Fault Current Limiters Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 4. 5.11.2010, Tampere, Finland Prof. Dr. Ing. Mathias Noe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany Topics Motivation Different types State-of-the-Art Summary and Outlook KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association www.kit.edu
Motivation Compromise in Power Systems High short-circuit capacity during normal operation (low short-circuit impedance) - Low voltage drops - High power quality - High steady-state and transient stability - Low system pertubations Low short-circuit capacity during fault conditions (high short-circuit impedance) - Low thermal and mechanical strain - Reduced breaker capacity Optimal Solution Ideal Fault Current Limiter - Low impedance during normal operation - Fast and effective current limitation - Automatic and fast recovery SCFCL 2 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Motivation A short-circuit can happen at any time and any place. 3 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Consequences of Short-Circuits Damage Blackout 22.6.2005 Blackout in swiss train system 4 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Motivation in ka Source: Innopower 2009 There is a strong increase in short-circuit currents in some parts of the world. 5 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Iron core Different SCFCL Types Resistive SCFCL DC biased iron-core SCFCL ( saturated iron core) Shielded iron-core SCFCL ( inductive ) AC coil 1 AC coil 2 Primary Copper Supercond. Iron core DC bias coil Supercond. Secondary Supercond. Electrical Circuit R SC R p R p i DC R s 6 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Iron core Different SCFCL Types Resistive SCFCL DC biased iron-core SCFCL ( saturated iron core) Shielded iron-core SCFCL ( inductive ) AC coil 1 AC coil 2 Primary Copper Supercond. Iron core DC bias coil Supercond. Secondary Supercond. Compact, lightweight Simple design Current leads to 77 K Characteristics Fast recovery Superconductor at DC Weight Non-metallic cryostat No current leads to 77 K Volume and weight Non-metallic cryostat 7 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Major SCFCL Industry Activities Innopower Toshiba AMSC SuperPower Zenergy Power BASC Nexans SuperConductors Siemens Zenergy Power LSIS Zenergy Power Most activities are in US, Europe, Japan, Korea and China 8 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Vattenfall Power Station Boxberg Specification 3 phase SCFCL system MCP BSCCO 2212 monofilar coil HTS insert for 1 phase Nexans SuperConductors First Commercial SCFCL Installation, 2009 in Germany Voltage Operating Current Inrush Current (15s) Inrush Current (50ms) Prospective current First peak limitation Fault duration Limitation after 100 ms 12 kv 800 A 1800 A 4100 A 60 ka < 30 ka 120 ms 7-7.5 ka Courtesy: Nexans SuperConductors 9 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Ensystrob Project German project to develop YBCO insert for Vattenfall SCFCL (09-11 ) Project partners: Nexans SuperConductors, Vattenfall, KIT, TU Dortmund, BTU Cottbus HTS component HTS insert/module 3x16 components 48x8x4.3 m=1650 m 10 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Eccoflow Project (www.eccoflow.org) European project to develop YBCO resistive SCFCL (10-14 ) Busbar Coupling Transformer Feeder FCL Z shunt CB HTS FCL CB HTS R HTS R HTS Z shunt CB normally closed CB normally open Unique features of Eccoflow (1005A, 24kV, 41 MVA): One resistive SCFCL design fits two different applications Two field tests with the same FCL will be performed in different applications Five utilities participate in this project A permanent installation is planned 11 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
iscfcl German project to develop shielded iron core type SCFCL Partners Areva Energietechnik Bruker ASC Bruker HTS Stadwerke Augsburg Test of 123 kva module in 2009 Specification Voltage Nominal Current Prospective current First peak limitation Fault duration Limitation after 135 ms 12 kv 870 A 31.5 ka < 5 ka < 1s 2.8 kap 40 mm wide YBCO HTS tapes 12 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Siemens/AMSC Development of first resistive type transmission voltage SCFCL Partners AMSC Siemens SCE Nexans Specification Voltage Nominal Current Prospective current Peak limited current Superconductor 115 kv RMS 1200 A RMS 63 ka RMS 40 ka RMS YBCO 13 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Siemens/AMSC Development of first resistive type transmission voltage SCFCL Partners AMSC Siemens SCE Nexans Sketch of HTS insert Specification Voltage Nominal Current Prospective current Peak limited current Superconductor 115 kv RMS 1200 A RMS 63 ka RMS 40 ka RMS YBCO First phase will be tested in 2011. 14 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Superpower Development of YBCO modules for resistive SCFCLs Modules with 4 ka peak at 74 K Modules with 7 kv peak at 74 K Modules demonstrated recovery under load! 15 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Toshiba First field test of a resistive type SCFCL with YBCO started in 2008 (6,6 kv, 72 A) SCFCLs are not on the present roadmap for Coated Conductor applications in Japan 16 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Innopower First field test of a DC biased iron core SCFCL started 2008 Specification Three phase SCFCL Voltage Rated Power Max. limited current Weight Bi 2223 conductor AC withstand voltage 35 kv 90 MVA 20 ka 20 tons 17.6 km 79 kv Field installation Extensive short-circuit testing in 2009. 17 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
LSIS/KEPRI Development and Test of a hybrid-type SCFCL Specification Voltage Current Reclosing time Superconductor 22.9 kv 3 ka 0.6 s YBCO Three-phase system built and factory tested Electrical Circuit Peak current limitation 18 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
KEPRI Development and Test of a hybrid-type SCFCL Specification Voltage Current Reclosing time Superconductor 22.9 kv 3 ka 0.6 s YBCO Three-phase system built and factory tested Passed reclosing test Field test installation of a 22.9 kv, 630 A SCFCL from 2011 on at Icheon substation 19 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Copyright: KIT Courtesy: N. Hayakawa Source: Waukesha Fault Current Limiting Transformers Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Nagoya University Waukesha/SuperPower 60 kva Demonstrator 1kV/0.6 kv Primary copper Secondary YBCO tapes Successful test in 2010 Recovery under nominal load 2 MVA Demonstrator 22kV/6.6 kv Primary Bi 2223 tapes Secondary YBCO tapes Successful test in 2009 Larger prototype planned 28 MVA Prototype 69 kv Primary and secondary with YBCO tapes Test planned in 2012 20 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Summary Successful SCFCL Field Tests - Status 2000 Status: 2000 Phase-Phase Voltage / kv RMS 100 10 1 96 Resistive DC biased iron core Others 0.1 10-2 10-1 1 10 Current / ka RMS 21 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Summary Successful and planned SCFCL Field Tests - Status 2010 Phase-Phase Voltage / kv RMS 100 10 1 Status: 2010 96 08 Resistive DC biased iron core Others High voltage 10 12 12 08 09 09 11 09 10 10 04 10 05 Medium voltage 10 0.1 10-2 10-1 1 10 Current / ka RMS A considerable number of SCFCLs field tests have been performed within the last years. 22 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
Summary and Outlook There are many different types of SCFCLs. There was considerable progress in the past to develop SCFCLs. The technical feasibility at the medium voltage level was successfully demonstrated. First high voltage SCFCLs are under development. Future market penetration depends mainly on SCFCL size, maintenance and cost. Future R&D Develop compact and inexpensive medium voltage SCFCLs Develop high voltage SCFCL demonstrators and prototypes Demonstrate and improve reliability with long term tests Develop tests standards 23 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe
International Working Groups CIGRE Working Group A3.23 Application and feasibility of fault current limiters in power systems Convenor: Heino Schmitt, Siemens, Germany CIGRE Working Group D1.38 Emerging Test Techniques Common to High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Power Applications Convenor: Hitoshi Okubu, U Nagoya, Japan IEEE Working Group C37.302 Guide for testing Fault Current Limiters Convenor: Mischa Steurer, CAPS, USA Thank you very much for your attention 24 09.11.2010 Superconductivity in Energy Technology Applications 2010 M. Noe