Slide 1 / 92 Slide 2 / 92 IOLOGY lassification & Phylogeny pril 2013 www.njctl.org acoelomate angiosperm bilateral symmetry Slide 3 / 92 Vocabulary lick on each word below to go to the definition. binomial nomenclature cladistic analysis cladogram class coelomate cotyledon dicot domain endothermic family genus gymnosperm heterotroph invertebrate kingdom monocot order phloem phototroph phylogenetic tree phylogeny phylum psuedocoelomate radial symmetry species epithet taxa vertebrate xylem Slide 4 / 92 lassification & Phylogeny Topics lassification & Naming Phylogeny & ladistics omains & Kingdoms Kingdom Plantae Kingdom nimalia lick on the topic to go to that section lassification & Naming Slide 5 / 92 Slide 6 / 92 lassification lassification is a method of organizing species into groups called taxa. There are 8 taxa in the modern system of classification. Return to Table of ontents This modern system began with the work of arolus Linnaeus in 1735. Linnaeus based his classification of species solely on shared characteristics. Scientists have refined this system using molecular homologies and N evidence.
Slide 7 / 92 The igger Picture Think about classification in this way... the country is divided into states, states into counties, counties into towns, towns into streets, and streets into individual houses. Slide 8 / 92 The ig Picture ontinent People living in the same house have more in common than people on the same street. People on the same street have more in common than people in the same town. People in the same town have more in common than people in the same county. People in the same county have more in common than people in the same state. People in the same state have more in common that people in the same country. Genus Species Family person Slide 9 / 92 The lassification System Order house street lass town More in ommon Phylum Kingdom county state Slide 11 / 92 omain country ontinent Less in ommon person In other words... house street town More in ommon county state Slide 10 / 92 Species to omain country Organisms of the same species have more in common than organisms of the same genus. Organisms of the same genus have more in common than organisms of the same family. Organisms of the same family have more in common than organisms of the same order. Organisms of the same order have more in common than organisms of the same class. Organisms of the same class have more in common than organisms of the phylum. Organisms of the same phylum have more in common than organisms of the same kingdom. Organisms of the same kingdom have more in common than organisms of the same domain. Slide 11 (nswer) / 92 Less in ommon 1 Which of these groupings has the most in common? 1 Which of these groupings has the most in common? order order class class phylum kingdom phylum kingdom nswer
Slide 12 / 92 Slide 12 (nswer) / 92 2 Which of these groupings has the least in common? 2 Which of these groupings has the least in common? order order class class phylum kingdom phylum kingdom nswer Slide 13 / 92 3 elow is the biological classification of humans in order from least in common to most in common. Identify the highlighted taxa. phylum, order family, genus phylum, speices kingdom, family nimalia hordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Homo sapiens Slide 13 (nswer) / 92 3 elow is the biological classification of humans in order from least in common to most in common. Identify the highlighted taxa. phylum, order family, genus phylum, speices kingdom, family nswer nimalia hordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Homo sapiens Slide 14 / 92 4 elow is the biological classification of the sian elephant in order from least in common to most in common. Identify the highlighted taxa. phylum, order family, genus class, speices phylum, genus nimalia hordata Mammalia Proboscidea Elephantidae Elephas Elephas maximus Slide 14 (nswer) / 92 4 elow is the biological classification of the sian elephant in order from least in common to most in common. Identify the highlighted taxa. phylum, order family, genus class, speices phylum, genus nswer nimalia hordata Mammalia Proboscidea Elephantidae Elephas Elephas maximus
Slide 15 / 92 We are Homo sapiens Slide 16 / 92 inomial Nomenclature inomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming a species. Each species' name includes the organism's genus and a species epithet to identify it. ommon Name Genus species epithet dog anis familiaris Wolf anis lupis Sugar Maple Tree cer sacchaum Human Why are we given this special name? Slide 17 / 92 Rules for Naming Homo sapiens Slide 18 / 92 5The genus for the merican black bears is ursus and the epithet is americanus. Which of the following is the proper species name of merican black bears? 1. The first letter of the genus is always capitalized. 2. The first letter of the species epithet is never capitalized. 3. The whole name is italicized. oth the genus and species epithet together are referred to as the name of the species. We are never just called sapiens. E Ursus mericanus mericanus ursus Ursus americanus Ursus americanus mericanus Ursus Slide 18 (nswer) / 92 Slide 19 / 92 5The genus for the merican black bears is ursus and the epithet is americanus. Which of the following is the proper species name of merican black bears? Ursus mericanus mericanus ursus 6The species name for a tiger is Panthera tigris. What is a tiger's genus? Panthera tigris E Ursus americanus nswer Ursus americanus mericanus Ursus
Slide 19 (nswer) / 92 6The species name for a tiger is Panthera tigris. What is a tiger's genus? Panthera Phylogeny & ladistics Slide 20 / 92 tigris nswer Return to Table of ontents Slide 21 / 92 Slide 22 / 92 Phylogeny Scientists can further classify a species based on its probable evolutionary history. phylogeny is a graphic method of illustrating the evolutionary relationships between species. Example of a Mammalian Phylogeny Phylogenetic Trees Phylogenetic trees are used to show relatedness among organisms. ranches separate organisms based on traits they have in common. iologists use two methods to place organisms on the phylogenetic tree: - morphological similarities (similarities in body structure and embryonic development) - molecular similarities (similarities in N, RN, and proteins) Phylogenetic trees are constantly changing to fit in the new information that scientists learn. Slide 23 / 92 Slide 23 (nswer) / 92 7Which of the following is NOT used to create a phylogenetic tree? 7Which of the following is NOT used to create a phylogenetic tree? N comparison N comparison Molecular homologies cquired characteristics omparative embryology Molecular homologies cquired characteristics omparative embryology nswer
Slide 24 / 92 ladistics One of the tools used to create a phylogeny is cladistic analysis. cladogram is a special type of phylogenetic tree that uses derived traits to determine which species are most closely related. Turtle Slide 25 / 92 nother Way to Show It Leopard omestic at Wolf Horse bility to purr retractable claws ability to purr domestic cat Retractable laws hair carnivore leopard wolf arnivour ommon ncestor horse Hair Turtle ommon ncestor Slide 26 / 92 Slide 27 / 92 The closer together two organisms are on the cladogram, the more shared traits they have in common, therefore the more related they are. lade Turtle Horse Wolf Leopard omestic at bility to purr Retractable laws arnivour Hair ommon ncestor Slide 27 (nswer) / 92 Slide 28 / 92
Slide 28 (nswer) / 92 Slide 29 / 92 omains & Kingdoms Return to Table of ontents Slide 30 / 92 In a phylogenetic tree of all life on Earth, the first branches represent the 3 domains of the modern classification system. These 3 domains are: omain acteria omain rchaea omain omains acteria ommon ncestor rchaea Slide 31 / 92 omain acteria omain acteria consists of prokaryotes and includes the bacteria most people are familiar with including both the the beneficial bacteria used to make yogurt as well as disease causing organisms such as E.coli O157:H7 omain acteria has only one kingdom, Eubacteria. Species in this kingdom are assigned to more discrete taxa based on their cell structures, methods of cellular metabolism, and other factors. Eubacteria acteria rchaea ommon ncestor Slide 32 / 92 omain rchaea omain rchaea is also contains only prokaryotes. These prokaryotes share characteristics with both bacteria and eukaryotes. They differ from bacteria by a difference in their rrn base sequence and in the structure of their plasma membrane. omain rchaea contains organisms which live in places on Earth considered too volatile for other organisms such as very hot or salty environments. rchaebacteria Slide 33 / 92 omain omain is made up of eukaryotes. They can be unicellular or multicellular. The cells all have a membrane bound nucleus and various organelles. This domain is broken into 4 kingdoms: - Protista - Fungi - Plantae - nimalia acteria Fungi nimalia Plantae Protista rchaea acteria rchaea ommon ncestor ommon ncestor
Slide 34 / 92 Major ifferences etween omains Slide 35 / 92 10 Which domain do Homo sapiens belong to? haracteristic acteria rchaea Unicellular Yes Yes Some species Membrane lipids ell Wall Phospholipids, unbranched Yes with peptidoglycan ifferent types, branched Yes without peptidoglycan Phospholipids, unbranched Some species Nuclear Envelope No No Yes acteria rchaea Membrane-bound organelles No No Yes Slide 35 (nswer) / 92 Slide 36 / 92 10 Which domain do Homo sapiens belong to? 11What omain has the most in common with LU? acteria acteria rchaea nswer rchaea Slide 36 (nswer) / 92 Slide 37 / 92 11What omain has the most in common with LU? 12 Which domain has 4 kingdoms? acteria acteria rchaea nswer rchaea
12 Which domain has 4 kingdoms? Slide 37 (nswer) / 92 Slide 38 / 92 Kingdom Protista acteria Like all eukaryotes, protists contain organelles and have a true nucleus. rchaea nswer plasmodium Most are unicellular, but some (like algae) are multicellular. Often they create colonies. slime mold Some are heterotrophs (getting energy from organic compounds) and some are phototrophs (getting energy from the sun). amoeba Slide 39 / 92 Slide 40 / 92 Kingdom Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic and nearly all fungi are multicellular. They have cell walls that contain chitin. Fungi are heterotrophs; they cannot make their own food as they lack chloroplasts. Species in this kingdom are assigned to phyla based on their sexual reproductive structures. Kingdom Plantae Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes. Members of the Plantae kingdom are further grouped based on how they carry water: vascular and nonvascular. There are 3 non-vascular phyla and 9 vascular phyla. Slide 41 / 92 Kingdom nimalia Slide 42 / 92 13Which kingdom(s) do Homo sapiens belong to? nimals are eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs. There are 36 recognized animal phyla, of which 9 contain the vast majority of described, existing species. nimals are grouped into phyla based on the presence or absence of certain structures. E Protists Plantae Fungi nimalia all of the above
Slide 42 (nswer) / 92 Slide 43 / 92 13Which kingdom(s) do Homo sapiens belong to? 14Which Kingdom(s) have multicellular species? Protists Plantae Protists E Fungi nimalia nswer all of the above Plantae Fungi nimalia E all of the above Slide 43 (nswer) / 92 Slide 44 / 92 14Which Kingdom(s) have multicellular species? 15Which Kingdom(s) are exclusively autotrophic? Protists Protists Plantae Fungi nswer E Plantae Fungi nimalia nimalia E all of the above E all of the above Slide 44 (nswer) / 92 15Which Kingdom(s) are exclusively autotrophic? Protists Plantae Fungi nimalia nswer E all of the above Slide 45 / 92 Last Universal ommon ncestor We're again bought back to the idea of LU and that all living things have a common starting point. Let's take another look at the phylogeny that we have drawn so far. nimalia Plantae Eubacteria Fungi acteria Protista rchaea rchaebacteria ommon ncestor
Slide 46 / 92 Kingdom Plantae Slide 47 / 92 Plant Phyla The plant kingdom is broken down into 12 phyla, based on the presence or absence of a vascular system, the presence/absence of seeds, and the presence/absence of flowers. Return to Table of ontents 3 Non-Vascular Phyla - liverworts - mosses - hornworts 4 Vascular/Non-Seeded Phyla - whisk ferns - club mosses - horsetails - ferns 4 Vascular/Seeded Phyla - conifers - cycads - Ginko biloba - Gnetophyta 1 Vascular/Seeded/Flowering Phyla - all flowering plants Slide 48 / 92 Vascular Plants Slide 49 / 92 Vascular Tissues Vascular plants Non-vascular plants The xylem is mainly responsible for transporting water up from the roots. quatic plants The phloem transports sugars (sap) from the leaves to parts of the plant that do not undergo photosynthesis such as the branches and roots. The vascular plants contain specialized tissues, the xylem and the phloem for moving water and nutrients throughout the plant, much like the human circulatory system. xylem in a stem ngiosperm Gymnosperm Slide 50 / 92 Seeded Plants In some vascular plants, fertilization results in the development of a seed. Seeds protect the plant embryo until conditions are right for development. Slide 51 / 92 Gymnosperms vs. ngiosperms onifers eciduous Trees Seeded plants Non-seeded plants Vascular plants Seeded, non-flowering plants are called gymnosperms. Flowering plants are called angiosperms.
Slide 52 / 92 ngiosperms ngiosperms have dominated the land for over 100 million years and there are about 250,000 known species. Most of our foods come from a few hundred domesticated species of flowering plants. Roughly 70% of angiosperms are polyploid. Slide 53 / 92 Monocots and icots The term monocot and dicot refer to the first leaves that appear on the embryo of the plant, the cotyledon. Monocot icot The angiosperms are broken down into 2 classes, the monocots and the dicots. ngiosperm Gymnosperm Monocot has one cotyledon Monocot icot icot has two cotyledons Seeded Plants Slide 54 / 92 Slide 55 / 92 Examples of icots Fruit Trees Grape Vines Magnolia Tree Pumpkin Patch Monocot Seed Slide 56 / 92 icot Seed Slide 57 / 92 Leaf Veins seed coat endosperm one cotyledon embryo seed coat endosperm two cotyledons embryo Monocots have parallel leaf veins while dicots have branched leaf veins
Slide 58 / 92 Stem Vascular undles The vascular tissue which transports water and nutrients up the stem of the plant has different arrangements in monocots and dicots. 16 dicot has one cotyledon. True False Slide 59 / 92 Monocots have bundles in complex arrangements icots have vascular bundles in a ring Slide 59 (nswer) / 92 Slide 60 / 92 16 dicot has one cotyledon. True False nswer FLSE Slide 60 (nswer) / 92 Slide 61 / 92 18This is the stem of a dicot. True False
18This is the stem of a dicot. True False Slide 61 (nswer) / 92 Slide 62 / 92 Flower Petal rrangements The floral petals on each plant differ in total number. Monocots have petals in multiples of three, while dicots have petals in multiples of four or five. nswer TRUE Monocot Multiple of 3 icot Multiple of 4 or 5 Slide 63 / 92 Slide 64 / 92 Roots Monocots have a fibrous root system, 19Is this flower a monocot? Yes No while dicots typically have one taproot. 19Is this flower a monocot? Yes No Slide 64 (nswer) / 92 20This flower is a monocot. True False Slide 65 / 92 nswer NO
Slide 65 (nswer) / 92 Slide 66 / 92 20This flower is a monocot. True False nswer TRUE Slide 66 (nswer) / 92 Slide 67 / 92 ontinuing lassification Plants are further classified into families, orders, genus, and species based on additional adaptations and derived characteristics such as modified leaves, modified stems, and modified roots. modified stem modified leaf Slide 68 / 92 modified root Slide 69 / 92 Phylogeny Examples: Plantae Kingdom nimalia Return to Table of ontents
Slide 70 / 92 The Original ncestral nimal The animal kingdom probably evolved during the ambrian period, 540 million years ago. The earliest animal fossils are from the late Precambrian period, 600 million years ago. Slide 71 / 92 The ambrian Explosion t the beginning of the Paleozoic era, multicellular animals underwent an 'explosion' in diversity known as the 'ambrian explosion'. This artist's rendering, based on fossil evidence, of some of the bizarre life forms, now extinct, that emerged during this time. ll animal body plans that exist today can be traced back with geologic and fossil data to ancestors of this time period. Over time natural selection, for one reason or another, favored some traits over others and today we are left with a small percentage of the body plans that existed in the ambrian period. Slide 72 / 92 The ambrian Explosion Slide 74 / 92 Symmetry Slide 73 / 92 Phyla of the nimal Kingdom The animal kingdoms can be broken down into 36 phyla based on body symmetry and body cavities. Some of these phyla include: - Sponges - Jellyfish - Flatworms - Round Worms - Mollusks - Segmented Worms - rthropods - Echinoderms - hordates Jellyfish Sponges Segmented Worms Flatworms Mollusks Round Worms nimalia Slide 75 / 92 22Which of the following animals is radially symmetrical? rthropods hordates Echinoderms nimal bodies can either have radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry. Radial Symmetry is a common feature of simple animals. Radially symmetrical animals have all body parts radiating out from the center of the body. alligator flatworm jellyfish lobster ilateral Symmetry is more commonly found in complex animals. ilateral animals show a right and left side
Slide 75 (nswer) / 92 22Which of the following animals is radially symmetrical? Slide 76 / 92 23 human has which type of symmetry? alligator radial symmetry flatworm bilateral symmetry jellyfish lobster nswer TRUE Slide 76 (nswer) / 92 Slide 77 / 92 23 human has which type of symmetry? radial symmetry bilateral symmetry ody avities body cavity is a fluid-filled space that lies between the digestive tract and the body. There are 3 types of body cavities among animals. nswer coelomates, such as the flatworm, have no body cavity. Pseudocoelomates, such as the roundworm, have a partiallylined body cavity. oelomates, such as the earthworm, have a fully-lined body cavity. Slide 78 / 92 Slide 79 / 92 coelomates Pseudocoelomates Planarian coelomates have only a digestive cavity with no lining. Pseudocoelomates have a partially lined body cavity with loosely holds the animals organs in place.
Slide 80 / 92 oelomates Slide 81 / 92 24 Humans have which type of body plan? symmetrical acoelomate symmetrical coelomate bilateral psuedocoelomate bilateral coelomate oelomates have a fully lined body cavity called a coelom which holds the animals organs in place. Slide 81 (nswer) / 92 24 Humans have which type of body plan? symmetrical acoelomate symmetrical coelomate bilateral psuedocoelomate bilateral coelomate Slide 82 / 92 Phylum: hordata Humans belong to the phylum chordata. ll chordates have a dorsal nerve cord and a post-anal tail at some time in their development. nswer In humans, this dorsal nerve cord has evolved into the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). Slide 83 / 92 Phylogeny Examples: hordata Slide 84 / 92 Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates The phylum chordata contains the subphylum vertebrata, animals with a backbone. Most animals on Earth today are invertebrates (without a vertebral column). Of the 36 phyla there are in all the kingdoms 35 do not have a backbone.
Slide 85 / 92 Vertebrata lasses 25 How many fish have trait? Slide 86 / 92 The subphylum vertebrata contains 5 classes of extant fishes and 4 classes of extant tetrapods (animals with 4 limbs) The 4 classes of tetrapods are: - mphibians - Reptiles - irds - Mammals Fishes irds mphibians Reptiles Mammals hordates Slide 86 (nswer) / 92 Slide 87 / 92 25 How many fish have trait? 26 How many fish have trait? nswer 7 Slide 87 (nswer) / 92 Slide 88 / 92 26 How many fish have trait? 27 What traits do primates and ray-finned fish have in common? nswer 5 bony skeleton, four limbs vertebrae, bony skeleton amniotic egg, vertebrae hair, four limbs
Slide 88 (nswer) / 92 Slide 89 / 92 27 What traits do primates and ray-finned fish have in common? 28 Which of the following sets of animals give birth via amniotic egg? nswer bony skeleton, four limbs vertebrae, bony skeleton rabbits, amphibians, birds sharks, amphibians, fish amniotic egg, vertebrae hair, four limbs birds, crocodiles, primates amphibians, primates, rabbits Slide 89 (nswer) / 92 Slide 90 / 92 28 Which of the following sets of animals give birth via amniotic egg? Mammals Mammals are defined as endothermic (warm-blooded) animals which produce amniotic eggs, in which the fetus is surrounded by an amniotic membrane. nswer Mammals are further classified into orders, families, genus and species based on derived characteristics. Humans belong to the order Primates, the family Hominidae, the genus Homo, and the species Homo sapiens. rabbits, amphibians, birds sharks, amphibians, fish birds, crocodiles, primates amphibians, primates, rabbits Slide 91 / 92 Phylogeny Example: Mammals Slide 92 / 92 Phylogeny Example: Hominids