 0.37 7.55 0.10 1.04 0.27 1.66 0.07 0.95 0.06 1.18 2.19 2.54 Advance Quarry Site 0.06 1.33 0.08 0.78 0.15 2.01 0.09 0.98 0.20 2.73 0.02 0.31 0.06 1.22 0.13 1.38 0.29 1.78 0.21 2.97 0.06 1.30 1.35 1.56 Quarry Filled with Water 0.24 5.37 0.41 3.96 0.05 0.69 0.48 5.09 0.04 0.49 0.63 12.54 0.63 13.03 0.11 1.13 0.11 0.68 0.23 3.20 0.02 0.37 2.94 3.40 Total Area under Active Mining 1.38 30.18 1.10 10.72 1.60 22.01 1.15 12.17 1.72 23.40 1.17 23.38 1.54 31.93 1.51 15.55 2.20 13.56 1.69 23.68 0.55 11.65 15.59 18.05 Barren OB dump 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.92 0.32 4.48 0.06 0.61 0.62 8.45 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.57 0.02 0.22 0.01 0.07 0.07 1.05 0.04 0.91 1.27 1.48 Area Under Backfilling 1.30 28.49 1.93 18.89 0.95 13.09 1.71 18.13 0.29 3.95 0.85 17.03 0.91 18.91 0.78 8.01 1.90 11.73 1.60 22.46 0.84 17.93 13.06 15.13 Total Area under Technical Reclamation 1.30 28.49 2.02 19.81 1.27 17.57 1.77 18.74 0.91 12.40 0.85 17.03 0.94 19.48 0.80 8.23 1.91 11.80 1.67 23.51 0.88 18.84 14.34 16.61 Total Area under Mine Operation 2.68 58.67 3.12 30.53 2.87 39.58 2.92 30.91 2.63 35.80 2.02 40.41 2.49 51.41 2.32 23.78 4.11 25.36 3.36 47.19 1.43 30.49 29.93 34.66 Waste Lands 0.30 6.54 0.88 8.6 0.70 9.66 1.26 13.31 0.44 6.04 0.3598 7.21 0.72 14.9 1.73 17.76 0.76 4.7 0.91 12.83 0.45 9.53 8.51 9.83 Fly Ash Pond/Sand Body 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04 Total Wastelands 0.30 6.54 0.88 8.6 0.70 9.66 1.26 13.31 0.44 6.04 0.36 7.21 0.75 15.56 1.73 17.76 0.76 4.7 0.91 12.83 0.45 9.53 8.54 9.87 Reservoir, nallah, ponds etc. 0.03 0.7 0.20 1.92 0.08 1.13 0.05 0.51 0.06 0.78 0.01 0.2 0.11 2.23 0.28 2.86 0.18 1.12 0.06 0.91 0.01 0.21 1.07 1.24 Total Waterbodies 0.03 0.7 0.20 1.92 0.08 1.13 0.05 0.51 0.06 0.78 0.01 0.2 0.11 2.23 0.28 2.86 0.18 1.12 0.06 0.91 0.01 0.21 1.07 1.23 Crop Lands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Fallow Lands 0.17 3.75 1.94 19.04 0.93 12.87 0.50 5.32 1.73 23.65 0.02 0.40 0.59 12.13 0.51 5.24 2.60 16.02 0.41 5.75 0.04 0.91 9.45 10.93 Total Agriculture 0.17 3.75 1.94 19.04 0.93 12.87 0.50 5.32 1.73 23.65 0.02 0.40 0.59 12.13 0.51 5.24 2.60 16.02 0.41 5.75 0.04 0.91 9.45 10.93 Urban Settlement 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.17 0.02 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06 Rural Settlement 0.01 0.21 0.11 1.09 0.10 1.42 0.12 1.24 0.15 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.93 0.11 1.15 0.10 0.62 0.03 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.78 0.90 Industrial Settlement 0.09 2.03 0.43 4.17 0.14 1.88 0.16 1.73 0.03 0.43 0.19 3.90 0.02 0.47 0.24 2.46 0.08 0.49 0.17 2.39 0.05 1.06 1.61 1.86 Total Settlements 0.10 2.24 0.55 5.43 0.26 3.55 0.28 2.97 0.18 2.51 0.19 3.90 0.07 1.53 0.37 3.74 0.18 1.11 0.20 2.78 0.05 1.06 2.44 2.82 GRAND TOTAL 4.56 100.00 10.21 100.00 7.26 100.00 9.43 100.00 7.33 100.00 4.99 100.00 4.83 100.00 9.74 100.00 16.20 100.00 7.13 100.00 4.68 100.00 86.36 100.00 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 95

Plate 8.1 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 96

Plate 8.2 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 97

Plate 8.3 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 98

Plate 8.4 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 99

Plate 8.5 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 100

Plate 8.6 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 101

Plate 8.7 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 102

Plate 8.8 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 103

Plate 8.9 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 104

Plate 8.10 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 105

Plate 8.11 Job No 561410027/(MCL) 106

Figure 8.2 Figure 8.3 Job No 561410027 107

Figure 8.4 Figure 8.5 Job No 561410027 108

Figure 8.6 Figure 8.7 Job No 561410027 109

Figure 8.8 Figure 8.9 Job No 561410027 110

Figure 8.10 Figure 8.11 Job No 561410027 111

Figure 8.12 Job No 561410027 112

Photograph 8.1: Plantation on Internal OB/Backfill (Ananta OC mine) Photograph 8.2: Plantation on External OB (Balram OC Mine) Job No 561410027 113

Photograph 8.3: Plantation on Internal OB/Backfill (Lingaraj OC Mine) Photograph 8.4: Plantation on Internal OB/Backfill (Bharatpur OC Mine) Job No 561410027 114

Photograph 8.5 : Plantation on External OB (Hingula OC Mine) Photograph 8.6: Plantation on Internal OB/Backfill (Belpahar OC Mine) Job No 561410027 115

Photograph 8.7: Plantation on Internal OB/Backfill (Samleswari OC Mine) Photograph 8.8 : Plantation on Internal OB/Backfill at Lakhanpur OC Job No 561410027 116

Photograph -8.9: Plantation on Internal ob/backfill at Bhubaneswari OC Photograph -8.10 : Plantation at Jagannath Opencast Project Job No 561410027 117

CENTRAL COALFIELDS LIMITED

9.0 Land Reclamation Status in Central Coalfields Ltd. 9.1 Following 5 OC projects producing more than 5 million m 3. (Coal + OB together)of Central Coalfields Ltd. have been taken up during the year 2013-14 for land reclamation monitoring: Ashok Piparwar KD Hesalong Parej East Rajrappa 9.2 Project wise Land Reclamation status in CCL in the year 2012 is given in Table 9.1 and also shown graphically in Fig 9.1. Area statistics of different land use classes present in OC projects in the year 2012 is given in Table 9.2. Land use maps derived from the satellite data is given in Plate no. 9.1 to 9.5. Changes in land use status are shown in Fig. 9.2 9.6 and field photographs showing plantation and backfilled area in mining projects in photo 9.1-9.6. 9.3 Study reveals that 80.94% of excavated mining area is under reclamation by CCL in above 5 OC projects, out of which 60.12% area has been revegetated and 20.82% area is under backfilling. 9.4 After analyzing the satellite data of year 2013, it is evident that plantation carried out on backfilled area, OB dumps as well as under social forestry in all the 5 mines of CCL is 15.68 Km 2 till the year 2013. 9.5 It may be seen from the Table.9.1 that area of total reclamation has reached 80.94% of the total excavated area till the year 2013. Job No 561410027 119

TABLE 9.1 Project wise Land Reclamation Status in OC projects of Central Coalfields Ltd Based on Satellite data of the Year 2013 Sl. No. % Calculated in terms of Total Excaveted Area (Area in Sq Km) Plantation/ Under Under Active Total Total Area Under Project Vegetation Backfilling Mining Excavated Reclamation Name Leasehold (i) ii iii iv ii+iii+iv Area ii+iii 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 ASHOK * 5.42 6.75 1.32 1.30 0.49 0.92 1.38 0.92 3.19 3.14 1.81 2.22 41.38 41.40 15.36 29.30 43.26 29.30 56.74 70.70 2 PIPARWAR 11.20 11.20 5.64 5.03 0.57 0.87 2.03 1.82 8.24 7.72 6.21 5.90 68.45 65.16 6.92 11.27 24.64 23.58 75.36 76.42 3 KDH 4.50 4.50 1.45 1.45 0.81 1.18 0.35 0.55 2.61 3.18 2.26 2.63 55.56 45.60 31.03 37.11 13.41 17.30 86.59 82.70 4 PAREJ EAST 6.20 6.20 0.55 0.60 0.51 0.76 0.60 0.51 1.66 1.87 1.06 1.36 33.13 32.09 30.72 40.64 36.14 27.27 63.86 72.73 5 RAJRAPPA 19.82 19.82 7.37 7.30 1.92 1.70 0.34 1.17 9.63 10.17 9.29 9.00 76.53 71.78 19.94 16.72 3.53 11.50 96.47 88.50 TOTAL (CCL) 47.14 48.47 16.33 15.68 4.30 5.43 4.70 4.97 25.33 26.08 20.63 21.11 64.47 60.12 16.98 20.82 18.56 19.06 52.26 53.81 81.44 80.94 * Lease hold area of Ashok OC has been modified by CCL Job No 561410027 120

Fig. 9.1 : Project wise Land Reclamation Status in Year 2013 Job No 561410027 121

Table 9.2 : STATUS OF LAND RECLAMTION IN CENTRAL COALFIELDS LIMITED BASED ON THE SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2013 Job No 561410027 122

Plate 9.1 Job No 561410027 123

Plate 9.2 Job No 561410027 124

Plate 9.3 Job No 561410027 125

RAJRAPPA OCP Plate 9.4 Job No 561410027 126

Plate 9.5 Job No 561410027 127

Figure 9.2 Figure 9.3 Job No 561410027 128

Figure 9.4 Figure 9.5 Job No 561410027 129

Figure 9.6 Job No 561410027 130

Photograph 9.1: Plantation on Backfilled Area - Ashok OCP Photograph 9.2 : Avenue Plantation- Ashok OCP Job No 561410027 131

Photograph 9.3 : Plantation- Ashok OCP Photograph 9.4 : Plantation on OB- KD Hesalong OCP Job No 561410027 132

Photograph 9.5 : Plantation on OB- Rajrappa OCP Photograph 9.6 : Plantation on OB- Parej East OCP Job No 561410027 133

BHARAT COKING COAL LTD.

10.0 Land Reclamation Status in Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. 10.1 Following two OC projects producing 5 million cubic m. or more (Coal + OB together) of Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. have been taken up for land reclamation monitoring for the year 2013-14: Block-II Muraidih 10.2 Both the projects, Block-II OC and Muraidih has been mapped during the year 2011 & 2012 also. 10.3 Project wise Land Reclamation status in BCCL for the year 2013 is given in Table 10.1 and also shown graphically in Fig 10.1. Area statistics of different land use classes present in OC projects in the year 2013 is given in Table 10.2. Land use maps derived from the satellite data is given in Plate no. 10.1 & 10.2. Changes in land use status are shown in Fig. 10.2 & 10.3. 10.4 Study reveals that 84.66% of mining area is under reclamation out of which 18.63% area has been revegitated and 66.12% area is under backfilling. 10.5 After analyzing the satellite data of year 2013 vs. 2012 it is seen that plantation carried out on backfilled area, OB dumps as well as social forestry has not increased in these areas. Only Muraidih recorded an increase of 2 ha. area in backfill plantation. Availability of top soil seems to be a major issue in Block-II area as the OB dump is mostly rocky in nature. This has to be taken up seriously and efforts are required from the coal company to take up measures for undertaking more plantation activities for environmental protection. 10.6 Out of 2 projects of BCCL considered for monitoring, Block - II is on top for land reclamation (85.25%) followed by Muraidih (83.64%). Job No 561410027 135

Table-10.1 Projectwise Land Reclaimation Status in OC projects of Bharat Coking Coal Ltd (BCCL) Based on Satellite data of the Year 2013 Sl No. Projects Leasehold Area Area in Sq Km (% Calculated in respect of total excavated area) Under Total Total Area Plantation/ Under Active Excavated Under Vegetation Backfilling Mining Area Reclamation 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 i ii iii iv ii+iii+iv ii+iii 1 Block-II 8.68 0.56 0.56 3.25 3.37 0.76 0.68 4.57 4.61 3.81 3.93 12.25 12.15 71.12 73.26 16.63 14.78 83.37 85.25 2 Muraidih 5.38 0.78 0.80 1.38 1.45 0.48 0.44 2.64 2.69 2.16 2.25 29.55 29.74 52.27 53.90 18.18 16.36 81.82 83.64 Total 14.06 1.34 1.36 4.63 4.82 1.24 1.12 7.21 7.30 5.97 6.18 18.59 18.63 64.22 66.12 17.20 15.36 82.80 84.66 Fig. 10.1 : Project wise Land Reclamation Status in BCCL Job No 561410027 136

SETTLEMENTS SCRUBS FORESTS AGRICULTURE WATERBODIES WASTELANDS RECLAIMED ACTIVE MINING PLANTATION Table 10.2 CMPDI STATUS OF LAND USE / RECLAMATION IN OC MINES ( > 5 MCM) OF TABLE - 2 BHARAT COKING COAL LIMITED BASED ON SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2013 STATUS OF LAND USE / RECLAMATION IN OC MINES(>5 MCM) OF BHARAT OCKING COAL LIMITED BASED ON SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2013 (Area in Sq Km) JHARIA COALFIELDS BLOCK-II MURAIDIH TOTAL BCCL Area % Area % Area % Dense Forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Open Forest 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Forest 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Scrubs 2.09 24.06 0.77 14.32 2.86 20.34 Social Forestry 0.52 5.96 0.27 5.02 0.79 5.62 Plantation on OB Dump 0.04 0.43 0.3 5.58 0.34 2.42 Plantation on Backfill 0 0 0.23 4.28 0.23 1.64 Total Plantation (Biological Reclamation) 0.56 6.39 0.8 14.88 1.36 9.67 Total Vegetation 2.65 30.45 1.57 29.2 4.22 30.01 Coal Quarry 0.32 3.367 0.16 3.01 0.48 3.41 Coal Dump 0.23 2.65 0.14 2.58 0.37 2.63 Advance Quarry Site 0 0 0.06 1.04 0.06 0.43 Quarry Filled With Water 0.13 1.45 0.08 1.49 0.21 1.49 Total Area under Active Mining 0.68 7.47 0.44 8.12 1.12 7.97 Barren OB Dump 2.61 30.05 0.89 16.48 3.50 24.89 Barren Backfilled Area 0.76 8.75 0.56 10.41 1.32 9.39 Total Area under Technical Reclamation 3.37 38.80 1.45 26.89 4.83 34.28 Total Area under Mine Operation 4.05 46.27 1.89 35.01 5.95 42.25 Waste Lands 0.2 2.27 0.17 3.2 0.37 2.63 Fly Ash Pond / Sand Body 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Wasteland 0.20 2.27 0.17 3.2 0.37 2.63 Reservoir, nallah, ponds 0.09 1.05 0.09 1.55 0.18 1.28 Total Waterbodies 0.09 1.05 0.09 1.55 0.18 1.28 Crop Lands 0.1 1.11 0.05 0.84 0.15 1.07 Fallow Lands 0.94 10.82 1.21 22.44 2.15 15.29 Total Agriculture 1.04 11.93 1.26 23.28 2.30 16.36 Urban Settlement 0.42 4.84 0.35 6.51 0.77 5.48 Rural Settlement 0.13 1.5 0.01 0.19 0.14 1.00 Industrial Settlement 0.12 1.38 0.06 1.05 0.18 1.28 Total Settlement 0.67 7.72 0.42 7.75 1.09 7.75 Grand Total 8.68 100.00 5.38 100.00 14.06 100.00 Job No 561410027 137

Plate 10.1 Job No 561410027 138

Plate 10.2 Job No 561410027 139

Figure 10.2 Figure 10.3 Job No 561410027 140

Phtotgraph 10.1 : Plantation under Social Forestry in Block-II OCP, BCCL Photograph 10.2 : Plantation on OB carried out in Muraidih OCP, BCCL Job No 561410027 141

EASTERN COALFIELDS LIMITED

11.0 Land Reclamation Status in Eastern Coalfields Ltd. 11.1 Following two OC projects producing 5 million cubic m. or more (Coal + OB together) of Eastern Coalfields Ltd. have been taken up for land reclamation monitoring for the year 2013-14: Rajmahal Sonepur Bazari 11.2 Both the projects have also been mapped during the year 2010, 2011 & 2012 for assessing the progress of land reclamation. 11.3 Project wise Land Reclamation status in ECL for the year 2013 is given in Table 11.1 and also shown graphically in Fig 11.1. Area statistics of different land use classes present in OC projects for the year 2013 is given in Table 11.2. Land use maps derived from the satellite data are given in Plate no. 11.1 & 11.2. Changes in land use status are shown in Fig. 11.2 & 11.3. 11.4 Study reveals that 74.83% of mining area is under reclamation out of which 28.78% area has been revegetated and 46.12% area is under backfilling. 11.5 On comparing the status of land reclamation for the year 2013 with respect to the year 2012, it is evident from the analysis that area of land reclamation has increased from 8.60 Km 2 (Yr. 2012) to 9.96 Km 2 (Yr. 2013). 11.6 Out of two projects in ECL, Sonepur Bazari tops with 76.18% reclamation followed by Rajmahal OCP with 73.59% reclamation. Job No 561410027 143

Table 11.1 Projectwise Land Reclamation Status in OC projects of Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL) Based on Satellite data of the Year 2013 Sl No. Projects Leasehold Area Area in Sq Km (% Calculated in respect of total excavated area) Under Total Plantation/ Under Active Excavated Vegetation Backfilling Mining Area Total Area Under Reclamation 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 i ii iii iv ii+iii+iv ii+iii 1 Rajmahal 16.38 2.02 2.02 2.32 3.08 2.31 1.83 6.65 6.91 4.34 5.10 30.38 29.15 34.89 44.57 34.74 26.48 65.26 73.59 2 Sonepur Bazari 23.06 1.81 1.81 2.45 3.05 1.28 1.52 5.54 6.38 4.26 4.86 32.67 28.37 44.22 47.81 23.10 23.82 76.90 76.18 Total 39.44 3.83 3.83 4.77 6.13 3.59 3.35 12.19 13.29 8.60 9.96 31.42 28.78 39.13 46.12 29.45 25.17 70.55 74.83 Fig. 11.1: Project wise Land Reclamation Status 2013 (ECL) Job No 561410027 144

SETTLEMENTS SCRUBS FORESTS AGRICULTURE WATERBODIES WASTELANDS RECLAIMED ACTIVE MINING PLANTATION CMPDI Table 11.2 STATUS OF LAND USE / RECLAMATION TABLE IN - 2EASTERN COALFIELDS LTD. BASED ON SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2013 Status of Land Use / Reclamation in OC Mines(>5mcu.m) of Eastern Coalfields Ltd. based on Satellite data of the Year 2013 (Area in Sq Km) RAJMAHAL SONEPUR BAZARI TOTAL Area % Area % Area % Dense Forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Open Forest 0.30 1.83 0.32 1.40 0.62 1.57 Total Forest 0.30 1.83 0.32 1.40 0.62 1.57 Scrubs 1.63 9.95 4.82 20.90 6.45 16.36 Social Forestry 0.47 2.87 0.86 3.73 1.33 3.37 Plantation on OB Dump 0.05 0.31 0.35 1.52 0.40 1.01 Plantation on Backfill 1.5 9.16 0.6 2.6 2.10 5.33 Total Plantation (Biological Reclamation) 2.02 12.34 1.81 7.85 3.83 9.71 Total Vegetation 3.95 24.12 6.95 30.68 10.90 27.64 Coal Quarry 1.39 8.49 1.07 4.64 2.46 6.24 Coal Dump 0.05 0.31 0.1 0.43 0.15 0.38 Advance Quarry Site 0.22 1.34 0.31 1.34 0.53 1.34 Quarry Filled With Water 0.17 1.04 0.04 0.17 0.21 0.53 Total Area under Active Mining 1.83 11.18 1.52 6.58 3.35 8.49 Barren OB Dump 1.83 11.17 1.21 5.25 3.04 7.71 Area Under Backfilling 1.25 7.63 1.84 7.98 3.09 7.84 Total Area under Technical Reclamation 3.08 18.80 3.05 13.23 6.14 15.54 Total Area under Mining Operation 4.91 29.98 4.57 19.81 9.49 24.04 Waste Lands 0.45 2.75 0.63 2.73 1.08 2.74 Fly Ash Pond / Sand Body 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Wasteland 0.45 2.75 0.63 2.73 1.08 2.74 Reservoir, nallah, ponds 0.17 1.04 0.39 1.69 0.56 1.42 Total Waterbodies 0.17 1.04 0.39 1.69 0.56 1.42 Crop Lands 3.5 21.37 1.15 4.99 4.65 11.79 Fallow Lands 2.7 16.48 8.76 37.99 11.46 29.06 Total Agriculture 6.2 37.85 9.91 42.98 16.11 40.85 Urban Settlement 0.07 0.43 0.09 0.39 0.16 0.41 Rural Settlement 0.45 2.75 0.32 1.39 0.77 1.95 Industrial Settlement 0.18 1.1 0.19 0.82 0.37 0.94 Total Settlement 0.7 4.28 0.60 2.60 1.30 3.30 Grand Total 16.38 100.00 23.06 100.00 39.44 100.00 Job No 561410027 145

Plate 11.1 Job No 561410027 146

Plate 11.2 Job No 561410027 147

Figure 11.2 Figure 11.3 Job No 561410027 148