Earthquakes by Katharine Herenger U RW 226 E 13 Seismologists are scientists who study ways to measure earthquakes and their causes. Read to find out what scientists have learned. Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System 2 THIRD EDITION
Earthquakes Author: Katharine Herenger Heinemann 361 Hanover Street Portsmouth, NH 03801-3912 www.heinemann.com Offices and agents throughout the world. Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System 2 Copyright 2017, 2008 by Irene C. Fountas, Gay Su Pinnell, and Heinemann Editorial Development, Design, and Production by Brown Publishing Network Credits Illustration: p. 3 Ruth Flanigan; Photographs: cover Johnson Liu/AFP/Getty Images; p. 1 David Weintraub/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 2 SSPL/ The Image Works. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be mailed to the Permissions Department at Heinemann, 361 Hanover Street, Portsmouth, NH 03801-3912. ISBN: 978-0-325-08072-7 Printed in China 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NOR 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
Earthquakes by Katharine Herenger What takes place during an earthquake? Huge tremors shake the ground; buildings sway back and forth; highways crumble; and bridges collapse. While it s true that major earthquakes do cause all this damage and more, you may be surprised to learn that not all earthquakes are so destructive. Scientists say several thousand earthquakes may be happening across the planet every day. However, the majority of them are so slight that we don t even realize they re happening! Measuring Earthquakes Seismologists [sahyz-mol-uh-jists], scientists who study earthquakes, measure how strong an earthquake is by using a device called a seismograph [SAHYZ-muhgraf]. A seismograph is attached to the ground; when the ground vibrates, the seismograph shakes. Aftermath of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake 1
Scientists describe the seismograph s measurements with numbers. Since the 1930s, they have used a system called the Richter [RIK-tuhr] scale. If an earthquake measures below 3.0 on the Richter, people usually can t feel it. Earthquakes over 5.0 on the scale can cause damage, while a measurement of 7.0 is evidence of a major earthquake. A pen attached to a seismograph draws an image that shows the magnitude of an earthquake. What Causes Earthquakes? How and why do all these earthquakes occur? Earth has many different layers. Its outermost layer is called the crust and is made up of huge sections called tectonic plates. Below the crust is another layer, called the mantle, which is made up of mostly solid rock. When tectonic plates push against each other, a huge amount of pressure builds up. n Eventually, the pressure causes the plates to shift on top of the mantle in different ways: they can push toward each other, pull away from each other, or simply slide past each other. These movements are 2
usually so small that people aren t aware of them, but when tectonic plates collide, there s no mistaking what has occurred an earthquake! Plate movements can cause Earth s crust to crack, causing a break called a fault. Along the Pacific coast of the United States lies a fault zone about 600 miles long. The rocks below the earth s surface frequently shift or break along this fault, making the state of California vulnerable to many earthquakes. Rocks below the earth's surface can shift along a fault. Some Famous Earthquakes A major earthquake jolted San Francisco on April 18, 1906. It caused a huge fire and the destruction of thousands of buildings. Many people were killed or injured in this terrible quake. Scientists believe this earthquake may have registered as high as 7.9 on the Richter scale. 3
In 1989, another large earthquake devastated California. It measured 6.9 on the Richter scale and caused tremendous damage. Many buildings and a large section of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge collapsed. Largest Earthquakes (since 1960) When Where Richter Scale Rating 2005 Indonesia 8.6 2004 Off west coast of Northern Sumatra 9.1 1965 Alaska 8.7 1964 Alaska 9.2 1963 Kuril Islands 8.5 1960 Chile 9.5 Can Scientists Predict Earthquakes? When will the next earthquake strike? Unfortunately, there is no easy answer. We know that it is possible to predict the weather, so when we learn that a hurricane is coming our way, we can prepare for it. In the future, scientists probably will be able to identify warning signals and anticipate when and where an earthquake will strike. They will be able to caution people to leave the area ahead of time. Just think how many lives those predictions could save! 4
Glossary fault Richter scale seismologists a crack in Earth s crust caused by plate movement the scale by which earthquakes are measured scientists who study earthquakes tectonic plates huge sections that make up Earth s crust tremors shaking or trembling motions
BENCHMARK ASSESSMENT SYSTEM ISBN 978-0-325-08072-7 90000 > 9 780325 080727 U Nonfiction THIRD EDITION Total Running Words 503 Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System 2