Topic: The Chemical Basis for Life We value your feedback to continually improve the SchoolNet Curriculum Engine. Please notify us of any broken web links. Please submit your questions and/or comments to science@philasd.org Duration: Traditional (50 minute periods): 25-29 classes (adjust using professional discretion) Block (90 minute periods): 11-14 classes (adjust using professional discretion) Eligible Content This is what the State of Pennsylvania wants your students to know and be able to do by the end of the unit. BIO.A.2.1.1 Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (e.g. freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion) BIO.A.2.2.1 Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules. BIO A.2.2.2 Explain how biological macromolecules form from monomers. BIO.A.2.2.3 Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms. BIO.A.2.3.1 Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction. BIO.A.2.3.2 Explain how factors such as ph, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function. Performance Objectives These are examples, created by SDP teachers, of how you may translate the eligible content into learning goals for your classroom. BIO.A.2.1.1 1. SWBAT describe the unique properties of water IOT explain its role in sustaining life on earth. BIO.A.2.2.1 2. SWBAT Identify and describe the parts of an atom IOT differentiate between elements. 3. SWBAT describe the structure of a carbon atom and how carbon atoms form macromolecules IOT assess its function. BIO.A.2.2.2 4. SWBAT differentiate between ionic and covalent bonding IOT explain compound formation and compound properties. 5. SWBAT describe dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions IOT explain the relationship between macromolecules and monomers. BIO.A.2.2.3 6. SWBAT compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in organisms IOT assess their functions. BIO.A.2.3.1 7. SWBAT describe the role of enzymes as catalysts IOT understand their function in the rate of chemical reactions.
BIO.A.2.3.3 8. SWBAT explain how factors such as ph, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function IOT analyze a chemical reaction. Key Terms and Definitions All key terms and definitions come from the document Keystone Exams: Biology Assessment Anchors and Eligible Content with Sample Questions and Glossary, PDE 2011. 1. Adhesion: The attraction between unlike molecules. Capillary action results from the adhesive properties of water and the molecules that make up plant cells. 2. Atom: The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element 3. Carbohydrate: A macromolecule that contains atoms of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio and serves as a major source of energy for living organisms (e.g. sugars, starches, and cellulose) 4. Catalyst: A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (e.g., lower temperature) than otherwise possible without being changed by the reaction. 5. Cohesion: The attraction between like molecules. Surface tension results from the cohesive properties of water. 6. Concentration: The measure of the amount or proportion of a given substance when combined with another substance 7. Enzyme: A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction 8. Lipid: A macromolecule composed of hydrocarbon chains; they generally contain C and H in a 1:2 ratio and a small amount of O. They are a major source of energy for living organisms (e.g. fat). 9. Macromolecule: A polymer with a high molecular mass. Within organisms there are four main groups: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. 10. Molecule: The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical forces (covalent bonds). 11. Monomer: A molecule of any compound that can react with other molecules of the same or different compound to form a polymer. Each biological macromolecule has characteristic monomers. 12. Nucleic Acid: A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information. 13. Organic molecule: A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems. 14. ph: The measure of acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of an aqueous solution scaling from 1 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline) with a midpoint of 7 (neutral) 15. Protein: A macromolecule that contains C, H, O, N and sometimes P and S; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells. 16. Specific heat: The amount of energy required to change the temperature or phase of a substance. The high specific heat of water explains its use in evaporative cooling and its suitability as a habitat. Starting Points An overview of how the content and skills of this unit connect to students' prior knowledge. Properties of Water - BIO.A.2.1.1 Students should already know that water plays a major role in many structures, functions, and habitats of living things. In this unit, they will learn how the unique chemical properties of water enable these roles. Carbon - BIO.A.2.2.1 Students should already know that there are many types of atoms that combine with each other in various ways. In this unit, students will learn how the unique ability of carbon to form four bonds enables the building of complex organic molecules. Formation of Macromolecules from Monomers - BIO.A.2.2.2 Students should already be able to identify the essential functions of life. During this unit they will learn that these functions involve chemical reactions that take place between different types of molecules, such as water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Structure and Function of Macromolecules - BIO.A.2.2.3 Students should already know that atoms can combine to form molecules and that living things are composed of different types of molecules. During this unit, students will learn to identify the defining characteristics of organic molecules, and be able to describe the basic structure and list general functions of the four major categories of organic molecules. Role of Enzymes - BIO.A.2.3.1 Students should already know that some chemical reactions release energy while others store energy. In this unit, students will learn that both types of reactions may be catalyzed by enzymes, which lower the activation energy for the reaction. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity - BIO.A.2.3.2 Students should already know that in a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. In this unit, they will learn how enzymes can increase reaction rates without being consumed by the reaction. They will learn how the catalytic activity of enzymes can be affected by temperature, ph, and concentration of substrate. Instructional Resources Learning activities and resources targeted to the eligible content of this unit. BIO.A.2.1.1 Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (e.g. freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion) 1. SWBAT describe the unique properties of water IOT explain its role in sustaining life on earth. a. Water and Life from CK-12. (RST.9-10.4). (1 reading, video, 1 activity, and 2 assessments) b. Why is Water the Universal Solvent? from study.com (RST.9-10.4). This website contains a video explaining why water is known as the universal solvent and a quiz on the video. c. Universal Solvent Inquiry Lab from eastpennsd.org. (RST.9-10.3 & RST.9-10.4). Students perform a lab to understand the structure of water molecule relates to the properties of water. BIO.A.2.2.1 Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules. 1. SWBAT Identify and describe the parts of an atom IOT differentiate between elements. a. Atom Nucleus from CK-12. (RST.9-10.4). (1 reading, 4 videos, and 1 assessment) b. Parts of the Atom from kscience. (RST.9-10.4). An interactive whiteboard activity where students build an atom by dragging electrons, neutrons and protons onto the template. The element information box shows if they are correct. 2. SWBAT describe the structure of a carbon atom and how carbon atoms form macromolecules IOT assess its function. a. Significance of Carbon from CK-12. (RST.9-10.4). (2 readings, 1 video, 2 assessments) b. Carbon in Macromolecules Reading from online. (RST.9-10.4). In this reading activity, students learn about the unique bonding properties of carbon that permits the formation of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Additionally, students highlight important information and take notes on the article.
BIO A.2.2.2 Explain how biological macromolecules form from monomers. 1. SWBAT differentiate between ionic and covalent bonding IOT explain compound formation and compound properties. a. Ionic Bonding from CK-12. (RST.9-10.4). (1 reading, 2 videos, 2 assessments) b. Covalent Bonding from CK-12. (RST.9-10.4) (1 reading, 1 video, 2 assessments) c. Ionic or Covalent Bond Lab from colinamiddle.net. (RST.9-10.3, RST.9-10.4, WHST.9-10.1, & RST.9-10.7). Students perform two different labs to find out how room temperature, melting point, solubility in water, and electrical conductivity varies in ionic and covalently bonded substances. 2. SWBAT describe dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions IOT explain the relationship between macromolecules and monomers. a. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis from Richochet Science. (video) b. Biochemistry Macromolecules POGIL from tesd.net. (Worksheet) Students use inductive reasoning to interpret diagrams to learn dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are involved in the formation and breakdown of macromolecules. BIO.A.2.2.3 Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms. 1. SWBAT compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in organisms IOT assess their functions. a. Organic Compounds from CK-12. (RST.9-10.4). (1 reading, 2 videos, 2 assessments) b. McMush Lab: Testing for the Presence of Macromolecules from Laying the Foundation in Biology. (RST.9-10.3, RST.9-10.4, WHST.9-10.1, & RST.9-10.7) Students will learn confirmation tests for the presence of glucose, starch, lipids and proteins. Students will then apply the test procedures to a slurry made from a McDonald s Happy Meal to determine the presence of these macromolecules in the sample. c. Macromolecule Foldable from mychandlerschools (RST.9-10.4 & RST.9-10.3) Students create a macromolecule foldable; sketch, label, and explain the functions of the four different macromolecules. BIO.A.2.3.1 Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction. 1. SWBAT describe the role of enzymes as catalysts IOT understand their function in the rate of chemical reactions. a. Enzymes from CK-12. (RST.9-10.4). ( 1 reading, 1 video, 1 activity, 2 assessments) b. Enzymes Foldable from Biology Junction. (RST.9-10.4 & RST.9-10.3) students create a foldable of an enzyme and describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction. c. Enzyme Cut-outs Activity from online. (RST.9-10.3, RST.9-10.4 & RST.9-10.7) Students create a model of an enzyme activity and explain the reaction that occurs.
BIO.A.2.3.2 Explain how factors such as ph, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function. 1. SWBAT explain how factors such as ph, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function IOT analyze a chemical reaction. a. Measuring the Effect of Enzyme Concentration from Laying the Foundation in Biology. (RST.9-10.3, RST.9-10.4, WHST.9-10.1, & RST.9-10.7)Students will measure the length of time it takes for various concentrations of catalase-soaked filter paper disks to float to the top of a cup filled with hydrogen peroxide. Students will perform dilutions to produce the various enzyme concentrations. b. Catalase Enzyme Lab from Biology Junction. (RST.9-10.3, RST.9-10.4, WHST.9-10.1, & RST.9-10.7) In this experiment, students will measure the rate of enzyme activity under various conditions, such as different enzyme concentrations, ph values, and temperatures. Enrichment Enroll your students into a Philadelphia tradition - Carver Science Fair www.carversciencefair.org! Quizlet - Keystone Biology Flashcards 1. Unit 2 Vocabulary Flash Cards 2. Units 1-8 Vocabulary Flash Cards Textbook References http://my.hrw.com/schoolnet/pa/philadelphia/menus/index.html Johnson, G. & Raven, P. (2004). Holt Biology. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1. Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life, pp. 27-47 2. Worksheet Assignments: a. Analyzing Skills/Interpreting Graphics Chapter Skills Worksheet b. Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Active Reading Skills Worksheet c. Chemistry of Cells Chapter 2 Active Reading Skills Worksheet d. Chemistry of Cells Chapter 2 Directed Reading Skills Worksheet e. Chapter 2 Concept Mapping Skills Worksheet Philadelphia Core Curriculum References (Green Spiral Bound Book) 1. Behavior of Water Investigation, pp. 54-58 2. Heat Capacity of Water Investigation, pp. 60-63 3. Protein Investigation, pp. 70-71 4. Analysis of Unknowns Investigations, pp. 76-78 Sample questions from PDESAS Assessment Creator that align with Unit 2: The Chemical Basis for Life The opening of the stomata allows water to evaporate from inside the leaf in a process known as transpiration. As this occurs, water molecules cling to one another and pull water in a continuous stream up the stem of the plant from the roots to the leaves. Which property of water makes this movement possible? A. Cohesion B. Freezing point C. High specific heat D. Temperature-dependent density Correct Answer: A
Which is not one of the three particles found inside of an atom? A. Proton B. Neutron C. Nucleus D. Electron Correct Answer: D Cells are made largely of organic compounds that contain carbon. Which property of the carbon atom makes it an essential component of organic compounds? A. Carbon is a nonmetal B. Carbon oxidizes to carbon dioxide C. Carbon can form four covalent bonds D. Carbon is solid at room temperature Correct Answer: C Use the diagram below to answer the question: Which statement best describes the event shown in the diagram? A. Glucose is being synthesized in the chloroplast using nitrogen from plants B. Amino acid monomers are joining together to form a protein macromolecule C. A polymer in the nucleus is being broken into individual monomer subunits D. Lipid molecules are forming fatty acid chains in a dehydration synthesis reaction Correct Answer: B Use the diagram below to answer the question: The diagram shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers. What is this type of reaction called? A. Glycolysis B. Hydrolysis C. Photosynthesis D. Dehydration synthesis
Correct Answer: D Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates? A. large amount of stored information B. ability to catalyze chemical reactions C. efficient storage of usable chemical energy D. tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic Correct Answer: B The diagram models how a poison bonds to the active site of an enzyme. Which function is an enzyme most likely unable to perform because of the attachment of the poison molecule? A. The catalysis of the reaction with the substrate B. The donation of electrons to the substrate C. The supply of activation energy for a reaction D. The release of stored chemical energy Correct Answer: A The graph below shows how the activity of an enzyme changes at different temperatures. Which statement best describes what happens to the enzyme when the temperature of the reaction increases to 63 C? A. The enzyme is used up and the reaction stops B. The enzyme begins to decrease the rate of the reaction
C. The enzyme continues to increase the rate of the reaction D. The enzyme changes shape and can no longer speed up the reaction Correct Answer: D Essential Questions 1. How are the chemical elements in our bodies used to make the large molecules that make up our structure? 2. How do the structures of molecules enable life s functions? PA Standards: These are the PA Standards that underly the Eligible Content in this unit. 3.2.10.A1: 1. Describe how the unique properties of water support life on earth. 3.1.10.A7: 1. Describe the relationship between the structure of organic molecules and the function they serve in living organisms. 3.1.12.A7: 1. Explain how enzymes regulate biochemical reactions within a cell. 3.1.B.A2: 1. Explain the importance of enzymes as catalysts in cell reactions. 2. Identify how factors such as ph and temperature may affect enzyme function. Common Core State Standards Connections in ELA/Literacy and Mathematics These are Common Core Standards that are related to the Eligible Content in this unit. RST.9-10.3 Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text. RST.9-10.4 Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9-10 texts and topics RST.9-10.7 Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words. WHST.9-10.1 Write arguments focused on discipline specific content. WHST.9-10.2 Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. WHST.9-10.9 Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Next Generation Science Standards These are Next Generation Science Standards that are related to the Eligible Content in this unit. NGSS- HS- LS1-6 Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon- based molecules. HS-PS1-5 Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.