Do Now Monday, January 23, 201 What do you recall about states of matter? Write your answer using complete sentences. 3.5 minutes Do Now Check
By the end of the day today, IWBAT Describe the various states of matter. Why it matters in LIFE: Learning about the different states of matter will assist in learning about our environment. Why it matters in THIS CLASS: You will conduct labs all year long that will require mastery of these concepts! (Plus test.)
Monday, 01/23/17 P.S.1; P.S. 2-11: Distinguish between scientific hypotheses and scientific theories. By the end of today, IWBAT Explain differences in states of matter Essential Question: How do we differentiate between the different states of matter? Topic: States of Matter
Matter Anything that has mass and volume Can you think of anything that is not matter?
A Scientific Theory The Kinetic Theory of Matter! Kinetic = Moving Atoms = Tiny Parts Kinetic Energy = Amount of Movement All matter is made up of tiny parts that are constantly moving. When matter has more energy it has faster moving parts.
What causes a change in the kinetic energy of matter? The state of matter is controlled by temperature Temperature is the measure of heat energy
Solid Liquid Gas
5 Physical States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Bose-Einstein How many states of matter are there?
Solid Particles are tightly compact Particles vibrate without the ability to move freely Definite shape and volume Lack enough energy for particles to break free
Liquid Particles are tightly compact Particles can move around each other No definite shape, but definite volume Enough energy to break the bonds between particles but not enough to escape from each other
Gas Particles can spread out or move close together Particles move freely and quickly No definite shape or volume Enough energy for particles to separate completely from one another
Plasma Exist at extremely high temperatures (several million degrees Celsius) Particles travel so fast they break apart and electrons are stripped from their atom - ionization This form is not too common on earth, however it is the most common form of matter in the universe No definite shape or volume Examples: florescent and neon lights, lightning, the sun, aurora borealis Why do you think this is the most common form/state of matter in the universe?
Bose-Einstein Condensate Formed when supercooled to close to 0 Kelvin (-273 o C or -460 o F) They condense into super-atoms which then behave like waves 0 Kelvin is the temperature when molecules stop moving 0 Kelvin is known as absolute zero 0 Kelvin has not been observed and is not known to exist anywhere
Energy and the States of Matter More energy means more movement Less energy means less movement Low Heat High Heat
Fluids When particles move in a liquid it is called Which is pour? Pour is influenced by gravity flow or pour Which is flow? Flow can be any direction Can gases pour and flow?
Principle of Fluids Fluids = liquid and gas Buoyancy = fluids push up Displaced = taking the place of Archimedes Principle The amount force that a gas or liquid pushes up is equal to the weight of the object taking the place of the fluid Bill Nye explains buoyancy (stop at 3:00 minutes)
Pressure: is a force that can influence all states of matter! Is caused by particles colliding with their environment or each other It is measured in units of Pascal (Pa): Equal to 1 newton per square meter (1 N = force needed to move 1 kg 1m/sec/sec)
The phase from. Liquid to Gas: Evaporation or Vaporization Evaporation takes place below the boiling point of the liquid Vaporization takes place above the boiling point of the liquid In order for the phase from Liquid to Gas to occur energy is taken in to make the particles separate, we call this heat of vaporization
The phase from. Gas to Liquid: Condensation Releases energy (heat of vaporization) The same amount of energy is required to change from a liquid to a gas
The phase from. Solid to Liquid: Melting Requires energy to break the physical bonds holding the particles together, this energy is called heat of fusion
The phase from. Liquid to Solid: Solidification (freezing) Releases energy (heat of fusion) the same amount of energy required to change from a solid to a liquid (the heat of fusion in reverse)
The phase from. Solid to Gas: Sublimation A solid changes directly to a gas without going through the liquid state Gas to Solid: Deposition A gas changes directly to a solid without going through the liquid state
Heat of vaporization Molecules have an attractive force cohesion or adhesion holds the particles close together Heat of vaporization is needed to break the attractive forces so they can completely separate from each other forming a gas So, how strong are these attractive forces? Cohesion demonstration
Molecules stick together because Opposites Attract Cohesion Same kind of particles Adhesion Different kind of particles
When matter changes states it is called a change of phase Plasma ionization deionization
Chemical or Physical Property? 1. Paper is white Physical Property 2. Boiling point of H 2 O is 100 o C Physical Property 3. Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid and creates hydrogen gas Chemical Property 4. Nitrogen does not burn Chemical Property 5. Sulfur smells like rotten eggs Physical Property
Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties Substance/Matter Physical Property Chemical Property Helium Less dense than air Nonflammable Wood Grainy texture Flammable Baking soda White powder Reacts with vinegar to produce bubbles Powdered sugar White powder Does not react with vinegar Rubbing alcohol Clear liquid Flammable Red food coloring Red color Reacts with bleach and loses color Iron Malleable Reacts with oxygen
Changes in Matter Physical Change a change in shape, size, color, or state a change without a change in chemical composition a change that is reversible Examples tearing paper cutting your hair change in state
Changes in Matter Chemical Change a change in which a substance becomes another substance having different properties a change that is not reversible using ordinary physical means Changes that usually cause heat, sound, light, odor, fizzing/foaming, color changes You usually need more than one of the above characteristics to be considered a chemical change! Examples combining sulfuric acid and sugar burning a piece of wood soured milk
Chemical or Physical Change? 1. Bending a Paper Clip Physical Change 2. Baking a cake Chemical Change 3. The sublimation of carbon dioxide Physical Change 4. Crushing an aluminum can Physical Change 5. Vinegar and baking soda combining to create salt and water Chemical Change
There is no observable change in the quantity of matter during a chemical reaction or a physical change. In other words, matter cannot be created nor destroyed. It is just converted from one form to another