Unit 6: LIVING THINGS
Unit 6: LIVING THINGS 1. What makes living things special? 2. Living matter 3. Organisms are made up of cells 4. Cell types 5. Cells specialise and form group
1. WHAT MAKES LIVING THINGS SPECIAL? Living things consist of organic matter. Organic matter is constituted by chemical elements which join together to form molecules. Chemical elements join together Molecules The chemical elements that form living beings are called BIOELEMENTS. - Carbon (C): key chemical element of organic matter or living matter (elemento químico característico de la materia orgánica o materia viva) - Other bioelements that are abundant in living things: Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S). Chlorine (Cl), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe)
The molecules that form living beings are called BIOMOLECULES. There are two types of biomolecules: inorganic biomolecules and organic biomolecules. Bioelements join together Biomolecules Carbohydrates (glúcidos) Inorganic biomolecules Organic biomolecules Lipids (lípidos o grasas) Proteins (proteínas) Water (H 2 O) Mineral salts Vitamins Nucleic acids
Simple carbohydrate (glucose) Complex carbohydrate Cell membrane lipid Protein
ACTIVITY 5 ON PAGE 60 ACTIVITY. COMPLETE THE TABLE
2. LIVING MATTER A. Characteristics of living matter All living beings have several characteristics in common: 1. They are made of cells. 2. They have a complex chemical composition. 3. They need energy to perform their life processes. 4. They grow and develop over time. 5. They reproduce by producing similar organisms. 6. They repond to environmental stimuli. 7. They adapt to their environment. Viruses are composed of biomolecules and have a structure similar to the cell of a living being, but they are not considered living beings. B. The life processes of living things The three fundamental life processes of living things are nutrition, interaction and reproduction. NUTRITION INTERACTION REPRODUCTION
ACTIVITY 8 ON PAGE 61.
3. ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS Louse Bacteria Worm Mushroom
3. ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS CELLS VARY IN SIZE: some cells can only be seen using a microscope but others are visible to neked eye (for example: egg yolk). There are UNICELLULAR (bacteria, protozoan ) and MULTICELLULAR living things (lion, pine, ant ). Human beings consist of billions of cells. THE CELLS SPECIALISE in different functions. THE PARTS OF A CELL: CELL MEMBRANE: layer surrounds the cell. CYTOPLASM: jelly - like liquid inside the cell with special structures called organelles; each organelle has a specific function. Organelles: chloroplasts, mitochodria, vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough edoplasmic reticulum, centrioles GENETIC MATERIAL
ACTIVITY 10 ON PAGE 62. Multicelllular: many cells. Unicellular: one cell. Organelle: special structure of the cell located in the cytoplasm and which has a special function. Cytoplasm: jelly-like liquid inside the cell containing organelles.
4. CELL TYPES There are two types of cells: PROKARYOTE CELLS (células procariotas) AND EUKARYOTE CELLS (células eucariotas). Del griego. Pro: primitivo o antes de. Karyon: núcleo. Eu: verdadero. PROKARYOTIC CELLS Small and simple. They have three membranes: cell membrane, cell wall and capsule. Their genetic material (ADN) is free in the cytoplasm (they don t have nucleus). BACTERIA are the most common type of prokaryote EUKARYOTIC CELLS Bigger and more complex than prokariotic cells. They have one or two membranes: - animal cells have one membrane: cell membrane - plant cells have two membranes: cell membrane and cell wall. Their genetic material (ADN) is found in the nucleus, which is surrounded by a double membrane. The cytoplasm contains many organelles. There are two types: ANIMAL CELLS and PLANT CELLS
Prokariotic cell
Animal eukariotic cells
Plant eukariotic cells
ACTIVITY 12 ON PAGE 63. The main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are: 1. Prokaryotic cells are small and simple but eukaryotic cells are bigger and more complex. 2. Prokaryotic cells have 3 membranes and eukaryotic cells have 1 or 2 membranes. 3. The material genetic in prokaryotic cells is free in the cytoplasm but in eukaryotic cells it is found in the nucleus. 4. Eukaryotic cells contain more organelles that prokaryotic cells.
ACTIVITY. WHAT ARE THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS? YOU HAVE TO USE THE TABLE ON PAGE 63. 1. The cell wall and chloroplasts are found only in plant cells. 2. Centrioles and lysosomes are found only is animal cells. 3. Plant cells have a big vacuole and animal cells have many vacuoles but very small.
ACTIVIDAD. COMPLETE THE NAMES (IN ENGLISH AND IN SPANISH) OF THE FOLLOWING IMAGE AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
ACTIVITY. COMPLETE THE NAMES (IN ENGLISH AND IN SPANISH) OF THE IMAGES AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
Functions of cell membrane, cell wall and some organelles CELL MEMBRANE: controls the exchange of substances between the cell and its environment. CELL WALL: rigid structure that protects the plant cell and helps maintain its shape. MITHOCHONDRIAS: cell organelles that provide all the necessary energy to the cell, and they obtain this energy of the nutrients. RIBOSOMES: cell organelles that make proteins. CHLOROPLASTS: cell organelles where photosynthesis occurs thanks to photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll). VACUOLES: cell organelles that store different substances. CENTRIOLES: cell organelles that help the cell to divide.
5. CELLS SPECIALISE AND FORM GROUPS During the development of the embryo, some cells differentiate into specialised cells. The form of cell depends on its function. CELLS Muscular cell, epithelial cell, bone cell Cells with the same function group together to form tissues TISSUES Muscular tissue, epithelial tissue, nerve tissue, glandular tissue Tissues group together to form more complex structures called organs ORGANS Heart, stomach, liver, lung Organs group together to form tracts and systems TRACTS AND SYSTEMS (group of organs working together to perform a specific function) Digestive tract, circulatory tract, nervous system
LEVEL OF ORGANISATION OF HUMAN BODY Bioelements Biomolecules Tracts or systems Macromolecules Organ Organism Organelle Cell Tissue
ACTIVITY 14 AND 15 ON PAGE 64 ACTIVITIES ON PAGE 65
VOCABULARY 1. Organic matter, living beings, bioelement, biomolecule, join together, carbon, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, provide, energy, strutural, regulatory, nucleic acids, inheritance information. 2. Perform, environmental stimuli, grow, survive, interaction, perceive. 3. Cell, cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, jelly-like liquid, nucleus, organelle, chloroplast, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, lysosome, ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum. 4. Prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell, cell wall, capsule, animal cell, plant cell, optical microscope, electron microscope. 5. Development, specialised cell, tissue, organ, tract, system.