Strangeness production and nuclear modification at LHC energies Oliver Busch for the ALICE collaboration 1
Outline introduction jet azimuthal anisotropy jet shapes 2
Introduction 3
Jets: seeing quarks and gluons jet: collimated bunch of hadrons quasi-free parton scattering at high Q 2 : the best available experimental equivalent to quarks and gluons 4
Jet fragmentation initial hard scattering: high-p partons cascade of (anti-)quarks and gluons: parton shower at soft scale (O(ΛQCD)): hadronization 5
QCD phase transition in heavy-ion collisions at ultra-relativistic energies, a quasi macroscopic fireball of hot, strongly interacting matter in local thermal equilibrium is created lattice QCD predicts phase transition to deconfined, chirally symmetric matter HotQCD, PRD 90, 094503 energy density from the lattice: rapid increase around C, indicating increase of degrees of freedom (pion gas -> quarks and gluons) C = 154 +/- 9 MeV εc = 340 +/- 45 MeV/fm 3
Partons in heavy-ion collisions hard partons are produced early and traverse the hot and dense QGP expect enhanced parton energy loss: jet quenching (mostly) due to medium-induced gluon radiation vacuum expectation calculable by pqcd : calibrated probe of QGP jets sensitive to properties of the medium (energy density,, mean free path, coupling... )... but also jet-medium interaction not trivial (strong / weak coupling, parton mass / type, fireball dynamics...) JE collaboration, arxiv: 1312.5003 7
LHC aerial view 8
Jets at ALICE (LHC run 1) charged particle tracking: - Inner racking System (IS) - ime Projection Chamber - full azimuth, η < 0.9 p > 150 MeV/c EMCal : - neutral particles - Δφ = 107, η <0.7 cluster E > 300 MeV jet trigger with EMCal and RD charged (tracking) jets and full jets full jets from charged particle tracking and EM energy: conceptually different and complementary to traditional approach 9
Underlying event in heavy-ion collisions jet reconstruction in heavy-ion collisions : difficult due to the high underlying event background not related to hard scattering correct spectra for background fluctuations and detector effects via unfolding not possible down to lowest jet p central jet area ~ 0.5 (R = 0.4) peripheral
Jet nuclear modification factor strong suppression observed, similar to hadron RAA parton energy not recovered inside jet cone Phys.Lett. B746 (2015) 1 increase of suppression with centrality JEWEL: PLB 735 (2014) YaJEM:PRC 88 (2013) 014905 weak p dependence JEWEL and YaJEM jet quenching models reproduce suppression
Jet azimuthal anisotropy 12
Reaction plane dependence different medium thickness in- and out-of plane sensitive to path length dependence of jet quenching: pqcd radiative E-loss : ~L 2 collisional E-loss : ~L strong coupling (ADS/CF) : ~L 3 13
Jet v2 : results quantify azimuthal asymmetry via 2 nd Fourier harmonic v2 central collisions: 1.5-2 sigma from v2 = 0 consistent with 0, but maybe hint for effect of initial density fluctuations? non-zero v2 in semi-central collisions {EP, η >0.9 } v 2 0.2 0.1 v 2 0-5%, Stat unc. Syst unc. (shape) Syst (correlated) Syst unc. (correlated) ALICE Pb-Pb s NN = 2.76 ev R = 0.2 anti-k, η <0.7 jet {EP, η >0.9 } v 2 0.2 0.1 v 2 30-50%, Stat unc. Syst unc. (shape) Syst (correlated) Syst unc. (correlated) ALICE Pb-Pb s NN = 2.76 ev R = 0.2 anti-k, η <0.7 jet 0 (a) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 p (GeV/c) Phys. Lett. B753 (2016) 511 p > 0.15 GeV/c, p > 3 GeV/c, track, lead 0 (b) p > 0.15 GeV/c, p > 3 GeV/c, track, lead 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 p (GeV/c) 14
Comparison to previous results ALICE + CMS single particles, ALAS full jets : different energy scales! non-zero v2 up to high p CMS, PRL 109 (2012) 022 ALAS, PRL 111 (2013) 152 ALICE, Phys. Lett. B753 (2016) 511 ALICE, Phys. Lett. B719 (2013) 18 jet, v 2 part v 2 0.3 0.2 ALICE Pb-Pb s NN = 2.76 ev R = 0.2 anti-k, η <0.7 jet v 2 0-5%, Stat unc. Syst unc. (shape) Syst unc. (correlated) calo jet ALAS v 2 5-10% part CMS v 2 { η >3} 0-10% part ALICE v 2 { η >2} 0-5% jet, v 2 part v 2 0.3 0.2 ALICE Pb-Pb s NN = 2.76 ev R = 0.2 anti-k, η <0.7 jet v 2 30-50%, Stat unc. Syst unc. (shape) Syst unc. (correlated) calo jet ALAS v 2 30-50% part CMS v 2 { η >3} 30-50% part ALICE v 2 { η >2} 30-50% 0.1 0.1 0 (a) p > 0.15 GeV/c, p > 3 GeV/c, track, lead 0 50 100 150 part jet p, p (GeV/c) 0 (b) p > 0.15 GeV/c, p > 3 GeV/c, track, lead 0 50 100 150 part jet p, p (GeV/c) 15
Comparison to JEWEL in semi-central collisions, good agreement with JEWEL (collisional + pqcd radiative energy loss) clear indication of path-length dependence of energy loss v 2 0.2 v 2 v 2 0-5%, JEWEL 0-5%, Stat unc. Syst unc. (shape) Syst unc. (correlated) Pb-Pb s NN ALICE = 2.76 ev R = 0.2 anti-k, η <0.7 jet v 2 0.2 v 2 v 2 30-50%, JEWEL 30-50%, Stat unc. Syst unc. (shape) Syst unc. (correlated) Pb-Pb s NN ALICE = 2.76 ev R = 0.2 anti-k, η <0.7 jet 0.1 0.1 0 (a) lead p > 0.15 GeV/c, p, track 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 p (GeV/c) > 3 GeV/c 0 (b) lead p > 0.15 GeV/c, p, track 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 p (GeV/c) > 3 GeV/c Phys. Lett. B753 (2016) 511 16
Jet Shapes 17
Jet shapes radial moment girth g, longitudinal dispersion pd, difference leading - subleading p LeSub shapes in Pb-Pb as probe of quenching of low-p jets: characterise fragment distributions and are sensitive to medium induced changes of intra-jet momentum flow event-by-event measure, sensitive to fluctuations 18
Jet shapes in Pb-Pb fully corrected to charged particle level compare to PYHIA reference, validated with results from pp collisions at 7 ev g shifted to smaller values indicates more collimated jet core dn/dg jets 1/N 30 25 20 15 ALICE Preliminary Pb-Pb s NN = 2.76 ev Anti-k charged jets, R = 0.2 40 < p jet,ch < 60 GeV/c ALICE Data Shape uncertainty Correlated uncertainty PYHIA Perugia 11 10 5 ALI PREL 101580 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 g 19
larger pd in Pb-Pb compared to PYHIA indicates fewer constituents in quenched jets LeSub in Pb-Pb in good agreement with Pb-Pb: hardest splittings likely unaffected D dn/dp jets 1/N 6 5 4 3 2 1 ALI PREL 101584 ALICE Preliminary Pb-Pb Anti-k 40 < p s NN = 2.76 ev charged jets, R = 0.2 jet,ch <60 GeV/c ALICE Data Shape uncertainty Correlated uncertainty PYHIA Perugia 11 0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 p D (c/gev) dn/dlesub jets 1/N 0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 ALI PREL 101588 ALICE Preliminary Pb-Pb Anti-k 40 < p s NN = 2.76 ev charged jets, R = 0.2 jet,ch < 60 GeV/c ALICE Data Shape uncertainty Correlated uncertainty PYHIA Perugia 11 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 LeSub (GeV/c) 20
Jet shapes: model comparison trends reproduced by JEWEL jet quenching model: collimation through emission of soft particles at large angles JEWEL: K.C. Zapp, F. Kraus, U.A. Wiedemann, JHEP 1303 (2013) 080 21
Summary hard probes allow to probe properties of the QGP first insights on dynamics parton of energy loss from jet nuclear suppression factor and jet shape measurements non-zero jet v2 indicates path-length dependence of jet quenching run2: extended calorimetry allows to assess new observables 22
- Backup - 23
24 Establish correspondence between detector measurements / final state particles / partons two types of jet finder: - iterative cone - sequential recombination (e.g. anti-k) resolution parameter R Jet reconstruction hep-ph/0802.1189
QCD matter at LHC direct photons: prompt photons from hard scattering + thermal radiation from QCD matter low-p inverse slope parameter: eff = 297 +/- 12 stat. +/- 42 syst. MeV/c indicates initial temperature way above C arxiv 1509.07324 [nucl-ex] 25
Hadrons in heavy-ion collisions PLB 720 (2013) 250 high- p hadrons `proxy for jet jet quenching for charged hadrons, Pb-Pb collisions at snn = 2.76 ev hadron observables biased towards leading fragment study the effect for fully reconstructed jets 26
charged jets, R = 0.2 Analysis details account for flow-modulation of background via event-by-event fit and subtraction of local background density unfolding to account for background fluctuations : separately for spectra in- and out-of-plane (ϕ) (GeV/c) 200 150 Pb-Pb s NN Single event = 2.76 ev ALICE ρ ch 100 Phys. Lett. B753 (2016) 511 50 0 0.15 < p < 5 GeV/c, η < 0.9, track track ρ (ϕ) ch ρ 0 ρ (1+2v cos(2[ϕ-ψ ])) 0 2 EP, 2 ρ (1+2v cos(3[ϕ-ψ ])) 0 3 EP, 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ϕ (rad) 27
28 Analysis details charged jets from charged particle tracks, p const > 150 MeV/c in pp MinB at 7 ev and Pb-Pb 10% central at 2.76 ev R=0.2, 40 < p jet < 60 GeV/c, no leading constituent cut novel background subtraction methods (Pb-Pb) - area subtraction (G. Soyez et al, Phys. Rev. Lett 110 (2013) 16) - constituent subtraction (P. Berta et al, JHEP 1406 (2014) 092) 2D unfolding to correct for background fluctuations and detector effects 2 dn/dg jet 1.8 1.6 1.4 1/N 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 10 10 1 9 ALICE simulation R=0.2, Anti-k charged jets jet,ch 40 < p <60 GeV/c Pythia Det. Level Pythia Embedded Area. Sub (2nd order) Pythia Embedded Const. Sub Pythia Embedded Unsubtracted 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 ALI-SIMUL-101958 uncorrected g