superior performance. powerful technology. Applications Using SuperPower 2G HTS Conductor Drew W. Hazelton Principal Engineer, SuperPower Inc. 2011 CEC/ICMC Conference June 16, 2011 Spokane, WA SuperPower Inc. is a subsidiary of Royal Philips Electronics N.V.
SuperPower 2G HTS architecture 1
2G HTS offers excellent performance for all electrical device operating ranges Normalized Ic vs. Applied Field //c Ic (B//c, T) / Ic (self field, 77 K) 10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01 4.2 K 14 K 22 K 33 K 45 K 50 K 65 K 77 K Cables, FCLs, transformers Motors, generators 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 Applied Field B (T) HF coils, SMES 2
Demonstration of the world s first system made with 2G HTS conductor in a live power grid Electric Insulation (PPLP + Liquid Nitrogen) Stainless Steel Double Corrugated Cryostat Cu Stranded Wire Former 2G HTS wire (3 conductor Layers) 2G HTS wire (2 shield Layers) 350 m cable made with 30 m segment of 2G HTS thin film tape was energized in the grid in January 2008 & supplied power to 25,000 households in Albany, NY Installation at Albany Cable site (Aug. 5, 2007) 3
YBCO Cable - critical current measurement Sample: 3 meter 3-Core Ic (Conductor) = Approx. 2660 2820A (DC, 77K, 1uV/cm) Ic (Shield) = Approx. 2400 2500A (DC, 77K, 1uV/cm) 2 Conductor 2 Shield Electrical Field(uV/cm) 1.5 1 0.5 0 Core-1 Core-2 Core-3 Ic Criterion (1uV/cm) Electrical Field(uV/cm) 1.5 1 0.5 0 Core-1 Core-2 Core-3 Ic Criterion (1uV/cm) -0.5-0.5 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Current (A, DC) Current (A, DC) Very good match between test results and design values 4
(RE)BCO Composition modified for optimum cable performance Thicker (Gd,Y) 2 O 3 precipitates along a,b plane with higher Gd, Y content 5
2G HTS conductor for SFCL shows consistent, excellent performance High-power SFCL test Prospective current Limited current Peak current through element Response time Element quality range Fast response time 2G 90 ka* 32 ka 3 ka < 1 ms Narrow Current [ka] Current [ka] 80 60 40 20 0-20 -40-60 -80-100 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0-1.0-2.0 Voltage across HTS elements [kv] 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time [ms] Iprospective I_total_KEMA I_HTS Ish V_total_KEMA 5.0 4.0 4.0 Quench speed around 0.5 ms 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.5 1.0 2.0 0.0 1.5-1.0 1.0-2.0 0.5-3.0 0.0-4.0-0.5-5.0-1.0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time [ms] I_total_KEMA I_HTS Ish V_total_KEMA Voltage across HTS elements [kv] 6
KEMA test results Energy limit in 2G FCL elements Energy density [J/cm/tape] 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2GFCL - 12 elements mockup test results at KEMA (Test # 4 to # 51), 137 V rms - 1200 V rms supply, 1.43 ka rms (3.81 ka peak) - to - 37.5 ka rms (100 ka peak) prospective current Target operating condition Failure initiated 0 240 480 720 960 1200 Supply Voltage [V rms] Energy_HTS [J/cm/tape] (5 ka setting) Energy_HTS [J/cm/tape] (10 ka setting) Energy_HTS [J/cm/tape] (15 ka setting) Energy [J/cm/tape] - Simulated Test Results Energy dissipation 2GFCL elements tested to 37.5 ka rms (100 ka peak) prospective fault current at 1200 V rms supply 2G tapes performed well up to 38 J/cm/tape and start failure at 43.91 J/cm/tape Design limit around 25 J/cm/tape around 65% of failure value => need to establish probability of failure at variable energy level (Weibull distribution) Excellent current limiting performance Excellent agreement between simulation and test results performance predictability is critical to success 7
Limited current in a two module SFCL test Prospective, Limited, Shunt and Tape Current 25 20 65% Fault Reduction 15 10 Current (ka) 5 0-5 I Shunt I Limited I Superconductor I Prospective -10-15 -20-25 0 0.016 0.032 0.048 0.064 0.08 Time (s) 65% Fault reduction at 1 st peak with 2 tape circuit with a prospective current of 26kA 8
New FCL transformer under development FCL transformer being designed and constructed in a $21.2 M Smart Grid program Partners: Waukesha Electric Systems SuperPower University of Houston Oak Ridge National Laboratory To be installed Southern California Edison grid by early 2014 (MacArthur Substation) 28 MVA (69 kv: 13 kv, 40 MVA overload capability) Fault current limiting capability ~ 40 to 50% 9
The 2G HTS windings will be similar to Waukesha s conventional design HV Continuous disc winding; 8-12 turns/disc LV Screw winding; 8-15 conductors in parallel. Roebel cable is another option Exact number of disc turns or parallel conductors is determined by unit power ratings and tape Ic Windings will contain several individually-tested modules to limit amount of conductor at risk in a test failure Conductor transpositions will be at module junctions Need laminated or thick plated HTS tape to handle: High speed insulating process High stresses during fault FCL function HTS w/ Insulation 10
Advantages of SuperPower 2G HTS in moderate to high field magnet applications High critical currents with excellent high field performance (RE)BCO layer can be readily doped using MOCVD for added performance advantage High current density available in thin tape form Standard thickness ~ 0.1 mm (RE)BCO layer small fraction of total cross-section High mechanical strength Strong Hastelloy C276 substrate 11
Improved pinning by Zr doping of MOCVD (RE)BCO layer Systematic study of improved pinning by Zr addition in MOCVD films at Univ. of Houston Process know how transitioned to SuperPower manufacturing 12
Routine manufacturing of Zr-doped tapes in long length initiated 77 K, sf Long tapes with Zr-doping exhibit critical currents of >250 A/cm in tapes run through the manufacturing facility 13
Ic improvement by pinning extends to higher fields Advances with Zr-doping locked into production 14
HTS coils for motors and generators Distinct Advantages: Improved efficiency 50% reduction in full load losses Improved power quality enabling faster switching speeds 30% - 50% smaller and lighter Higher magnetic fields greater power density Industrial Applications Wind and hydro-electric generators Petroleum refining Specialized machine tool operation Military Applications Navy: all electric ship Air Force: electrically-driven power aboard military aircraft, airborne active denial systems, self-protect systems, directed energy weapons 15
Coil applications: World record performance achieved in high field coils constructed with SP 2G HTS wire 2009: 27.4 Tesla at 4.2K in 19.9 Tesla background field (SP) 10.4 Tesla at 4.2K (self field) 2008: 33.8 Tesla at 4.2K in 31 Tesla background field (NHMFL) 2007: 26.8 Tesla at 4.2K in 19 Tesla background field (SP) 2006: 2.4 Tesla at 64K in self field (SP) 2009 Insert Coil 16
New Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) project initiated ARPA-E funded proof-of-concept project recently awarded ($5.2M/3yr) Project Participants ABB (lead; power electronics / system integration) Brookhaven National Laboratory (high field coil design; fabrication) SuperPower (2G HTS; coil design support) Univ. of Houston (enhanced 2G HTS fabrication) Storage capability (~2.5 MJ / 20 kwh) 25 Tesla coil Enhanced power electronics >80% round trip efficiency 17
SMES usage SMES is currently used for short duration (secs) energy storage for improving power quality In a utility situation, SMES could be used for either: medium term storage (secs - minutes) to level out variations in renewable (solar, wind) generation diurnal storage (hours), charged from baseload power at night and meeting peak loads during the day Transmission Line MV/LV Wind Park LV Loads HV/MV MV Feeder MV/LV Solar Park MV/LV GRIDS SMES SYSTEM Power Converter ABB SMES Coil Brookhaven NL 2G HTS Wire MV SiC Devices SuperPower (University of Houston ) 18
Why high field HTS SMES? Energy stored scales as B 2 * r 3, while losses scale as r 2 2G HTS enables high field operation for a compact, high energy density system Toroidal geometry lessens the external magnetic forces, reducing the size of mechanical support needed Fields in a toroidal SMES are mainly axial (//a,b), maximizing the use of 2G HTS Due to the low external magnetic field, toroidal SMES can be located near a utility or customer load 19
Challenges High fields equate to high stresses mainly hoop stress << SP 2G HTS can handle up to 700 MPA hoop stress High performance conductor required for economics to be competitive with advanced batteries (need to be in the $50/kAm range) Persistent current joints / switches highly desirable to reach loss targets Long lengths will be required to minimize / eliminate splices / joints (each splice is a loss source) 20
Summary SuperPower 2G HTS is available in multiple configurations suitable for a wide range of applications The conductor can be tailored for specific application requirements Ongoing improvements in the price : performance of the 2G HTS enable broader adoption of the conductor into the marketplace 21
Questions? Thank you for your interest! For further information about SuperPower, please visit us at: www.superpower-inc.com or e-mail: info@superpower-inc.com 22