Mass (Energy) in the Universe: smooth (vacuum) clumping Parameters of our Universe present values H = (71±4)km/s/Mpc = 1.0±0.0 m = 0.7±0.0 incl. b = 0.044±0.004 and < 0.014 photons r = 4.9-5 dark energy = 0.75±0.0 age t = (13.7±0.) 9 a (from Sep. 005)
Cosmology: Evolution History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 sec 33 cm 19 GeV 35 7 sec cm GeV 31 13 sec 1cm GeV 0.0001 sec km 0 GeV 1 sec km 1 GeV km sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev min 1 ly 30 kev 000 yr 6 ly ev 300 000 yr 7 ly 0.35 ev yr ly -4 ev 11 0.1 msec 0 MeV 3 6 13 1 9 3 K 3 K 0 000 K 3500K 3 K Planck Grand Unification Inflation >> Desert Quarks + Leptons Hadrons Leptons Nucleosynthesis Radiation Plasma Matter
Planck scale use =c=1: F G mm r mm M r P mm r r P in ordinary units: M P c G 11. 19 GeV/c 177. - kg L P ct P G 3 c 1616. 35 m t P 5.39 44 s The Beginning of Time absolute starting point of every way north: the South Pole absolute starting point of time: the Big Bang 13.6 9 years ago Planck time smallest meaningfull interval? t = 0.5-43 s
Quantum Fluctuations E t -43 s corresponds to 300 kwh or 0.01g of matter History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 sec 33 cm 19 GeV 35 7 sec cm GeV 31 13 sec 1cm GeV 0.0001 sec km 0 GeV 1 sec km 1 GeV km sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev min 1 ly 30 kev 000 yr 6 ly ev 300 000 yr 7 ly 0.35 ev yr ly -4 ev 11 0.1 msec 0 MeV 3 6 13 1 9 3 K 3 K 0 000 K 3500K 3 K Planck Grand Unification Inflation Desert Quarks + Leptons Hadrons Leptons Nucleosynthesis Radiation Plasma Matter
Inflation age: -35 s to -34 s T ~ 7 K space is expanding exponentially: from -9 m to ca. cm every -36 s doubling its radius Inflation proposed by Alan Guth 191 exponential growth of Universe R~e Ht driven by negative pressure () regions separated by v > c became causally disconnected structure of universe = expansion of microscopic initial fluctuations
Scale-Invariant Structure Spectrum P(k) ~ k 1-n n = spectral index scale invariance: n = 1 (white noise) inflation models: n slightly below 1 n = 0.95±0.0 can exclude some specific models WMAP Inflation explains flatness 1
Inflation explains why our Universe is flat: small causally connected piece of possibly a large hypersphere size of structures of universe: was initially just quantum fluctuations but also its amazing homogeneity: inflation by dark energy is smooth without structure how energy comes out of Nothing: a small quantum fluctuation (Heisenberg s uncertainty) is amplified by inflation by a factor > 75 The Higgs-Field Field strength = Energy at built-up of a field energy is released! Higgs particle no field, symmetry, no energy field in universe, no symmetry, negative energy
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Quintessence, Kosmon, Inflaton is similar to but not identical to Higgs field produces energy to create matter produces negative pressure for inflation may still be the source called dark energy
History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 33 19 3 sec cm GeV Planck 35 sec 7 cm GeV Grand Unification 31 sec 1cm 13 GeV 6 Inflation >> km 13 1 sec km 1 GeV Desert Quarks + Leptons 0.1 msec 11 km 0 MeV 1 Hadrons sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev 9 3 K Leptons min 1 ly 30 kev 3 K Nucleosynthesis 000 yr 6 ly ev 0 000 K Radiation 300 000 yr 7 ly 0.35 ev 3500K Plasma yr ly -4 ev 3 K Matter 0.0001 sec 0 GeV Electroweak Symmetry Breaking by the Higgs field matter particles and weak-interaction bosons (W,Z) acquire a nonzero rest mass
Search for Higgs Particle Genf 00 CERN LHC CERN History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 sec 33 cm 19 GeV 35 7 sec cm GeV 31 13 sec 1cm GeV 0.0001 sec km 0 GeV 1 sec km 1 GeV km sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev min 1 ly 30 kev 000 yr 6 ly ev 300 000 yr 7 ly 0.35 ev yr ly -4 ev 11 0.1 msec 0 MeV 3 6 13 1 9 3 K 3 K 0 000 K 3500K 3 K Planck Grand Unification Inflation >> Desert Quarks + Leptons Hadrons Leptons Nucleosynthesis Radiation Plasma Matter
Building Blocks of Matter Q= 1 / 3 Q=+ / 3 Q= 1 Q=0 ddd 5MeV sss MeV bbb 5GeV Quarks uuu 3MeV ccc 1.5GeV ttt 170GeV e 0.5MeV 6MeV 1.7GeV e ~0 ~0 ~0 Leptonen Building Blocks of Matter and Antimatter Q= 1 / 3 Q=+ / 3 Q= 1 Q=0 ddd uuu e e 5MeV 3MeV 0.5MeV sss ccc Q=+ 1 / 3 Q=- / 3 MeV Q=+1 1.5GeV Q=0 anti-ddd 5MeV anti-sss MeV anti-bbb 5GeV anti-uuu 3MeV anti-ccc 1.5GeV anti-ttt 170GeV Anti-Quarks e bbb anti- ttt e ~0 Quarks anti- ~0 anti- ~0 0.5MeV 5GeV 6MeV 1.7GeV 170GeV Anti-Leptonen 6MeV 1.7GeV ~0 ~0 ~0 Leptonen 4 elements for matter + 4 for antimatter
Condensation of Nucleons 1s after the Big Bang T = 000 000 000 K Quarks condense into Baryons the stable ones remaining are the Nucleons p (Proton uud) und n (Neutron udd) equilibrium of p + e n + n + e p + p + e n + n + e p + e + e photons n + n photons r n e e e e # mc / kt n e # p 1 3 History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 sec 33 cm 19 GeV 35 7 sec cm GeV 31 13 sec 1cm GeV 0.0001 sec km 0 GeV 1 sec km 1 GeV km sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev min 1 ly 30 kev 000 yr 6 ly ev 300 000 yr 7 ly 0.35 ev yr ly -4 ev 11 0.1 msec 0 MeV 3 6 13 1 9 3 K 3 K 0 000 K 3500K 3 K Planck Grand Unification Inflation >> Desert Quarks + Leptons Hadrons Neutrinos Nucleosynthesis Radiation Plasma Matter
Neutrinos Decoupling Cooling Down (like Background Radiation) E kin 0.3 mev Today: ca. 1/cm 3 cold neutrinos everywhere (cf. 400/cm 3 photons from CMB) r n decreasing due to n decay Within the 1 st Minute the Universe is cooled to 1 000 000 000 K
due to a tiny excess of matter over antimatter we have 6 nucleons per 000 000 000 photons (still now) History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 sec 33 cm 19 GeV 35 7 sec cm GeV 31 13 sec 1cm GeV 0.0001 sec km 0 GeV 1 sec km 1 GeV km sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev min 1 ly 30 kev 000 yr 6 ly ev 300 000 yr 7 ly 0.35 ev yr ly -4 ev 11 0.1 msec 0 MeV 3 6 13 1 9 3 K 3 K 0 000 K 3500K 3 K Planck Grand Unification Inflation >> Desert Quarks + Leptons Hadrons Neutrinos Nucleosynthesis Radiation Plasma Matter
History of the Universe Temperature: 1 000 000 000 K >1min after Big Bang Reactions: p+n H+Photon H+n 3 H+Photon 3 H+p 4 He+Photon H+p 3 He+Photon 3 H+p 4 He+Photon 3 He+n 4 He+Photon H+ H 3 He+n H+ H 3 H+p H+ 3 H 4 He+n H+ 3 He 4 He+p H+ H 4 He+Photon H = Deuterium
Temperature: 1 000 000 000 K min after Big Bang more nuclear reactions: 3 H+ 4 He 7 Li+photon 3 He+ 4 He 7 Be+photon neutrons continue to decay: n p + e + mean lifetime is ~900 s = min Binding energy per nucleon
p n 1 #(He) #( n) rn : #( p) 1 #( n), Nucleosynthesis of He 4 He #(H) #( p) #( n) 1 #( He) #( n) rn #( H ) #( p) #( n) (1 r ) consuming all n that do not decay n r n is determined by thermodynamics r n e at T = 000 000 000 K and later by n decay (half life time = 614 s) #( He) 0.0 #( H ) mc r n / kt 1/ 3 0.14 f He 4#( He) 4#( He) #( H ) 0.5 Nucleosynthesis =D 4 He : all mass fraction: 4% particle fraction: 7.4% He : H 0.0 most stable element, production depends (almost) not on density but production of other elements does!
Abundance of Elements in the Universe mostly hydrogen some Helium 4 He rest below 1% History of the Universe
History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 33 19 3 sec cm GeV Planck 35 sec 7 cm GeV Grand Unification 31 sec 1cm 13 GeV 6 Inflation >> km 13 1 sec km 1 GeV Desert Quarks + Leptons 0.1 msec 11 km 0 MeV 1 Hadrons sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev 9 3 K Neutrinos min 1 ly 30 kev 3 K Nucleosynthesis 000 yr 6 ly ev 0 000 K Radiation 300 000 yr 7 ly 0.35 ev 3500K Plasma yr ly -4 ev 3 K Matter 0.0001 sec 0 GeV The Early Universe is not Transparent Plasma (nuclei + electrons + photons) e e e at age = 300 000 years neutral atoms (gas)
Fluctuation generator Brief History of the Universe Fluctuation amplifier Hot Dense Smooth 400 Cool Rarefied Clumpy (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) later % of Cosmic Background Radiation was re-scattered due to reionization by early stars (population III) at z = 11 or 400 million years after the Big Bang