HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section14.1FossilEvidenceofChange Objectives1@2 Vocabulary:Definethefollowingterms: extinction@ fossil@ paleontologist@ relativedating@ LawofSuperposition@ radiometricdating@ half@life@ MainIdea CluesinRocksPages393@396) RockscannotprovideinformationabouttheEarth s buttheyareanimportantsourceofinformationaboutthe oflifethat ontheplanet.organismsburied in rockarepreservedasfossils. Identifysixtypesofmaterialsinwhichfossilsarefound. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Listthefourstepstofossilization: 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 2
3 Comparerelativeandradiometricdatingbyprovidingthreefactsabouteach, usingthetablebelow. RelativeDating RadiometricDating 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4 Analyzethegraphabove: 1. PercentoftheoriginalmaterialisleftafteronehalfIlife 2. PercentoftheoriginalmaterialisleftaftertwohalfIlives 3. PercentoftheoriginalmaterialisleftafterthreehalfIlives 4. PercentoftheoriginalmaterialisleftafterfourhalfIlives HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section14.2OriginofLife Objectives3@5 Vocabulary:Definethefollowingterms: spontaneousgeneration@ theoryofbiogenesis@ endosymbionttheory@
MainIdea Origins:EarlyIdeasPages401@402) IllustrateRedi sexperimentthatdisprovedspontaneousgeneration. ComparespontaneousgenerationandbiogenesisintheVenndiagram. ModernIdeasPages402@404) ModelOparin sprimordialsouphypothesisfortheformationofsimple organicmoleculesbycompletingthegraphicorganizer. Startedchemical reactionsofgases intheearly atmosphere DiscusstheimportanceoftheworkbyMillerandUreyandSydneyFox Miller@Urey@ SydneyFox@ Identifyfourrequirementsforlifeusingtheconceptmapbelow. RequirementsforLife 5 6
MainIdea CellularEvolutionPages405@407) SequencehowO2accumulatedintheatmosphereitsaffectonlife. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identifythreepropertiesthatmitochondriaandchloroplastssharewith prokaryotes. 1. 2. 3. Analyzetheendosymbionttheoryintheevolutionofplantcellsby completingthesequencechart. 1. 2. bacteria evolvedinto mitochondria 3. 4. Summarizethesequenceofhypothesizedeventsthatleadfromalifeless Earthtothepresenceofaeukaryoticcell. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section15.1Darwin stheoryofnaturalselection Objectives6@7 Definethefollowingterms: Selectivebreeding@ artificialselection@ evolution@ naturalselection@ 7 8
9 MainIdea DevelopingtheTheoryofEvolutionPages418@421) Summarize3observationsDarwinmadeinhisresearchontheSouth Americanmainland. 1. 2. 3. Identify3organismsfromtheGalapagosIslandsandtheirdistinguishing characteristics. Organism Variation AnalyzeDarwin shypothesisontheoriginofgalapagosfinchesbyfillingin theflowchart. Finchesmigrate fromsouth Americatothe Galapogosislands. 10 Summarize3observationsDarwinmadeinhisresearchwithpigeons. 1. 2. 3. Identifythefourprinciplesofnaturalselection. 1. 2. 3. 4. Summarizenaturalselectionbycompletingthesentences. Natural Selection Organismswith traitsareableto andpasstheirtraitsontotheir,whothenreproduce. Thosewithoutsuchfavorabletraitsare morelikelyto beforereproducing.
HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section15.2EvidenceofEvolution Objectives8@9 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktowritethecorrectvocabulary termforeachblank. Analogousstructures@ ancestraltrait@ biogeography@ camouflage@ derivedtrait@ embryo@ fitness@ homologousstructures@ mimicry@ vestigialstructure@ MainIdea SupportforEvolutionPages423@428) Summarizetherleanatomyplaysintheteachingusaboutevolution. Structure Whatisit? Example Homologous Structure Analogous Structure Vestigial Structure Embryo 11 12
Identifywaysscientistsinterpretrelationshipsamongspecies. Scientists combine datafrom Tointerpret relationships amongspecies MainIdea AdaptationPages428@430) ComparesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenadaptationsandnonI adaptations.giveanexampleofeach. Characteristic Adaptations Non@Adaptations Inheritedtraits yes yes Increasesurvivalor Reproduction ByIproductsarising fromother evolutionarychanges Example ApplyGiveexamplesofhowanimalsusecamouflageandmimicryinorderto protectthemselves.useexamplesnotfoundinyourbook. 1. 2. Camouflage Mimicry Structural Adaptations Analyzehowantibioticscanlosetheireffectivenessovertime. Summarizewhyfossilsareimportanttoolsinunderstandingevolution. 13 14
15 HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section15.3ShapingEvolutionaryTheory Objectives10@15 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktowritethecorrectvocabulary termforeachblank. Hardy@WeinbergPrinciple@ Foundereffect@ bottleneck@ prezygoticisolatingmechanism geneticdrift@ stabilizingselection@ ppostzygoticisolatingmechanism@ 16 directionalselection@ disruptiveselection@ sexualselection@ allopatricspeciation@ sympatricspeciation@ MainIdea MechanismofEvolutionPages431@436) Sequencethestepsassociatedwithgeneticequilibrium. makeupa ata certain whichovertime resultsin.
Identifythreewaysthegeneticequilibriumcanbedisrupted. 1. 2. 3. MainIdea ReproductiveIsolationPage437) Contrastgeographicisolationandreproductiveisolation. Comparenaturalselectionandsexualselectionbycompletingthetable. SpeciesChanges IncreasesFitness? Basedon NaturalSelection SexualSelection MainIdea SpeciationPage438) Compareallopatricandsympatricspeciation. MainIdea SpeciationandPatternsofEvolutionPage439@441) Labeleachmodelasrepresentingdivergentorconvergentevolution. SpeciesA SpeciesX SpeciesY SpeciesB SpeciesC Sharesimilartraits Summarizethetwoideasconcerningtherateofspeciation. Gradualism Punctualism 17 18
19 HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section17.1TheHistoryofClassification Objectives16@17 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktowritethecorrectvocabulary termforeachblank. morphology@ Binomialnomenclature@ class@ classification@ family@ genus@ kingdom@ 20 order@ phylum@ taxon@ taxonomy@ ClassifyyourvocabularytermsasbeingpartofLinnaeus twoiwordnaming systemorataxonomicgroup.donotusetermsmarkedwitha*. Linnaeus System TaxonomicGroup
MainIdea EarlyClassificationSystemsPages484@486) IdentifythepartsofLinnaeus twoiwordnamingsystembycompletingthe graphicorganizerbelow. firstword whichisa identifiesa Binomial Nomenclature secondword iscalledthe whichoften describes Distinguishthegenusandspecificname,orepithet,forthespeciesnameof modernhumans. Genus Specific epithet MainIdea TaxonomicCategories Pages487@488) Comparethedatetodeterminewhichorganismsarecloselyrelated. ClassificationofSelectedMammals Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Cetacea Carnivora Carnivora Carnivora Family Mystceti Felidae Canidae Canidae Genus Balenopora Felis Canis Canis Species B.physalis F.catus C.latrans C.lupus Common Name BlueWhale Domestic cat Coyote wolf Sequencethetaxainorderfrommostspecifictoleastspecific. Analyzethefigureoftaxonomicgroups,thenidentifytheclassificationfor humans. Domain: Kingdom: Phylum: Class: MainIdea SystematicsApplicationsPage489) Summarizehowadichotomouskeyworks. Explainwhyanamelikeseahorseisnotagoodscientificname.Analyzewhy scientificnamesarebetter. 21 22
HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section17.2ModernClassification Objectives18@20 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktowritethecorrectvocabulary termforeachblank. characters@ cladistics@ cladogram@ molecularclock@ phylogeny@ MainIdea DeterminingSpeciesPages490@491) Comparethefourconceptsthatbiologistshavedusedorareusingtoclassify organisms. Concept BasisofClassification Limitations Typological Doesnotaccountfor variationsinspeciesorthe factthatspecieschangeover time Groupoforganismsthat caninterbreedina naturalsettingandhave fertileoffspring Evolutionary speciesconcept Unknownevoultionary historiesforsomespecies 23 24
MainIdea CharactersPages492@495) Identifyandgiveexamplesofthetwotypesofcharactersintheconceptmap. Characters: MorphologicalCharacters: BiochemicalCharacters: Example: Example: Example: Example: MainIdea PhylogeneticReconstructionPage495@498) Describecladogramsbycompletingtheparagraph A isabranchingdiagramthatrepresentstheproposed orevolutionofa orgroup.thegroupsused inthecladogramscarecalled.todevelopacladogram, charactersareidentified.thenthe of variousspeciesisidentifiedbasedontheabsenceorpresenceofthederived charactersinthe.inmakingacladogram, assumethatgroupsthat morederivedcharactershaveamore ancestor. UNIT SUMMARY: A. Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity 1. Biological evolution, the process by which all living things have evolved over many generations from shared ancestors, explains both the unity and diversity of species. The unity is illustrated by the similarities found in species; which can be explained by the inheritance of similar characteristics from related ancestors. The diversity is also consistent with common ancestry: it is explained by the branching and diversification of lineages as populations adapted, primarily through natural selection, to local circumstances. 2. Evidence for common ancestry can be found in the fossil record, from comparative anatomy and embryology, from the similarity in cellular processes and structures, and from comparisons of DNA sequences between species. 3. The understanding of evolutionary relationships has recently been greatly accelerated by using new molecular tools to study developmental biology, with researchers dissecting the genetic basis for some changes see in the fossil record. B. Natural Selection 1. Natural selection occurs only if there is both 1) variation in the genetic information between organisms in a population and 2) variation in the expression of that genetic information that is trait variation- leads to differences in performance among individuals. 2. If the trait differences do not affect reproductive success, then natural selection will not favor one trait over the others. The traits that positively affect survival are more likely to be produced and thus are more common in the population. C. Adaptation 1. Natural selection is the result of four factors: 1) the potential for a species to increase in number, 2) the genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, 3) competition for an environment s limited supply of the resources that individuals need to survive and reproduce, and 4) the ensuing proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in that environment. 2. Natural selection leads to adaptation that is, to a population dominated by organisms that are anatomically, behaviorally, and physiologically well suited to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. 3. Adaptive changes due to natural selection, as well as the net result of speciation minus extinction, have strongly contributed to the planet s biodiversity. 4. Adaptation also means that the distribution of traits in a population can change when conditions change. a. Changes in the physical environment, whether naturally occurring or human induced, have contributed to the expansion of some species, the emergence of new distinct species as populations diverge under different conditions, and the decline - and sometimes the extinction of some species. b. Extinction occurs because species can no longer survive and reproduce in an altered environment. If members cannot adjust to change that is too fast or too drastic, the opportunity for the species evolution is lost. 25 26