NJDEP TETERBORO AIRPORT AIR QUALITY STUDY

NJDEP TETERBORO AIRPORT AIR QUALITY STUDY Alan Kao, Principal ENVIRON International Corporation Groton, Massachusetts Final Project Presentation February 11, 2008

Background OUTLINE Recap of monitoring program design What we monitored Where we monitored Air quality characterization Monitoring data collected at Teterboro Airport Comparison with NJDEP monitoring network and health benchmarks Temporal variations VOCs, BC, PM2.5 Compare to traffic patterns, airport activity, wind 2

BACKGROUND 2001 ENVIRON Screening Study 48-hour monitoring study (June 27-29) The overall results of the Screening Study indicate that airport operations might be affecting ambient air quality in the immediate vicinity. The major limitation of the Screening Study is that its results represent a single point in time, and thus may not reflect longterm conditions Based on the results of the Screening Study, a more extensive study was recommended 3

BACKGROUND 2003 EOHSI Modeling Study Using emissions estimates for various sources in the airport vicinity (e.g., aircraft, mobiles sources, local industry), modeled ambient air concentrations Concluded that airport operations were a minor contributor to local air quality, accounting for 1-5% of air toxics concentrations in ambient air 4

PROJECT OBJECTIVES Major Goals of NJDEP/ENVIRON Study: Measure ambient concentrations of specific compounds of potential concern over an extended period of time Provide monitoring results consistent with other data being collected by NJDEP, which would allow for a comparison of the Teterboro area results to data collected for other locations in New Jersey Evaluate whether the target compound emissions from Teterboro Airport have a measurable impact on air quality in the airport vicinity 5

6 TETERBORO AIRPORT VICINITY

WHAT DID WE MONITOR? Air Pollutants of Concern Gas phase constituents: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes Carbonyls (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde) Particle-phase constituents: Fine particles (PM2.5) Black carbon 7

WHAT DID WE MONITOR? Gas phase constituents: Automated canister / cartridge samplers (ATEC Toxic Air Sampler) discrete measurement of VOCs and carbonyls (24-hour samples every six days) 8

WHAT DID WE MONITOR? Gas phase constituents: Open path DOAS monitoring systems (Cerex Environmental UVSentry) continuous measurement of certain gaseous pollutants (e.g., VOCs, NO) 9

WHAT DID WE MONITOR? Particle-phase constituents Beta-attenuation monitors (Met One EBAM) continuous measurement of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) Aethalometers (Magee Scientific) continuous measurement of black carbon (BC) 10

WHAT DID WE MONITOR? Other parameters: Meteorological parameters wind speed and direction Traffic flow Aircraft landings and takeoffs (provided by TEB) 11

WHERE DID WE MONITOR? P1 S1 19 24 S2 6 1 P2 12

WHERE DID WE MONITOR? P1 19 24 Speciated VOCs gases BC PM2.5 wind data traffic 13

WHERE DID WE MONITOR? Speciated VOCs gases BC PM2.5 wind data traffic 6 1 P2 14

WHERE DID WE MONITOR? 19 S1 24 Speciated VOCs 6 Speciated VOCs S2 1 15

AIRPORT ACTIVITY AND TRAFFIC MONITORING What was happening at the airport? What was happening on the roads?

17 WHAT WAS HAPPENING AT THE AIRPORT?

WHAT WAS HAPPENING AT THE AIRPORT? Runway 24, 49082, 28% Runway 1, 41968, 24% Runway 6, 30846, 18% Runway 19, 52605, 30% 18

19 WHAT WAS HAPPENING ON THE ROADS?

20 WHAT WAS HAPPENING ON THE ROADS?

21 WHAT WAS HAPPENING ON THE ROADS?

22 WHAT WAS HAPPENING ON THE ROADS?

10:00 PM 11:00 PM 9:00 PM 23 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 WIND SPEED PATTERN Average Hourly Wind Speed at P1 and P2 in 2006 5:00 AM 6:00 AM 7:00 AM 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 4:00 AM Hour Primary 1 Primary 2 3:00 AM 1:00 AM 2:00 AM 12:00 AM Wind speed (mph)

AIR MONITORING RESULTS What s in the air? How does it compare with the rest of New Jersey? Where is it coming from?

WHAT WAS MEASURED IN THE AIR? The following 16 compounds were consistently detected (>70%) in the canister/cartridge samples: Acetone Benzene Dichlorodifluoromethane Ethylbenzene Methyl ethyl ketone Methylene chloride Toluene Trichlorofluoromethane Xylenes Acetaldehyde Benzaldehyde Butyraldehyde Formaldehyde Hexaldehyde Propionaldehyde Valeraldehyde 13 of these 16 were higher at Teterboro than at other NJ stations 25

COMPARISON WITH OTHER NJ LOCATIONS Camden (urban) New Brunswick (suburban) Chester (background) Elizabeth (mobile source dominated) 26

COMPARISON WITH OTHER NJ LOCATIONS Elizabeth Station dominated by mobile sources 27

28 CERTAIN VOCs ARE ELEVATED COMPARED TO OTHER NJ LOCATIONS

29 CERTAIN VOCs ARE COMPARABLE OR LOWER THAN AT OTHER NJ LOCATIONS

RISK SCREENING CALCULATIONS Cancer risks at P2 are comparable to Elizabeth; P1 is about two times higher 30

RISK SCREENING CALCULATIONS Noncancer risks at P2 are comparable to Elizabeth; P1 is about two times higher 31

32 SUMMERTIME INCREASE IN ALDEHYDES

PM2.5 IS ELEVATED COMPARED TO OTHER NJ LOCATIONS BUT method used in this study for PM2.5 is different than method used by NJDEP 33

34 PM2.5 TRENDS P1 Average 12 10 Hourly Wind Speed at P1 and P2 in 2006 8 6 4 2 0 9:00 PM 10:00 PM 11:00 PM 6:00 AM 7:00 AM 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM Hour Primary 1 Primary 2 5:00 AM 4:00 AM 3:00 AM 2:00 AM 1:00 AM 12:00 AM Wind speed (mph)

35 PM2.5 TRENDS P2 Average 12 10 Hourly Wind Speed at P1 and P2 in 2006 8 6 4 2 0 9:00 PM 10:00 PM 11:00 PM 6:00 AM 7:00 AM 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM Hour Primary 1 Primary 2 5:00 AM 4:00 AM 2:00 AM 3:00 AM 1:00 AM 12:00 AM Wind speed (mph)

PM2.5 CONCENTRATION IS RELATED TO WIND SPEED Average PM2.5 Concentration by Wind Speed in 2006 45 40 35 PM Concentration (ug/m3) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Wind Speed (mph) P1 PM2.5 Concentration P2 PM2.5 Concentration 36

EVALUATION OF WIND-FILTERED DATA PRI-1 135-225 deg 19 SEC-1 24 160-270 deg SEC-2 6 15-90 deg 1 315-70 deg PRI-2 37

38 PM2.5 OBSERVED WHEN WIND IS FROM BOTH AIRPORT AND ROADWAYS

39 PM2.5 OBSERVED WHEN WIND IS FROM BOTH AIRPORT AND ROADWAYS

BLACK CARBON TRENDS P1 Day-of-week temporal pattern for BC is similar to large vehicle automotive traffic 40

BLACK CARBON TRENDS P2 Day-of-week temporal pattern for BC is similar to large vehicle automotive traffic 41

BLACK CARBON CONCENTRATION IS RELATED TO WIND SPEED Average Black Carbon Concentration by Wind Speed in 2006 5 4.5 4 BC Concentration (ug/m3) 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Wind Speed (mph) P1 BC Concentration P2 BC Concentration 42

43 BLACK CARBON OBSERVED WHEN WIND IS FROM BOTH AIRPORT AND ROADWAYS

44 BLACK CARBON OBSERVED WHEN WIND IS FROM BOTH AIRPORT AND ROADWAYS

OPEN PATH SYSTEM OVERVIEW TRANSMITTER RECEIVER Nonlocalized Emission Source When some gases are exposed to UV light, they will absorb specific wavelengths of light. Measure of total absorption is called DUV Intensity. 45

OPEN PATH SYSTEM OVERVIEW DUV Intensity represents all gases that absorb in certain wavelengths, including hazardous and nonhazardous compounds Methods are still under development to identify specific individual compounds (e.g., NO) NOTE: This is an experimental technique; has not been officially validated or approved by USEPA or other regulatory agencies 46

DUV-DOAS OPEN PATH SYSTEM P1 RECEIVER PATH LENGTH = 190 meters TRANSMITTER 47

DUV-DOAS OPEN PATH SYSTEM P2 PATH LENGTH = 188 meters TRANSMITTER RECEIVER 48

49 DUV SIGNAL DROPS WITH TIME FROM LTO

50 DUV SIGNAL OBSERVED WHEN WIND IS FROM BOTH AIRPORT AND ROADWAYS

51 DUV SIGNAL OBSERVED WHEN WIND IS FROM BOTH AIRPORT AND ROADWAYS

Thu 8/31 10:00 AM Thu 8/31 12:00 PM Thu 8/31 2:00 PM 52 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 DUV SIGNAL FROM AIRPORT P2 DUV Intensity for Aug 30-31, 2006 Using five-second open path and wind data Wed 8/30 12:00 PM Wed 8/30 2:00 PM Wed 8/30 4:00 PM Wed 8/30 6:00 PM Wed 8/30 8:00 PM Wed 8/30 10:00 PM Thu 8/31 12:00 AM Thu 8/31 2:00 AM Thu 8/31 4:00 AM Thu 8/31 6:00 AM Thu 8/31 8:00 AM Date/Time Wind from roads (90-270) Wind from airport (315-70) Crosswind (70-90, 270-315) Wed 8/30 10:00 AM Wed 8/30 6:00 AM Wed 8/30 8:00 AM DUV Intensity (280-207)

DUV SIGNAL FROM AIRPORT P2 DUV Intensity and LTOs for Wed, August 30, 2006, 7-10am Using five-second open path and wind data Wind from roads (90-270) Wind from airport (315-70) Crosswind (70-90, 270-315) 2.4 2.2 Wind speeds are approximately 5-7 mph during this time period. Automobile traffic in runway Idling plane in front of P2 2 DUV Intensity (280-207) 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 7:13a: 1 plane LTO 7:45a: 1 heliport LTO 7:54a: 1 heliport LTO 8:16-8:20: 4 plane LTOs 8:44-8:54a: 11 plane LTOs 8:59-9:05a: 5 plane LTOs 7:00 AM 7:15 AM 7:30 AM 7:45 AM 8:00 AM 8:15 AM 8:30 AM 8:45 AM 9:00 AM 9:15 AM 9:30 AM 9:45 AM 10:00 AM Date/Time 53

55 DUV SIGNAL FROM AIRPORT

56 DUV SIGNAL FROM AIRPORT

57 DUV SIGNAL FROM AIRPORT

58 DUV SIGNAL FROM AIRPORT

CONCLUSIONS IS THE AIR NEAR THE AIRPORT WORSE THAN THE REST OF THE STATE? Certain VOCs were detected at parts of Teterboro Airport at higher concentrations than other representative locations in New Jersey (e.g., formaldehyde, toluene); other VOCs (e.g., benzene, acetaldehyde) were comparable to other NJ locations. PM2.5 measured around Teterboro Airport appears to have been higher than other NJ monitoring locations in 2006, although the method used to measure PM2.5 around Teterboro Airport in this study typically yields higher results than the method used at the other NJ locations. 59

CONCLUSIONS IS THE AIR NEAR THE AIRPORT HAZARDOUS TO MY HEALTH? Risks associated with the concentrations of VOCs consistently detected around parts of Teterboro Airport are higher than other representative locations in New Jersey (based on conservative risk screening calculations intended to overestimate exposures and be health protective). Similar to other locations in New Jersey, risks around Teterboro Airport exceed health benchmarks. These exceedances are typical of urban areas in the U.S. 60

CONCLUSIONS IS THE AIRPORT AFFECTING THE LOCAL AIR QUALITY? Airport activities have a measurable effect on local air quality, as do other sources. PM2.5 and DUV intensity signal were observed to come from both roadways and the airport. These conclusions are supported by temporal and wind directionfiltered analyses, as well as review of videotapes. Black carbon was also observed to come from both roadways and the airport operations, although to a lesser extent. Stronger contributions of BC appear to be coming from large vehicles. 61

CONCLUSIONS HOW MUCH IS THE AIRPORT AFFECTING THE LOCAL AIR QUALITY? Although the data indicate that airport activities have a measurable effect on local air quality, the data were insufficient to quantify the contribution from airport activities. However, the prevalence of these measurable impacts suggests that the airport is not an insignificant source with respect to the local air quality. Airport contributions appear to be highly dependent on wind direction and wind speed, as well as airport activity. 62

RECOMMENDATIONS Additional study is needed to identify and quantify potential emission sources of certain detected VOCs and carbonyls, such as formaldehyde. In particular, the summertime increase in formaldehyde concentrations should be further evaluated to understand why it was elevated at P1 but not at other locations. Other VOC sources in the airport vicinity should be identified and their emissions quantified. PM2.5 and black carbon concentrations and emission sources should be further evaluated. 63

RECOMMENDATIONS The DUV-DOAS open path system appears to be a promising tool for evaluating airport impacts on local air quality; more research is needed to develop this technology and to characterize DUV compounds. Additional study is needed to understand the impact of airport operations on the local community. Perimeter monitoring around the airport coupled with neighborhood monitoring, particularly at times when jet fuel odors are apparent Short-term sampling (e.g., three hours or less) when winds are steady to quantify upwind and downwind concentrations. Short-term VOC monitoring to evaluate temporal trends 64