Classification..
Vocabulary Classification the process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities Taxonomy the science of naming and classifying organisms trait a characteristic or behavior that can be used to tell two species apart. genus a group of species that have similar characteristics; Bufo, Rana, Hyla, Felis, Canis species an organism that can interbreed and have offspring is fertile. Binomial nomenclature two word naming system that follows specific rules Phylogeny genetic history of an organism
Early Classification ARISTOTLE - *4th century BC (384 to322 BC) *Greek philosopher *divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animals *divided animals into blood and bloodless *also divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking, flying, or swimming (land, air, or water) *his system was used into the 1600's
Discussion Questions 1. Using Aristotle's 3-group system (based on movement), name 2 animals that would fit each of the 3 groups. 2.Discuss whether Aristotle's 3 group system had any built-in problems. Explain any problems that you detect with his system.
Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus, is often called the Father of Taxonomy. His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with some changes). In 1735, Linnaeus published an influential book entitled Systema Naturae in which he outlined his scheme for classifying all known and yet to be discovered organisms according to the greater or lesser extent of their similarities
Carolus Linnaeus 18th century Swedish scientist classified plants and animals according to similarities in form divided living things into one of two "kingdoms" - plant and animal kingdoms divided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called "genera" (plural of "genus") divided each genera into smaller groups called "species"
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Philip Caught Old Friends Gathering Strawberries
Kingdom A group of similar phyla Phylum A group of similar classes Class A group of similar orders Order A group of similar families Family A group of similar genera Genus A group of similar species which that have similar features and are closely related Species organisms that look alike and successfully interbreed and are fertile.
Binomial Nomenclature A designed system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature Linneaus gave each organism 2 names - genus and species names. The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names. Must be written in Latin Genus is always capitalized species is never capitalized. To be written correctly, the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics.
Carolus Linnaeus classification system is still used today; however, (he used 2) we now use a 6 kingdom system. In Linnaeus binomial nomenclature system, each organism is given a 2-part scientific name. An organism may have more than one common name, but will only have one scientific name. For example - mountain lion, cougar and puma are all common names for the same animal. The name you decide to use probably depends on where you live. However, its scientific name is Felis concolor. Another example is the small, terrestrial crustacean which rolls up into a ball when disturbed. It is commonly known as an isopod, a pillbug, a sowbug, or a roly-poly. However. its scientific name is Armadillium vulgare Another example is the misnaming of common animals like: Koala Bear, jellyfish, starfish, red panda
Cougar? Puma? Panther? Catamount? Mountain lion? Or
Modern classification
Examples:
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Six Kingdoms of Modern Classification
Six Kingdoms Eubacteria Prokaryotic - no nucleus True bacteria Have true cell walls Unicellular heterotrophic and autotrophic disease (E. coli, strept throat and food processing (pickles, yogurt, cheese ) Archaebacteria Prokaryotic extreme (salt, heat, methane, etc ) cell walls but different than eubacteria Unicellular heterotrophic and autotrophic
Six Kingdoms Protista Eukoryotic Autotrophs and heterotrophs Lacks organs systems Lives in moist environments Unicellular or multicellular Fungi Eukaryotic Heterotrophs Unicellular (yeast) or multicellular Absorbs nutrients from organic material in its environment Unicellular or multicellular Decomposer
Plantae Eukaryotic Autotrophic Multicellular Photosynthetic Six Kingdoms Animalia Eukaryotic Heterotrophs Multicellular
unicellular
Evolutionary Classification Phylogeny - evolutionary history of a group of organisms Cladistics The study of evolutionary relationships between groups to construct their family tree Derived characters Characteristics which appear in recent parts of a lineage but NOT in its older members (Evolutionary innovation)
Character -- Heritable trait possessed by an organism Clade -- a group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor and all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor. Cladogram -- A diagram, resulting from a cladistic analysis, which depicts a hypothetical branching sequence of lineages leading to the taxa under consideration. Nodes --The points of branching within a cladogram.
Dichotomous keys A series of questions, each with only two answers, that can be used to help identify an organism genus and species Also see page 313
Field Guides Field guides help to visualize plants or animals and their simulations.
Characteristics of Animals 1. Animals are heterotrophic. 2. Animals digest their food. 3. Animals move from place to place for basic survival needs; (food, shelter, reproduction). 4. Animals have multicelluar specialized cells. 5. Animals are eukaryotic.
Animal Vocabulary 1. Symmetry the similar arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a plane or around a central axis. a. Radial symmetry the arrangement of an organism s parts so that the parts can be separated into mirror- image halves along many lengthwise planes. b. Bilateral symmetry the arrangement of an organism s parts so that the parts can be separated into mirror-image halves along only one lengthwise plane. c. Asymmetry no symmetry, no similar arrangement
2. Types of Reproduction a. Sexual Reproduction reproduction involving two parents; associated with cells called egg and sperm b. Asexual Reproduction reproduction involving one parent 1.) budding formation of an outgrowth on the parent s body which develops into a new individual 2.) regeneration the process of regrowing missing or damaged parts
http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/7th/classify/sciber/history.htm http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html