COGCC Underground Injection Program & Induced Seismicity February 2017 Stuart Ellsworth, Engineering Manager Bob Koehler, UIC Lead, Geologic Advisor
Agenda: Colorado UIC Permit Process UIC Well Construction UIC Permit Support Data Induced Seismicity Injection Monitoring Final Comments
Class II Injection Well Count (active and inactive as of October 2016) Statewide: 943 UIC wells 374 DISPOSAL WELLS (34 are EPA Tribal) 569 ENHANCED RECOVERY WELLS Garfield County: 70 UIC wells 70 DISPOSAL WELLS No ENHANCED RECOVERY WELLS
Colorado UIC Permit Process
UIC Application Process (Rule 325) COGCC Rule 325 outlines the application process for underground injection. Form 2 Permit to Drill Form 2A Oil and Gas Location Assessment Form 4 Sundry Notice Form 5 Drilling Completion Report Form 5A Completed Interval Report Form 31 Injection Permit Application Form 33 Injection Well Permit Application Form 26 Source of Produced Water Form 21 Mechanical Integrity Test Form 42 Notice of Notification (Notice of Hydraulic Fracturing) Form 7 Report of Monthly Injection Volume and Pressure
Form 31 & 33 Support Information Proposed injection program Surface owner agreement Notice to surface and mineral owners within a ¼-mile Remedial correction plan for wells all wells within the ¼-mile for water migrating Maps and lists o All wells (oil and gas and water) within ¼ mile of injection well o Map of producing wells within ½ mile of injection well o Maps and lists of all surface and mineral owners within ¼ mile of injection well o Unit area plat (required for enhanced recovery) Surface facility plan view Water analysis for injection zone (total dissolved solids) Well Bore Diagram Step Rate Test for fracture gradient MIT (Mechanical Integrity Test)is performed If commercial facility, description of operations and area served
6 PIERRE SHALE 6
UIC Well Construction
Wellbore Integrity MECHANICAL INTEGRITY TEST Applied pressure monitoring of internal casing pressure BRADENHEAD MONITORING TEST Monitoring for internal annulus pressure GROUND SURFACE AQUIFER(S) CEMENTED CONDUCTOR WELLHEAD Bradenhead valve CEMENT SURFACE CASING PRESSURIZED FLUID TUBING PRODUCTION CASING PERFORATIONS BRIDGE PLUG INJECTION FORMATIONS Per COGCC Rule 326 Per COGCC Rules 207.b. and 608.e
CEMENT BOND LOG 317.o. Requirement to log well. For all new drilling operations, the operator shall be required to run a minimum of a resistivity log with gamma-ray or other petrophysical log(s) approved by the Director that adequately describe the stratigraphy of the wellbore. A cement bond log shall be run on all production casing or, in the case of a production liner, the intermediate casing, when these casing strings are run. These logs and all other logs run shall be submitted with the Well Completion or Recompletion Report and Log, Form 5. Open hole logs shall be run at depths that adequately verify the setting depth of surface casing and any aquifer coverage. These requirements shall not apply to the unlogged open hole completion intervals, or to wells in which no open hole logs are run.
Cement Bond Logs to verify placement of cement Per COGCC Rule 317.o requires cement bond logs for all wells. Top of Cement
UIC Permit Support Data
UIC Data Review 1. REVIEW THE DRILLING RECORDS FOR: a) DAILY DRILLING LOGS b) DRILLING BREAKS c) LOST CIRCULATION ZONES d) RATE OF PENETRATION CURVES (ROP) 2. STATIC WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT 3. REQUEST A TRANSIENT TEST TO DETERMINE INJECTION RATES AND PERMEABILITY
1) Standard Condition of Approval: < Maximum Allowable Injection Volume MIV = f h p (1/4 mile) 2 f = Porosity f = Porosity h = Reservoir height h = Reservoir height p = PI 1/4 mile 1/4 mile
2) Standard Condition of Approval: < Maximum Allowable Injection Rate & Pressure Step Rate Test for Fracture Gradient Zone of Allowed Injection Rate & Pressure
Colorado Geologic Map - Tweto, 1979
Colorado Earthquake and Fault Map
1900 to Current Colorado Earthquakes
Induced Seismicity in Colorado
Historical Examples of Induced Seismicity in Colorado Rangely Large injection volumes High injection rate Rocky Mountain Arsenal Large injection volumes High injection rate Low porosity reservoir Low permeability reservoir Paradox Valley Large injection volumes High injection rate
Mohr Coulomb failure criterion t = s tan(f) + So
>M5 Earthquake Prague, Oklahoma
USGS Seismic Events > M2.5 Orange dots: Pre-2011 USGS Seismic Event > M2.5 Blue Square: Injection Wells
Colorado s Underground Injection Program
Area Colorado Earthquakes New Castle Events Injection Facility Earthquake Event Snowmass Events
A review of injection and earthquake activity near New Castle, Colorado
Local Earthquakes listed in USGS database
M 2.3 Colorado 1990-10-19 10 Kilometer M 2.1 Colorado 1990-10-19 M 2.1 - New Castle, CO 2016-10-23 M 2.9 - New Castle, CO 2016-12-26 5 km M 3.3 - New Castle, CO 2017-1-30 2.5 km Earthquake Gas Well Injection Facility
10 Kilometer 045-18532 KOKOPELLI SWD 9-12D IJ Dec 2016 57,981 BW 045-12082 VALLEY FARMS D3 SI Nov 2016 (last IJ June 2016) 5 km 045-14287 VALLEY FARMS F4 SI Nov 2016 (last IJ May 2016) 045-13803 GGU RODREICK #21B-31-691 SWD IJ Dec 2016 80,280 BW 045-11169 SCOTT 41D-36-692 SWD IJ Dec 2016 62,328 BW 045-18493 CIRCLE B LAND 33A-35-692 SWD IJ Dec 2016 19,033 BW 2.5 km 045-21277 PWD Federal 21-6-91 IJ Nov 2016 6,254 BW 045-06273 CSF #1-10W SI Nov 2016 (last IJ Feb 2015) Earthquake Gas Well Injection Facility
10 Kilometer A 5 km 2.5 km A Earthquake Gas Well Injection Facility
A New Castle A Colorado River Grand Hogback A
Field Scout Card Injection Zone 8,189 Injection Zone over 9,611 feet above Basement >Depth Basement 17,800
Additional Safeguards Review of seismicity and PGA Review of geology, subsurface data CGS, DWR, CDPHE review for of injection zone Special data, test or logs periodically required: o o o o Bradenhead test Temperature, radioactive or noise logs Cased hole integrity logs Transit Analysis.
Final Comments
Questions?
Valley Farms D3 SI June 2016 A Silt Rifle Syncline A Grand Hogback A A
M 2.3 Colorado 1990-10-19 M 2.1 Colorado 1990-10-19 M 2.1 - New Castle, CO 2016-10-23 M 2.9 - New Castle, CO 2016-12-26 4 Earthquakes from USGS & COGIS Wells
Safeguards Well Construction Review for seismic activity: USGS Review for geologic maps DWR review for of injection zone Injection volume limits Injection Pressure less than fracture gradient Injection Rate
STANDARD CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL ALL APPROVED INJECTION PERMITS HAVE: Maximum Allowable Injection Pressure and Rate that is below the injection zone fracture pressure. Maximum Allowable Injection Volume: this is calculated to hold the radius of influence of injected fluid to ¼ Mile. The volume may be increased at a later date with additional review and approval by COGCC. There may be special data, test or log required periodically. o Bradenhead test o Temperature, radioactive or noise logs o Cased hole integrity logs o Transit Analysis.
UIC Inspection and Enforcement FOR BOTH DISPOSAL AND SECONDARY RECOVERY All UIC wells are inspected annually o INJECTION PRESSURE IS CHECKED o ANNULAR PRESSURE IS CHECKED All UIC wells are pressure tested for casing integrity every 5-years. All UIC wells are equipped with a packer and tubing annulus are inspected for leaks through by opening the tubing annulus value. Any well showing abnormal pressure on the tubing annulus is required to cease injection, be repaired of abandoned.
Questions?
Injection Monitoring
Temperature Logging
Radioactive Logging
Acoustic Logging
Spinner Survey Tool
Spinner Survey
M4.7 Earthquake Guy, Arkansas
Review of surrounding wells within ¼ miles for remedial correction plan
Directional Survey
Wellbore Diagram
Water Analysis Total Dissolved Solids = 52,303 ppm
Mud Log
Induction Log for thickness Neutron-Density Log for porosity H, Reservoir height =33 f, porosity = 15% 30% 20% 10% 0
Calculation of Maximum Injection Pressure 1. Calculate the fracture gradient (FG, psig/ft): FG = (Bottom Hole Step Rate Test Pressure ) Depth Injection 2. Calculate the maximum surface injection pressure (P max, psig): P max = [FG - (0.433*Specific Gravity)] * Depth Injection Hydraulic Gradient, psig/ft = 0.433*Specific Gravity Fresh Water Gradient = 0.433 psig/ft.
The 2014 Greeley Seismic Events and SWD-C4A Well
2014 Greeley Seismic Events and SWD-C4A Well May 31 st at ~9:35PM 6 miles NE of Greeley Colorado M 3.2 Event
Anne Sheehan et al. University of Colorado USGS: Did you feel it?
Greeley May 31 st quake as detected on closest seismograph station (USGS ISCO) ~70 miles away at Idaho Springs. Anne Sheehan et al. University of Colorado
Sample seismograms from 5 stations with picks Anne Sheehan et al. University of Colorado
Baseline Seismicity M 4.2 event in 1969 located 12 miles SW of injection site recorded in USGS database. Matched filter study to retrospectively search for waveforms matching M 3.2 event at ISCO station from January 2013 May 2014: - First event a M 0.74 in November, 2013 - Eleven more events between January and end of May, 2014 (ranging from M 0.56 to M 2.3)
M 2.6 M 2.4 M 2.3 M 1.8 Anne Sheehan and William Yeck University of Colorado
COGCC interpretation after Anne Sheehan et al. University of Colorado
Anne Sheehan and William Yeck University of Colorado
Pre-plug back bottom of hole accepting about 30% to 50% of the injection fluid in a highly fractured zone Plugged back TD to 10,360 feet above a highly fractured zone. Post plug back bottom of hole accepting about 10% of the injection fluid.
C4A Authorized To Re-inject 1. AXPC Traffic Light criteria will apply. 2. Injection resumes at 5,000 barrels of water per day (BWPD) with a maximum injection pressure of 1,512 psi. for 20 days. 3. If no M 2.5 seismic events may increase to 7,500 BWPD at 1,512 psi. for 20 days. 4. If no M 2.5 seismic events for 20 days NGL may request an increased injection rate. 5. NGL will install a permanent seismometer station near the Well.
2015 to Current Colorado Earthquakes
Area Earthquakes listed on USGS database