Benchmark 3 Science Study Guide Weather & Geology S6E5 A-Crust, Mantle, Core 1. What happens to the temperature as you travel to the center of the Earth? Temperature increases with depth 2. What happens to the density as you travel to the center of the Earth? Density increases with depth 3. Put the layers of Earth s interior in order from highest to lowest temperature. Inner core, Outer Core, Mantle, Crust 4. The thickest layer of Earth s interior is the Mantle ; the thinnest layer is the Crust. 5. What is the composition of each layer? Continental Crust: Granite Oceanic Crust: Basalt Mantle: Magnesium/Iron Outer Core: Iron/Nickel Inner Core: Iron/Nickel 6. What mechanical layer is composed of the crust and upper mantle? Lithosphere 7. What mechanical layer does the lithosphere ride/move on top of? Asthenosphere 8. Why do lithospheric plates constantly move? Convection of Magma in the Asthenosphere 9. Why is the inner core solid? Due to pressure of the layers surrounding it. 10. Label the layers of Earth s Interior. 1. Crust 2. Inner core 3. Mantle 4. Outer core 1 S6E5 A 2 4 3 11. Identify the bar for each layer of Earth s interior. A= Crust B= Mantle C= Inner Core D= Outer Core
S6E5e/f Lithospheric Plate Movement/Geologic features 12. Name the plate movement associated with each picture below a. b. c. Divergent Convergent Convergent with subduction d. Transform 13. What geological features are created at convergent boundaries? Mountains built, Volcanoes may form, earthquake 14. What geological features are created at divergent boundaries? Mid-Ocean Ridge, Rift Valley, earthquake 15. What geological event takes place at transform boundaries? Earthquake 16. What geological features are created at convergent boundaries with subduction? Ocean trench/volcanoes 17. What causes plate tectonic movement? Convection of the magma in the asthenosphere (mantle) 18. What are plates that move beneath another plate called? Why does this occur? Subduction zone occurs because of convection of magma pulling or pushing the tectonic plate 19. What is the Theory of Continental Drift? Who is responsible for this theory? Today s continents were once a part of a single land mass called Pangaea that split apart. Alfred Wegener came up with Continental Drift Theory. 20. List 3 examples of evidence that supported Continental Drift Theory. Rock record that matches on different continents The same plant and animal fossils found on different continents Puzzle like fit of some continents
S6E5g Fossils 21. What is the law of superposition? In undisturbed rock, the older rock/fossil will be below the younger rock/fossil. 22. What are 2 examples of fossil evidence that supports climate change? finding fossilized fern like plants in Antarctica finding alligator like animal fossils in Canada 23. What are 2 examples of fossil evidence that supports the changing of Earth s surface? the finding of sea shell fossils on mountains marine fossils (shark tooth fossils) found in places that are dry land (Georgia) Weather Review 24. What are the 3 types of heat transfer? Conduction, Convection and Radiation 25. Describe each type of heat transfer. Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid. Convection is the transfer of heat through a liquid or gas. Radiation is heat transfer that doesn t require anything to move through, like the heat energy from the Sun. 26. Why does land and water absorb heat at different rates? Land, or a solid, has molecules that are closer together than a liquid. This allows for better heat transfer. Land heats up faster than water because it doesn t absorb and store heat from the sun while water does. This gives water a more constant temperature that doesn t change very much. 27. Which heats up faster? land Which cools faster? land 28. What causes wind? Wind is caused by differences in air pressure created, in large part, by the unequal heating of the earth's surface by the sun. Air moves from a region of higher pressure to one of lower pressure and this movement is wind. Any difference in pressure will cause wind, but the greater the difference the stronger the wind. 29. Describe convection currents. Warmer, less dense material (water,air,magma) rises while cooler, more dense material sinks. 30. Describe each of the global winds and pressure bands. (Polar Easterlies, Prevailing Westerlies, Trade Winds and Horse Latitudes, Doldrums) Polar Easterlies: cold air moving from the poles towards 60 North and 60 South latitude. Prevailing Westerlies: are winds found in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres between 30 and 60 latitude. They flow toward the poles in opposite directions than the Trade Winds. Trade Winds: In both hemispheres, the winds that blow from 30 latitude to the equator are called the trade winds. These winds curve due to the Coriolis Effect Horse Latitudes: At about 30 North and 30 South of the Equator, sinking air creates an area of high pressure. Here, the winds are weak.
Doldrums: The Doldrums is the area of low pressure around the Equator. There is very little wind due to the rising warm air. 31. Draw and describe what happens in a cold front? Heavy cold air displaces lighter warm air, pushing it upward. Cumulus clouds form and usually grow into thunderstorms with cumulonimbus clouds. Temperatures drop anywhere from 5 to 15 degrees. Winds become gusty. Rain, snow, sleet, and hail can occur with a cold front. 32. What type of clouds form when a cold front occurs? cumulus then cumulonimbus if thunderstorms come 33. What triggers/causes thunderstorms and tornadoes? warm, moist rising air at a cold front 34. What causes the most damage during a hurricane? storm surge 35. What is the fuel or energy of a hurricane? warm, moist rising air 36. Where do most hurricanes that hit the Eastern United States form? In the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Africa near the equator. 37. How do hurricanes and tornadoes differ? hurricanes form over water while tornadoes form over land 38. Draw and label the parts of a hurricane.