Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of Open Cast Coal Mines Less than 5 million cu.m. (OB+Coal) of Western Coalfields Ltd. Based on Satellite Data for the Year 2012 I Inder UG to OC Kamptee UG to OC Submitted to Western Coalfields Limited
Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of Open Cast Coal Mines Less than 5 million cu.m. (OB+Coal) of Western Coalfields Ltd. Based on Satellite Data for the Year 2012 March-2013 Remote Sensing Cell Geomatics Division CMPDI, Ranchi Job No 561410027/(WCL) i
Document Control Sheet (1) Job No. RSC/561410027 (2) Publication Date March 2013 (3) Number of Pages 30 (4) Number of Figures 14 (5) Number of Tables 02 (6) Number of Plates 12 (7) Title of Report Land Reclamation/Restoration monitoring of open cast coal mine less than 5 million cu.m.(ob+coal). (8) Aim of the Report To prepare land use/cover map of leasehold area of 12 opencast mine on 1:10000 scale based on high resolution satellite data (IRSR2-L4MX) of the year 2012 using digital image processing technique. (9) Executing Unit Remote Sensing Cell, To analyze land use/cover pattern within the leasehold area of Ballarpur UG mine. Geomatics Division, Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited, Gondwana Place, Kanke Road, Ranchi 834008 (10) User Agency Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), Nagpur, Maharashtra (11) Authors B.K.Choudhary Sr.Mgr(E&M)) Mr. N.P. Singh,G.M(Geomatics) (12) Security Restriction Restricted Circulation (13) No. of Copies 5 (14) Distribution Statement Official Job No 561410027/(WCL) ii
CONTENTS Executive Summary V-Vii 1.0 Background 1-2 2.0 Objective 2 3.0 Methology 2 5.0 Workplan 6 6.0 LandReclamation in Western Coalfields Ltd 6-7 List of Table Table -1 Projectwise Land Reclamation Status VI Table-2 Area Statistics of Land Use classes in OC mine 6-7 List of Plates Plate -1 Land use Map of Inder UG to OC 9 Plate -2 Land use Map of Kamptee UG to OC 10 Plate -3 Land use Map of Navin Kunada OC Mine 11 Plate -4 Land use Map of Shivpuri OC Mine 12 Plate -5 Land use Map of Pauni Expn OC Mine 13 Plate -6 Land use Map of HLOCM OC Mine 14 Plate -7 Land use Map of Ghorawari OC Mine 15 Plate -8 Land use Map of Dhorwasa OC Mine 16 Plate -9 Land use Map of Damua OC Mine 17 Plate -10 Land use Map of Barkui OC Mine 18 Plate -11 Land use Map of MKD-1 OC Mine 19 Plate -12 Land use Map of Ambara OC Mine 20 Job No 561410027/(WCL) iii
List of figure Figure -1 Bar Chart of Project wise Land Reclamation Status Vi Figure -2 Methology of Land Reclamation Monitoring 3 Figure -3 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Indr UG to OC 21 Figure -4 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Kamptee UG to OC 21 Figure -5 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Navin Kunada OCP 22 Figure -6 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Shivpuri OCP 22 Figure -7 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Pauni Exp OCP 23 Figure -8 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of HLOCM OCP 23 Figure -9 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Ghorawari OCP 24 Figure -10 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Dhorwasa OCP 24 Figure -11 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Damua OCP 25 Figure -12 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Barkui OCP 25 Figure -13 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of MKD-1 OCP 26 Figure -14 Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Ambara OCP 26 List of Photo Photo -1 Plantation on External OB dump in Inder UG to OC 27 Photo -2 Plantation on External OB dump in Pauni expn OC 27 Photo -3 Plantation on External OB dump in Ghorawari OC 28 Photo -4 Plantation on External OB dump in Dhorwasa OC 28 Photo -5 Plantation on External OB dump in Navin-Kunada OC 29 Photo -6 Plantation on External OB dump in Navin-Kunada OC 29 Job No 561410027/(WCL) iv
Executive Summary 1.0 Project Land restoration / reclamation monitoring of 12 opencast coal mines of Western Coalfields Ltd. (WCL)producing less than 5 million cu.m. (Coal+OB) per year based on satellite data on regular basis at an interval of three years. 2.0 Objective Objective of the land restoration / reclamation monitoring is to assess the area of backfilled, plantation, social forestry, active mining area, water bodies, and distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest in the leasehold area of the project. This will help in assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and to take up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection. 3.0 Salient Findings Out of the total mine leasehold area of 6425.52 Ha. of the 12 opencast projects of WCL viz. Inder UG to OC,Kamptee UG to OC,Navin Kunada, Shivpuri Pauni Expn OC,HLOCM, Ghorawari,Dhorwasa, Damua, Barkui, MKD-1 and Ambara considered for monitoring during 2012-13; total excavated area is 1906.56Ha (29.67%) of which 663.02 Ha. area (34.78%)has been planted, 750.78Ha. area (39.38%) is under backfilling and 492.76Ha. area (25.85%) is under active mining. Job No 561410027/(WCL) v
Table-5.1 Projectwise Land Reclamation Status in Opencast Projects of WCL based on Satellite Data of the Year 2012 (% age calculated in terms of excavated area) Project Plantation/ Vegetation Under backfilling Active Mining Total Excavated area Total Reclamed area Sl. No. Name Leasehold (in Hectare) i ii iii i+ii+iii i+iii Area in Hectare 1 Inder UG to OC 527.65 2 Kamptee UG to oc 64.26 94.41 124.52 158.67 283.19 22.69% 33.34% 43.97% 56.03% 80.32 58.90 67.18 139.22 206.40 38.91% 28.54% 32.55% 67.45% 93.74 135.28 82.80 311.82 229.02 30.06% 43.38% 26.55% 73.45% 33.75 53.77 34.78 122.30 87.52 27.60% 43.97% 28.44% 71.56% 5 Pauni Expn OC 255.00 25.89 97.36 36.97 160.22 123.25 16.16% 60.77% 23.07% 76.93% 92.54 91.60 33.27 184.14 217.41 42.56% 42.13% 15.30% 84.70% 26.39 56.91 14.34 97.64 83.30 27.03% 58.29% 14.69% 85.31% 42.80 100.95 49.27 143.75 193.02 22.17% 52.30% 25.53% 74.47% 130.86 27.36 0.00 158.22 158.22 82.71% 17.29% 0.00% 100.00 7.21 13.94 9.01 30.16 21.15 23.91% 46.22% 29.87% 70.13% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00 12 Ambara 775.51. 65.26 20.30 40.62 85.56 126.18 51.72% 16.09% 32.19% 67.81% Total (WCL) 462.63 3 Navin Kunada 373.00 4 Shivpuri 336.29 6 7 8 9 HLOCM Ghorawari Dhorwasa Damua 10 Barkui 11 Makardhokra-1 311.66 1175.11 229.56 1080.92 237.50 660.70 6425.52 663.02 750.78 492.76 1906.56 1413.80 34.78% 39.38% 25.85% 29.67% 74.15% Job No 561410027/(WCL) vi
Fig.1: Land reclamation status in OC projects of WCLin the year-2012 Job No 561410027/(WCL) vii
1.0 Background 1.1 Land is the most important natural resource which embodies soil, water, flora and fauna and total ecosystem. All human activities are based on the land which is most scarce natural resource in our country. Mining is a site specific industry and it could not be shifted anywhere else from the location where mineral occurs. It is a fact that surface mining activities do effect the land environment due to ground breaking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reclaim and restore the mined out land for its productive use for sustainable development of mining. This will not only mitigate environmental degradation, but would also help in creating a more congenial environment for land acquisition by coal companies in future. 1.2 Keeping above in view, Coal India Ltd. (CIL) issued a work order vide letter no. CIL/WBP/Env/2009/2428 dated 29.12.2009 to Central Mine Planning & Design Institute (CMPDI), Ranchi, which has well a equipped remote sensing facility and capability to monitor the status of land reclamation for all the opencast coal mines having production of more than 5 million cu. m. per annum (coal + OB taken together) based on remote sensing satellite data, regularly on annual basis for sustainable development of mining operation within command area of CIL and its subsidiaries. Further, the opencast coal mining project of less than 5 million cu.m per annum capacity (Coal +OB) is also under satellite monitoring from the year 2011 at interval of three years. As per work order no CIL/WBP/Env/2009/2428 dated 29.12.2009 of CIL,the result of land reclamation status of all such mines to be put on the website of CIL, (www.coalindia.in), CMPDI (www.cmpdi.co.in) and the concerned coal companies in public domain. Detail report to be submitted to Coal India and respective subsidiaries. 1.3 Land reclamation monitoring of all opencast coal mining projects would also comply the statutory requirements of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF).Such monitoring would not only facilitate in taking timely mitigation measures against environmental degradation, but Job No 561410027/(WCL) 1
would also enable coal companies to utilize the reclaimed land for larger socio-economic benefits in a planned way. 1.4 Present report is embodying the finding of the study based on satellite data of the year 2012 carried out of 12 OC projects producing less than 5 million cu.m. of (coal+ob) for Western Coalfields Ltd. 2.0 Objective Objective of the land reclamation/restoration monitoring is to assess the area of backfilled, plantation, OB dumps, social forestry, active mining area, settlements and water bodies, distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest land in the leasehold area of the project. This is an important step taken up for assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and for taking up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection. 3.0 Methodology There are number of steps involved between raw satellite data procurement and preparation of final map. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad, being the nodal agency for satellite data supply in India, provides only raw digital satellite data, which needs further digital image processing for extracting the information and map preparation before uploading the same in the website. Methodology for land reclamation monitoring is given in given in Fig 2. Following steps are involved in land reclamation /restoration monitoring: Job No 561410027/(WCL) 2
Figure: 2 Methodology for Land Reclamation Monitoring 3.1 Data Procurement: After browsing the data quality and date of pass on internet, supply order for data is placed to NRSC. Secondary data like leasehold boundary, topo sheets are procured for creation of vector database. 3.2 Satellite Data Processing: Satellite data are processed using PCI GEOMATICA / ERDAS IMAGINE 2013digital image processing s/w. Methodology involves the following major steps: Rectification & Geo-referencing: Inaccuracies in digital imagery may occur due to systematic errors attributed to earth curvature and rotation as well as non-systematic errors attributed to satellite receiving station itself. Raw digital images contain geometric distortions, which make them unusable as maps. Therefore, georeferencing is required for correction of image data using ground control points (GCP) to make it compatible to SoI topo sheet. Job No 561410027/(WCL) 3
Image enhancement: To improve the interpretability of the raw data, image enhancement is necessary. Local operations modify the value of each pixel based on brightness value of neighbouring pixels using PCI Geomatica / ERDAS IMAGINE 2013s/w. and enhance the image quality for interpretation. Training set selection Training set requires to be selected, so that software can classify the image data accurately. The image data are analysed based on the interpretation keys. These keys are evolved from certain fundamental image-elements such as tone/colour, size, shape, texture, pattern, location, association and shadow. Based on the imageelements and other geo-technical elements like land form, drainage pattern and physiography; training sets were selected/identified for each land use/cover class. Field survey was carried out by taking selective traverses in order to collect the ground information (or reference data) so that training sets are selected accurately in the image. This was intended to serve as an aid for classification. Classification and Accuracy assessment Image classification is carried out using the maximum likelihood algorithm. The classification proceeds through the following steps: (a) calculation of statistics [i.e. signature generation] for the identified training areas, and (b) the decision boundary of maximum probability based on the mean vector, variance, covariance and correlation matrix of the pixels. After evaluating the statistical parameters of the training sets, reliability test of training sets is conducted by measuring the statistical separation between the classes that resulted from computing divergence matrix. The overall accuracy of the classification was finally assessed with reference to ground truth data. Area calculation The area of each land use class in the leasehold is determined using PCI Geomatica v10.1 / ERDAS IMAGINE v. 2013 software. Job No 561410027/(WCL) 4
Overlay of Vector data base Vector data base created based on secondary data. Vector layer like drainage, railway line, leasehold boundary, forest boundary etc. are superimposed on the image as vector layer in the Arc GIS database. Pre-field map preparation Pre-field map is prepared for validation of the classification result 3.3 Ground Truthing: Selective ground verification of the land use classes are carried out in the field and necessary corrections if required, are incorporated before map finalization. 3.4 Land reclamation database on GIS: Land reclamation database is created on GIS platform to identify the temporal changes identified from satellite data of different cut-of dates. Job No 561410027/(WCL) 5
4.0 Work Plan 4.1 Twelve opencast projects of WCL producing less than 5 million cubic m. (Coal + OB together) during the year 2012 which have been taken up for land restoration / reclamation monitoring based on the RESOURCESAT-2(L-IV) satellite data using PCI Geomatics / ERDAS Imaging digital image processing s/w on GIS platform. Land reclamation monitoring will be carried out regularly on annual basis to assess the progressive status of land restoration / reclamation in the above opencast mines. The report of this study has been uploaded on the website of CMPDI & CIL in public domain. 5.0 Land Reclamation Status in Western coalfields Ltd. 5.1 Following 12 opencast projects of WCL producing less than 5 million cubic m. (coal+ob) together, were taken up for land reclamation monitoring during the year 2012. Inder UG to OC Kamptee UG to OC Navin Kunada OC Shivpuri OC Pauni Exp OC HLOCM Ghorawari OC Dhorwasa OC Damua OC Barkui OC Makardhokra-1 OC Ambara OC Job No 561410027/(WCL) 6
5.2 Area statistics of different land use class present in the mine leasehold of the above projects for the year 2012 are shown in the Table - 5.2. Land use maps derived from satellite data are shown in Plate 5.1 5.12. Different land use classes based on satellite data are depicted in Bar Charts in Fig.5.1-5.12 5.3 Study reveals that out of total 6425.52Ha. mining area; 1413.80 Ha. area (74.15%) has already been reclaimed out of which 663.02Ha. (34.78%) area has been revegitated and 750.78Ha. (39.38%) area are under backfilling. Job No 561410027/(WCL) 7
Job No 561410027/(WCL) 8 CMPDI
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Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Job No 561410027/(WCL) 21
Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Job No 561410027/(WCL) 22
Figure 5.5 Figure -5.6 Job No 561410027/(WCL) 23
Figure-5.7 Figure-5.8 Job No 561410027/(WCL) 24
Figure-5.9 Figure -5.10 Job No 561410027/(WCL) 25
Figure- 5.11 Figure-5. Job No 561410027/(WCL) 26
Photo -1 Plantation on External OB dump in Kamptee UG to OC mine Photo-2 Plantation on External OB dump in Pauni expn OCP Job No 561410027/(WCL) 27
Photo -3 Plantation on External OB dump at Ghorawari OCP Photo-4 Plantation on External OB Dump in Dhowasa OCP Job No 561410027/(WCL) 28
Photo-5 Plantation on External OB Dump in Navin Kunada OCM Photo-6 Plantation on External OB dump in HLOCM Job No 561410027/(WCL) 29