Springer Proceedings in Physics Volume 189
The series Springer Proceedings in Physics, founded in 1984, is devoted to timely reports of state-of-the-art developments in physics and related sciences. Typically based on material presented at conferences, workshops and similar scientific meetings, volumes published in this series will constitute a comprehensive up-to-date source of reference on a field or subfield of relevance in contemporary physics. Proposals must include the following: name, place and date of the scientific meeting a link to the committees (local organization, international advisors etc.) scientific description of the meeting list of invited/plenary speakers an estimate of the planned proceedings book parameters (number of pages/ articles, requested number of bulk copies, submission deadline). More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/361
Jeyasingh Ebenezar Editor Recent Trends in Materials Science and Applications Nanomaterials, Crystal Growth, Thin films, Quantum Dots, & Spectroscopy (Proceedings ICRTMSA 2016) 123
Editor Jeyasingh Ebenezar Department of Physics Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous) Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu India ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic) Springer Proceedings in Physics ISBN 978-3-319-44889-3 ISBN 978-3-319-44890-9 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44890-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016954591 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword 1 I am delighted to know that the Department of Physics, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, had organized an International Conference on Recent Trends in Materials Science and Applications (ICRTMSA 2016) on 29th February 2016. Any conference has its aim, dissemination of knowledge, sharing of ideas, and exposure to latest trends and techniques. Judging by the overwhelming response at the conference and by the large number of papers containing the results of original research carried out by researchers and scientists, I have no doubt that this conference ICRTMSA 2016 has fulfilled its stated objectives in ample measure. The organizers have taken considerable efforts right from organizing the conference to compiling the papers presented in a nice form as a Springer Proceedings in Physics. This once again reflects the high quality of research that was delivered in the conference. This proceedings is divided into six self-sufficient parts providing relevant information on most recent topics such as nanomaterials, quantum dots, thin film, crystal growth, and spectroscopy. It combines detailed discussions on fundamentals, preparation, characterization of novel materials, and theoretical description of such complex topics as quantum dots, with good exposition of the results obtained and their excellent interpretation and identification of the plausible applications. My appreciations are due to the editor for his excellent work. I hope that this proceedings will contribute immensely to the body of knowledge in materials science and will be a valuable reference not only to an uninitiated novice, but also to seasoned researchers in these fields. Dr. R.V. Mangalaraja President Chilean Metallurgy and Materials Society Professor and Director Department of Materials Engineering University of Concepcion Concepcion, Chile v
Foreword 2 The International Conference on Recent Trends in Materials Science and Applications (ICRTMSA 2016), organized on 29th February 2016, was an initiative taken by the Department of Physics, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, South India, to bring together active researchers from various disciplines of materials science and enable them to showcase their state-of-the-art research results, interact with the peers in new cross-disciplinary fields, and enhance their knowledge. I understand that more than 120 research articles were received from various parts of the world, which demonstrates the international reach of the conference. I am also given to understand that after a strict review process, characteristic of all Springer editions, 52 articles have been selected and brought out in fine print as Springer Proceedings in Physics. The book attempts to present important selected topics in materials science such as nanomaterials, quantum dots, thin film, crystal growth, and spectroscopy in such a way that it will serve as an introductory text for the undergraduate and postgraduate students in materials science, nanoscience, and technology, as well as can be used as a book of reference by the researchers in this field. Kudos to the editor and the publishers for their nice compilation. I am sure that this book will meet the needs of updating of knowledge by students aspiring to pursue a meaningful research career in materials science. Prof. Ajayan Vinu, FRSC, FFMAS Professor of Nanomaterials Future Industries Institute Division of Information Technology Engineering and the Environment University of South Australia Adelaide, Australia vii
Preface In recent years, materials science has emerged as one of the most important and exciting areas of research in the fields of science, engineering, and technology. This is mainly because of the fact that materials science has led to the recognition of the fundamental similarities underlying the structures, phenomena, and properties of a wide variety of interesting and technologically important materials. The identification and development of novel materials every decade has paved the way, in a very much large measure, for the advancement of knowledge in science. The three fundamental constituents of materials science and engineering are perhaps crystal growth, thin film fabrications, and development of nanomaterials. Development of devices for technologically important applications such as sensors, detectors, and integrated circuits for data acquisition and analysis calls for the growth of crystals of suitable size and perfection. Similarly, continued technological advances in the fields of optoelectronic, photonic, gas sensors, solar cells, etc., which have spawned many emergent cutting edge technologies were made possible with the development of thin films made from newer materials. Further, the development of various novel nanostructured materials with highly remarkable properties appears to have taken the developments in science and technology to every conceivable sphere of human endeavor. Taking cognizance of these variegated importances of research in materials science, the Department of Physics, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, South India, an autonomous A-grade college, recognized as a college with potential for excellence by the National Accreditation and Assessment Council, constituted by the University Grants Commission (UGC) of the Government of India, organized an International Conference on Recent Trends in Materials Science and Applications (ICRTMSA 2016) during 29th February 2016. This proceeding is a compendium of the materials presented in the plenary sessions, invited lectures, and papers presented at this conference. It provides an overview of materials science, starting from the experimental and theoretical methods of preparation, processing etc., for the identification of the structural changes, properties, and applications. It contains a total of 58 chapters organized into six parts (Part I VI including Invited and Plenary Talk ). ix
x Preface Part I comprises of six chapters consisting of lectures delivered by the invited speakers on topics such as cavitation technology, biological applications of core shell nanoparticles, quantum dots and device fabrication, spectroscopic and quantum computation techniques, electrodepostion method for nanostructured thin film preparation, and the prospects and constraints of emerging nanotechnology. Part II focuses on the significant advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology and covers topics including synthesis and annealing effects, and spectral, thermal, microstructural, magnetic, electrochemical, and dielectric properties of nanomaterials for wide range of applications including gas sensing, photocathode for solar cells, optical limiting, antibacterial, photocatalytic, super-capacitor electrode, optoelectronic, storage device, and window layer applications. Part III is devoted to the studies of the electronic and optical properties related to the quantum dots, the artificial atoms. Stress is on Group II VI and III V ternary and quaternary semiconducting materials, as they are considered to be promising candidates due to their potential applications in short wavelength laser diodes, amplifiers, and switches. The size-dependent dots exhibit some exotic electronic and optical properties which can be applied for fabricating novel optoelectronic devices such as optical and electro-optic modulators, inter-band lasers, optical switches, optical amplifiers, and inter-subband long wavelength detectors. The experimental synthesis of the cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots and their related optical properties is also discussed. Part IV deals with the experimental understanding of surface and thin film materials, their deposition, processing and fabrication techniques, spectroscopic, surface, resistivity, AC impedance, conductivity and magnetic studies, sensing and optical properties that are used to produce optoelectronic, photonic, gas sensor, and solar cells, Li-ion battery and magneto-optic memory devices. It focuses specially on the solvent effect on the preparation and properties of thin films, preparation of nanostructured thin films for sensing application, studies on phase transformation behavior, and organic and potential material preparation for solar cell applications. Part V discusses the synthesis and crystal growth of technologically important single crystals for nonlinear optical and electro-optic applications. In particular, it covers the synthesis, growth, spectral, thermal, mechanical, dielectric, and optical properties of organic, inorganic, and semi-organic single crystals grown by slow evaporation, top-seeded solution growth, and vertical Bridgman growth techniques, studies of the dielectric properties of organic single crystals and fluorinated anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal and ion irradiation studies on semi-organic single crystals. Also the X-ray crystallography studies of many biological compounds such as of E-methyl-2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-ylidene) hydrazinecarboxylate, 4-ethoxyanilinium hydrogen succinate, and 4-methoxyanilinium chloride 4-methoxy aniline crystallized by slow evaporation method are focussed. Their structures are solved and refined using full-matrix least squares technique by SHELX program package and their applications are presented. Finally, Part VI elaborates on spectroscopy, an important tool in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. It emphasizes the structural design, highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO),
Preface xi thermodynamical parameters, etc., of some pharmaceutically and biologically active drugs using quantum computational chemistry methods and computer modeling techniques. The same chapter also discusses the theoretical and experimental evaluation of ultrasonic velocity in liquid mixtures and studies the effect of the variations in the ultrasonic velocity on the behavior of polymer systems, such as intra- and intermolecular association, dipolar interactions, complex formation, and structural changes which in turn are helpful in the production and use of polymers in pharmaceuticals and industry. As this proceedings contains results of experimental and theoretical research, it will serve as an essential reading for a wider audience which includes students, teachers, professionals, researchers, and industrialists involved in all branches of materials science and engineering, particularly for those who are preparing for an entry into or are already associated with materials science, and nanoscience and technology. Constructive suggestions for the betterment of the proceedings will be much appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. Tiruchirappalli, India Jeyasingh Ebenezar
Acknowledgements This issue of the Springer Proceedings in Physics is a compilation of the papers presented in the plenary sessions, invited lectures, and paper/poster sessions held at the International Conference on Recent Trends in Materials Science and Applications (ICRTMSA 2016) on 29th February 2016. The articles were selected after a stringent process of refereeing by a review committee comprising national and international experts and an in-house refereeing process by the Springer Editorial Team. Judging by the participation of a large group of scientists and researchers and the papers received, the conference is a grand success. On this occasion, I register my heartfelt thanks to the members of National Advisory Committee and Conference Organizing Committee, colleagues in the department, and well wishers for their valuable suggestions, guidance, and support. I would also like to register my gratitude to our magnanimous management of the college for granting permission and providing all the necessary support for organizing the conference. I would like to thank all the invited speakers, each one of them an eminent person in his respective field, for having taken time out of their busy schedules for not only delivering the lecture, but also providing us an excellent handout of their talks in time. My thanks are also due to all the participants and young researchers who took part actively in the presentations and all the discussions that followed. I would like to thank wholeheartedly all the reviewers who have conscientiously opted to review papers and have carried out an excellent job within a short span of time in spite of their pressing engagements. I would also like to thank the Springer Publishers for having accepted our proposal and bringing out this proceedings in fine print. Finally I would like to acknowledge the partial financial support from UGC received in the form of autonomous grant for the conduct of the conference. Jeyasingh Ebenezar Tiruchirappalli, India xiii
Contents Part I Invited and Plenary Talks Cavitation Technology Potential Way of Generating Nanomaterials and Nanoemulsions for Wider Technological Applications.... 3 Manickam Sivakumar Ag/TiO 2 (Metal/Metal Oxide) Core Shell Nanoparticles for Biological Applications... 9 D. Mangalaraj and D. Nithya Devi Quantum Dots and Their Potential Applications to Device Fabrication... 19 A. John Peter Exploring the Behaviors of Organic and Bio-active Compounds by Spectroscopic and Quantum Computational Techniques... 25 S. Xavier Understanding, Prospects and Constraints of Emerging Nanotechnology... 39 Manickam Sivakumar Electrodeposition A Simple and Effective Method for the Preparation of Metal Oxide Nanostructured Thin Films... 49 D. Mangalaraj and S. Poongodi Part II Nanomaterials Spectroscopic Investigation on rgo:zno Composites Nanostructures... 63 Thangaraj Pandiyarajan, Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja, B. Karthikeyan, Héctor D. Mansilla and M.A. Gracia-Pinilla xv
xvi Contents Supercontinuum Generation in a Silicon Nanowire Embedded Photonic Crystal Fiber for Optical Coherence Tomography Applications.... 71 E. Gunasundari, K. Senthilnathan, P. Ramesh Babu, J. Ebenezar and K. Nakkeeran Synthesis and Characterization of CuInSe 2 Nanoparticles by Hydrothermal Method.... 89 Suresh Sagadevan, Jiban Podder and Isha Das Fabrication of Tin Oxide Nano-fibers by Electro Spinning Generator... 99 K. Thangavel, T. Roshini and E. Ranjith Kumar Hierarchical ZSM-5 Zeolite Nanosurfaces with High Porosity Structural, Morphological and Textural Investigations.... 109 S.K. Jesudoss, J. Judith Vijaya, A. Anancia Grace, L. John Kennedy, S. Sivasanker and P. Kathirgamanathan A Comparative Study on Designing Efficient Pulse Compressors and Pulse Stretchers Using Tapered Photonic Crystal Fibers... 119 A. Manimegalai, K. Senthilnathan, K. Nakkeeran and P. Ramesh Babu Structural, Dielectric and Gas Sensing Properties of Mn-Ni Ferrite Nanoparticles.... 135 P. Bala Sundari, E. Ranjith Kumar, S. Ramya and A.S. Kamzin Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe 2 O 4 ) Nanoparticles Prepared by Hydrothermal Method.... 145 Suresh Sagadevan, Jiban Podder and Isha Das Generation of Few-Cycle Laser Pulses Using A Photonic Quasi-crystal Fiber... 153 M.S. Aruna Gandhi, G. Melwin, P. Ramesh Babu, Abdosllam M. Abobaker, K. Nakkeeran and K. Senthilnathan Synthesis, Structural, Optical and Dielectric Properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles as Photocathode for a Solar Cell... 159 F. Michael Raj and A. Jeya Rajendran Third Order Nonlinear Optical Studies of ZnS Nanostructures Synthesized by Laser Ablation Technique.... 171 M.C. Divyasree, N.K. Siji Narendran and K. Chandrasekharan
Contents xvii Structural, Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of La Substituted CoFe 2 O 4 Nanoparticles... 179 M. Vadivel, R. Ramesh Babu, P. Selvakumar, M. Arivanandhan and K. Ramamurthi Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Guar Gum Composites.... 195 K. Senthilarasan, P. Sakthivel and A. Ragu Effect of Cobalt Incorporation on Structural, Morphological, Optical and Antibacterial Properties of Rod Shaped ZnO Nanoparticles.... 205 A. Dhanalakshmi, B. Natarajan and V. Ramadas Spinel NiCo 2 O 4 Nanostructures: Synthesis, Morphological, Optical and Electrochemical Properties.... 219 M. Silambarasan, P.S. Ramesh and D. Geetha Impact of Annealing on Structural and Magnetic Properties of Manganese Co-Doped Magnesium-Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles... 233 J. Balavijayalakshmi and C. Annie Josphine Biosynthesis of Novel Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) Using Endophytic Bacteria Sphingobacterium thalpophilum.... 245 Neethipathi Rajabairavi, Chellappan Soundar Raju, Chandrasekaran Karthikeyan, Kandhan Varutharaju, Shanmugam Nethaji, Abdulrahman Syedahamed Haja Hameed and Appakan Shajahan Hollow ZnSnO 3 Crystallites: Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties... 255 P. Prabakaran, M. Victor Antony Raj, Jobin Job Mathen, S. Prathap and J. Madhavan Study of PVA/CA/NH 4 SCN/Ethylene Carbonate/Al 2 O 3 Polymer Nano-Composite Electrolyte System... 263 S. Gurulakshmi, S. Madeswaran, S. Karthikeyan, S. Selvasekarapandian and S. Monisha Preparation and Characterization of Porous Hollow Sphere of Ni Doped CuS Nanostructures for Electrochemical Supercapacitor Electrode Material... 277 Surekha Podili, D. Geetha and P.S. Ramesh Effect of Cobalt Substitution on Structural and Magnetic Properties of Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles... 289 J. Balavijayalakshmi and T. Sudha
xviii Contents Structural and Optical Studies of Ni/S Co Doped TiO 2 Nanorods via Sol-Gel Route... 299 V. Kavitha, P.S. Ramesh and D. Geetha Facile Synthesis, Formation Mechanism and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanostructures... 313 Linu M. Johny, N.S. Nirmala Jothi and P. Sagayaraj Part III Quantum Dots Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in a Group III V Nano-well for Terahertz Applications... 329 J. Jayarubi, A. John Peter and H. Belmabrouk Optical Transition Energies in a Group III V N Nano-dot.... 335 P. Uma Mageshwari, A. John Peter and C.A. Duque Synthesis, Structural, Optical, Morphological and Elemental Characterization of CTAB Capped CdS Quantum Dots by Facile Chemical Precipitation Technique... 341 S. Muniyappan, V.M. Arivunithi, T. Solaiyammal, K. Sudhakar, R. Roop Kumar and P. Murugakoothan Part IV Thin Film Structural, Optical and Ethanol Gas Sensing Performance of Aluminium Doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) Thin Films by Nebulizer Spray Technique... 351 C. Ravi Dhas, R. Venkatesh, A. Jennifer Christy, D. Arivukarasan, B. Anitha, D. David Kirubakaran, A. Juliat Josephine, P. Sudhagar, A. Moses Ezhil Raj and C. Sanjeeviraja The Effect of Solvent on the Structural, Morphological, Optical and Electrical Properties of Spray Pyrolysed Boron Doped CdO Thin Films... 367 P. Velusamy, R. Ramesh Babu, K. Ramamurthi and N. Balamurugan AC Impedance Spectroscopy Studies of PtPc Doped Alq 3 Thin Film.... 383 M. Ramar, S.S. Rawat, R. Srivastava and C.K. Suman Microstructure and Phase Transformation Behaviour of Co Ni Al Alloy by Spark Plasma Sintering... 391 G. Johnsy Arputhavalli, S. Agilan and Roy Johnson Synthesis and Characterization of Bay Substituted Perylene Diimide Small Molecule for Organic Solar Cell Application... 401 R. Ganesamoorthy, G. Sathiyan, R. Thangamuthu and P. Sakthivel
Contents xix XRD, FT-IR, SEM and Electrical Studies of Li 4 Mn 4.5 V 0.5 O 12... 417 S. Sharmila, B. Janarthanan and J. Chandrasekaran Fabrication of ZnO Thin Film Based VOC Sensor... 429 S. Narasimman, L. Balakrishnan, S.R. Meher, R. Sivacoumar, Elizabeth Rufus and Z.C. Alex Effect of Titanium Coating on the Structural and Optical Properties of TiO 2 Thin Films for Improved Performance in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells... 437 R. Jeba Beula, Suganthi Devadason and V. Mahesh Kumar CuInS 2 Layer Deposition Through Nebulizer Spray Technique for Solar Cell Fabrication.... 451 C. Ravi Dhas, A. Jennifer Christy, R. Venkatesh, B. Anitha, A. Juliat Josephine, D. David Kirubakaran, D. Arivukarasan, P. Sudhagar, A. Moses Ezhil Raj and C. Sanjeeviraja Part V Crystal Growth Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Potassium Niobate (KNbO 3 ) Single Crystal by Top Seeded Solution Growth Method.... 467 S. Raja, R. Ramesh Babu, K. Ramamurthi and N. Balamurugan Influence of Bias on Dielectric Properties of Mesophases of a Laterally Fluorinated Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal.... 475 Kartick Ch. Dey, Pradip Kumar Mandal and Roman Dabrowski On the Determination of Load Dependent Parameters and Dielectric Tensor Analysis of an Organic Diphenylacetic Acid Single Crystal... 485 RO.MU. Jauhar, G. Peramaiyan and P. Murugakoothan Studies on the Structural, Thermal, Fluorescence and Linear Non-linear Optical Properties of Glycine Sodium Acetate Single Crystal for Electro-Optic Device Applications... 493 N.N. Shejwal, S.S. Hussaini, Ramesh B. Kamble, Mohd Anis and M.D. Shirsat Growth of Organic Single Crystal by Transparent Vertical Bridgman Technique and Its Characterization.... 503 S. Siva Bala Solanki, Rajesh Narayana Perumal and Shizuyasu Ochiai Effect of Oxygen Ion Irradiation on the Structural and Optical Properties of L-Arginine Acetate Single Crystals... 511 N. Renuka, R. Ramesh Babu, N. Vijayan, Brijesh Rathi and Kanika Thukral
xx Contents Growth and Characterization of Chloro Bis Thiourea Mercury (II) Chloride (CBTMC) Grown by Slow Evaporation Technique for Nonlinear Optical Applications... 521 M. Peer Mohamed, S. Sudha, M. Nageshwari, P. Jayaprakash, P. Sangeetha, M. Prakash and M. Lydia Caroline Crystal Structure of E-methyl-2-(1,3-Dimethyl-2, 6-Diphenylpiperidin-4-Ylidene) Hydrazinecarboxylate Compound... 535 T. Mohandas, P. Sakthivel, C. Udhayakumar, B. Arul Prakasam and Ray J. Butcher Crystal Structure of 4-Ethoxyanilinium Hydrogen Succinate... 543 K. Saminathan, R. Jagan, K. Sivakumar and K. Saravanan Crystal Structure of 4-Methoxyanilinium Chloride 4-Methoxy Aniline.... 553 K. Saminathan, R. Jagan, K. Sivakumar and K. Saravanan Part VI Spectroscopy Conformational Analysis, Structural and Vibrational Investigations of trans 2 Chlorocinnamic Acid and trans 4 Chlorocinnamic Acid... 563 L. Devi, V. Arjunan, M.K. Marchewka and S. Mohan Analysis of Vibrational, Electronic and Reactivity Properties of Adenine Using Spectroscopic and Computational Tools... 599 D. Bakkiyaraj, S. Periandy, S. Xavier and Joazaizulfazli Jamalis Geometrical Structure, Vibrational Spectra, NLO, NBO, Electronic Transitions and Thermo Dynamical Analysis of 5-Fluoro-2-Methylbenzonitrile by DFT Computational Method... 629 Arockiasamy Ajaypraveenkumar, R. Ganapathi Raman and S. Sebastian Molecular Structure, Vibrational Spectra, HOMO, LUMO and NMR Studies of Methylphenylcyclopropenone Based on Density Functional Theories... 655 P. Senthil Raj, S. Periandy, S. Xavier and Mohamad I. Attia Some Novel Mannich Bases-Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Docking Studies, Anti-microbial Activity, and Cytotoxicity... 685 M. Seeni Mubarak, R. Kathirvel, M. Sathyanarayanan and S. Mohamed Rabeek
Contents xxi Mathematical and Experimental Analysis of Ultrasound Velocity and Refractive Index in Binary Mixtures of Pharmaceutically Important Polymer PEG 600.... 709 R. Padmanaban, K. Venkatramanan, S. Girivel, K. Kasthuri, A. Usharani, A. Gayathri and Roy Vellaichamy Thermal and Rheological Studies of Aqueous Solutions of PEG 400 and PEG 1500 Having Pharmaceutical Applications... 723 R. Padmanaban, K. Venkatramanan, S. Girivel, K. Kasthuri, A. Usharani and Roy Vellaichamy About the Author... 731 Index... 733
Contributors Abdosllam M. Abobaker Department of Communications Engineering, College of Electronic Technology, Bani Walid, Libya S. Agilan Department of Physics, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India Arockiasamy Ajaypraveenkumar Department of Physics, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India; Nano Computational Laboratory, Department of Nano Technology, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India Z.C. Alex Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India A. Anancia Grace Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, India Mohd Anis Crystal Growth Laboratory, Department of Physics, Milliya Arts, Science and Management Science College, Beed, Maharashtra, India B. Anitha PG and Research Department of Physics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India C. Annie Josphine Department of Physics, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India M. Arivanandhan Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India D. Arivukarasan PG and Research Department of Physics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India V.M. Arivunithi Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa s College, Chennai, India V. Arjunan Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Government Arts and Science College, Karaikal, India xxiii
xxiv Contributors G. Johnsy Arputhavalli Department of Physics, Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India B. Arul Prakasam Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India M.S. Aruna Gandhi School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Engineering, Presidency University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Mohamad I. Attia Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia D. Bakkiyaraj Research & Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India P. Bala Sundari Department of Physics, Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India L. Balakrishnan Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India N. Balamurugan GTAT Corporation, Shanghai, China J. Balavijayalakshmi Department of Physics, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India H. Belmabrouk Laboratoire d Electronique et Microélectronique, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia Ray J. Butcher Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, USA J. Chandrasekaran Department of Physics, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidhyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India K. Chandrasekharan Laser and Nonlinear Optics Lab Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India Roman Dabrowski Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland Isha Das Department of ECE, AMET University, Chennai, India D. David Kirubakaran PG and Research Department of Physics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India Suganthi Devadason Department of Physics, Hindustan University, Chennai, India L. Devi Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
Contributors xxv Kartick Ch. Dey Department of Physics, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College, Siliguri, WB, India A. Dhanalakshmi Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India M.C. Divyasree Laser and Nonlinear Optics Lab Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India C.A. Duque Grupo de Materia Condensada-UdeA, Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia J. Ebenezar Department of Physics, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India R. Ganapathi Raman Department of Physics, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India; Nano Computational Laboratory, Department of Nano Technology, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India R. Ganesamoorthy Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India A. Gayathri Department of Mathematics, SCSVMV University, Kanchipuram, India D. Geetha Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India S. Girivel Department of Physics, SCSVMV University, Kanchipuram, India M.A. Gracia-Pinilla Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Innovación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico E. Gunasundari Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India S. Gurulakshmi SAS, VIT University, Vellore, India; Guru Nanak College, Chennai, India Abdulrahman Syedahamed Haja Hameed Department of Physics, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India S.S. Hussaini Crystal Growth Laboratory, Department of Physics, Milliya Arts, Science and Management Science College, Beed, Maharashtra, India R. Jagan Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
xxvi Contributors Joazaizulfazli Jamalis Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia B. Janarthanan Department of Physics, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, India RO.MU. Jauhar MRDL, PG and Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa s College, Chennai, India P. Jayaprakash PG and Research Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Cheyyar, Tamil Nadu, India J. Jayarubi Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Melur, Madurai, India R. Jeba Beula Department of Physics, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India A. Jennifer Christy PG and Research Department of Physics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India S.K. Jesudoss Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, India A. Jeya Rajendran Advanced Materials Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India L. John Kennedy Materials Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University, Chennai, India A. John Peter PG and Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Melur, Madurai, India Roy Johnson Centre for Ceramic Processing, ARCI, Hyderabad, Tamilnadu, India Linu M. Johny Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai, India J. Judith Vijaya Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, India A. Juliat Josephine PG and Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India Ramesh B. Kamble Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India A.S. Kamzin Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia B. Karthikeyan Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India Chandrasekaran Karthikeyan Department of Physics, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India S. Karthikeyan Madras Christian College, Chennai, India
Contributors xxvii K. Kasthuri Department of Physics, SCSVMV University, Kanchipuram, India P. Kathirgamanathan Organic Electronics, Wolfson Centre, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK R. Kathirvel PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India V. Kavitha Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India M. Lydia Caroline PG and Research Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Cheyyar, Tamil Nadu, India S. Madeswaran SAS, VIT University, Vellore, India J. Madhavan Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai, India V. Mahesh Kumar Department of Physics, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India Pradip Kumar Mandal University of North Bengal, Siliguri, WB, India D. Mangalaraj Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile A. Manimegalai School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India Héctor D. Mansilla Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile M.K. Marchewka Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Jobin Job Mathen Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai, India S.R. Meher Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India G. Melwin School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India F. Michael Raj Advanced Materials Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India S. Mohamed Rabeek PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
xxviii Contributors S. Mohan School of Sciences and Humanities, Vel Tech University, Chennai, India T. Mohandas Department of Physics, Shri Angalamman College of Engineering and Technology, Trichy, India S. Monisha N.M.S.S. Vellaichamy Nadar College, Madurai, India A. Moses Ezhil Raj Department of Physics, Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, India S. Muniyappan Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa s College, Chennai, India P. Murugakoothan Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa s College, Chennai, India; MRDL, PG and Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa s College, Chennai, India M. Nageshwari PG and Research Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Cheyyar, Tamil Nadu, India K. Nakkeeran Department of Engineering, School of Engineering, Fraser Noble Building, King s College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK S. Narasimman Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India Rajesh Narayana Perumal Department of Physics, Centre for Crystal Growth, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, India B. Natarajan Post Graduate and Research Department of Physics, Raja Doraisingam Government Arts College, Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, India Shanmugam Nethaji Department of Biochemistry, Marudupandiyar College, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India N.S. Nirmala Jothi Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai, India D. Nithya Devi Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India Shizuyasu Ochiai Department of Electrical Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Japan R. Padmanaban Department of Physics, SCSVMV University, Kanchipuram, India Thangaraj Pandiyarajan Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile M. Peer Mohamed PG and Research Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Cheyyar, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Physics, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu, India
Contributors xxix G. Peramaiyan Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan S. Periandy Department of Physics, Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Puducherry, India Jiban Podder Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada Surekha Podili Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India S. Poongodi Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India P. Prabakaran Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai, India M. Prakash PG and Research Department of Physics, Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Thiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India S. Prathap Department of Physics, Arul Anandar College, Madurai, India A. Ragu Department of Physics, Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India S. Raja Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India Neethipathi Rajabairavi Department of Biotechnology, Selvam Arts and Science College, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India Chellappan Soundar Raju Department of Botany, Vivekananda College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India V. Ramadas Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Raja Doraisingam Government Arts College, Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, India K. Ramamurthi Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India M. Ramar Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, New Delhi, India; CSIR-Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, CSIR National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Fisheries Engineering, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India P. Ramesh Babu Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India R. Ramesh Babu Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
xxx Contributors P.S. Ramesh Department of Physics (DDE Wings), Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India S. Ramya Department of Physics, Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India E. Ranjith Kumar Department of Physics, Dr. NGP Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India Brijesh Rathi Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India C. Ravi Dhas PG and Research Department of Physics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India S.S. Rawat Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, New Delhi, India; CSIR-Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, CSIR National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India N. Renuka Engineering Technology and Science, Abu Dhabi Men s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India R. Roop Kumar Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates T. Roshini Department of Computer Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, USA Elizabeth Rufus Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India Suresh Sagadevan Department of Physics, AMET University, Chennai, India P. Sagayaraj Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai, India P. Sakthivel Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India; Department of Physics, Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Tirchy, India K. Saminathan Department of Physics, University V.O.C College of Engineering, Anna University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India P. Sangeetha PG and Research Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Cheyyar, Tamil Nadu, India C. Sanjeeviraja Department of Physics, Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi, India K. Saravanan Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University Eye Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
Contributors xxxi G. Sathiyan Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India M. Sathyanarayanan PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India S. Sebastian PG and Research Department of Physics, St. Joseph s College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Cuddalore, Tamilnadu, India M. Seeni Mubarak PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India P. Selvakumar Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India S. Selvasekarapandian Materials Research Centre, Coimbatore, India P. Senthil Raj PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, India K. Senthilarasan Department of Physics, Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India K. Senthilnathan Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Appakan Shajahan Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India S. Sharmila Department of Physics, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, India N.N. Shejwal Intelligent Materials Research Lab, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India M.D. Shirsat Intelligent Materials Research Lab, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India N.K. Siji Narendran Laser and Nonlinear Optics Lab Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India M. Silambarasan Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India S. Siva Bala Solanki Department of Physics, Centre for Crystal Growth, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, India R. Sivacoumar Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India K. Sivakumar Department of Physics, Anna University, Chennai, India Manickam Sivakumar Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
xxxii Contributors S. Sivasanker National Centre for Catalysis Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India T. Solaiyammal Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa s College, Chennai, India R. Srivastava CSIR-Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, CSIR National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India S. Sudha PG and Research Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Cheyyar, Tamil Nadu, India T. Sudha Department of Physics, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, India P. Sudhagar School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University, Belfast, North Ireland, UK K. Sudhakar Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa s College, Chennai, India C.K. Suman CSIR-Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, CSIR National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India R. Thangamuthu Electrochemical Materials Science Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India K. Thangavel Department of Electronics, SNR Sons College, Coimbatore, India Kanika Thukral CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India C. Udhayakumar Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India P. Uma Mageshwari Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Melur, Madurai, India A. Usharani Department of Physics, SCSVMV University, Kanchipuram, India M. Vadivel Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India Kandhan Varutharaju Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India Roy Vellaichamy Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong P. Velusamy Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India R. Venkatesh PG and Research Department of Physics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India K. Venkatramanan Department of Physics, SCSVMV University, Kanchipuram, India
Contributors xxxiii M. Victor Antony Raj Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai, India N. Vijayan CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India S. Xavier Department of Physics, St. Joseph s College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India; Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India