NGSS Crosscutting Concepts: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity

LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP NGSS Crosscutting Concepts: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Presented by: Amy Taylor and Kelly Riedinger March 19, 2013 6:30 p.m. 8:00 p.m. Eastern time 1

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Introducing today s presenters Ted Willard National Science Teachers Association Amy Taylor University of North Carolina Wilmington Kelly Riedinger University of North Carolina Wilmington 4

5 Developing the Standards

Developing the Standards Assessments Curricula Instruction Teacher Development July 2011 2011-2013 6

Developing the Standards July 2011 7

A Framework for K-12 Science Education Three-Dimensions: Scientific and Engineering Practices Crosscutting Concepts Disciplinary Core Ideas 8 View free PDF form The National Academies Press at www.nap.edu Secure your own copy from www.nsta.org/store

Scientific and Engineering Practices 1. Asking questions (for science) and defining problems (for engineering) 2. Developing and using models 3. Planning and carrying out investigations 4. Analyzing and interpreting data 5. Using mathematics and computational thinking 6. Constructing explanations (for science) and designing solutions (for engineering) 7. Engaging in argument from evidence 8. Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information 9

Crosscutting Concepts 1. Patterns 2. Cause and effect: Mechanism and explanation 3. Scale, proportion, and quantity 4. Systems and system models 5. Energy and matter: Flows, cycles, and conservation 6. Structure and function 7. Stability and change 10

Disciplinary Core Ideas Life Science LS1: From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes LS2: Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics LS3: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits LS4: Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity Physical Science PS1: Matter and Its Interactions PS2: Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions PS3: Energy PS4: Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer Earth & Space Science ESS1: Earth s Place in the Universe ESS2: Earth s Systems ESS3: Earth and Human Activity Engineering & Technology ETS1: Engineering Design ETS2: Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society 11

12 Life Science Earth & Space Science Physical Science LS1: From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes LS1.A: Structure and Function LS1.B: Growth and Development of Organisms LS1.C: Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms LS1.D: Information Processing LS2: Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics LS2.A: Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems LS2.B: Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems LS2.C: Ecosystem Dynamics, Functioning, and Resilience LS2.D: Social Interactions and Group Behavior LS3: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits LS3.A: Inheritance of Traits LS3.B: Variation of Traits LS4: Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity LS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity LS4.B: Natural Selection LS4.C: Adaptation LS4.D: Biodiversity and Humans ESS1: Earth s Place in the Universe ESS1.A: The Universe and Its Stars ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System ESS1.C: The History of Planet Earth ESS2: Earth s Systems ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems ESS2.B: Plate Tectonics and Large Scale System Interactions ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth s Surface Processes ESS2.D: Weather and Climate ESS2.E: Biogeology ESS3: Earth and Human Activity ESS3.A: Natural Resources ESS3.B: Natural Hazards ESS3.C: Human Impacts on Earth Systems ESS3.D: Global Climate Change PS1: Matter and Its Interactions PS1.A:Structure and Properties of Matter PS1.B: Chemical Reactions PS1.C: Nuclear Processes PS2: Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions PS2.A:Forces and Motion PS2.B: Types of Interactions PS2.C: Stability and Instability in Physical Systems PS3: Energy PS3.A: Definitions of Energy PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy and Forces PS3.D:Energy in Chemical Processes and Everyday Life PS4: Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer PS4.A:Wave Properties PS4.B: Electromagnetic Radiation PS4.C: Information Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering & Technology ETS1: Engineering Design ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting an Engineering Problem ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution ETS2: Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society ETS2.A: Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology ETS2.B: Influence of Engineering, Technology, and Science on Society and the Natural World Note: In NGSS, the core ideas for Engineering, Technology, and the Application of Science are integrated with the Life Science, Earth & Space Science, and Physical Science core ideas

Developing the Standards Assessments Curricula Instruction Teacher Development July 2011 2011-2013 13

Developing the Standards 2011-2013 14

Closer Look at a Performance Expectation MS-PS1 Matter and Its Interactions Students who demonstrate understanding can: MS-PS1-d. Develop molecular models of reactants and products to support the explanation that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved in a chemical reaction. [Clarification Statement: Models can include physical models and drawings that represent atoms rather than symbols. The focus is on law of conservation of matter.] [Assessment Boundary: The use of atomic masses is not required. Balancing symbolic equations (e.g. N2 + H2 -> NH3) is not required.] The performance expectations above were developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Science and Engineering Practices Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts 15 Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to developing, using and revising models to support explanations, describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Use and/or develop models to predict, describe, support explanation, and/or collect data to test ideas about phenomena in natural or designed systems, including those representing inputs and outputs, and those at unobservable scales. (MS-PS1-a), (MS-PS1-c), (MS-PS1-d) --------------------------------------------- Connections to Nature of Science Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena Laws are regularities or mathematical descriptions of natural phenomena. (MS-PS1-d) PS1.B: Chemical Reactions Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (MS-PS1-d), ( MS-PS1-e), (MS-PS1-f) The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. (MS-PS1-d) Energy and Matter Matter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. (MS-PS1-d) Note: Performance expectations combine practices, core ideas, and crosscutting concepts into a single statement of what is to be assessed. They are not instructional strategies or objectives for a lesson.

Closer Look at a Performance Expectation MS-PS1 Matter and Its Interactions Students who demonstrate understanding can: MS-PS1-d. Develop molecular models of reactants and products to support the explanation that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved in a chemical reaction. [Clarification Statement: Models can include physical models and drawings that represent atoms rather than symbols. The focus is on law of conservation of matter.] [Assessment Boundary: The use of atomic masses is not required. Balancing symbolic equations (e.g. N2 + H2 -> NH3) is not required.] The performance expectations above were developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Science and Engineering Practices Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts 16 Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to developing, using and revising models to support explanations, describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Use and/or develop models to predict, describe, support explanation, and/or collect data to test ideas about phenomena in natural or designed systems, including those representing inputs and outputs, and those at unobservable scales. (MS-PS1-a), (MS-PS1-c), (MS-PS1-d) --------------------------------------------- Connections to Nature of Science Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena Laws are regularities or mathematical descriptions of natural phenomena. (MS-PS1-d) PS1.B: Chemical Reactions Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (MS-PS1-d), ( MS-PS1-e), (MS-PS1-f) The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. (MS-PS1-d) Energy and Matter Matter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. (MS-PS1-d) Note: Performance expectations combine practices, core ideas, and crosscutting concepts into a single statement of what is to be assessed. They are not instructional strategies or objectives for a lesson.

Closer Look at a Performance Expectation MS-PS1 Matter and Its Interactions Students who demonstrate understanding can: MS-PS1-d. Develop molecular models of reactants and products to support the explanation that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved in a chemical reaction. [Clarification Statement: Models can include physical models and drawings that represent atoms rather than symbols. The focus is on law of conservation of matter.] [Assessment Boundary: The use of atomic masses is not required. Balancing symbolic equations (e.g. N2 + H2 -> NH3) is not required.] The performance expectations above were developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Science and Engineering Practices Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts 17 Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to developing, using and revising models to support explanations, describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Use and/or develop models to predict, describe, support explanation, and/or collect data to test ideas about phenomena in natural or designed systems, including those representing inputs and outputs, and those at unobservable scales. (MS-PS1-a), (MS-PS1-c), (MS-PS1-d) --------------------------------------------- Connections to Nature of Science Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena Laws are regularities or mathematical descriptions of natural phenomena. (MS-PS1-d) PS1.B: Chemical Reactions Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (MS-PS1-d), ( MS-PS1-e), (MS-PS1-f) The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. (MS-PS1-d) Energy and Matter Matter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. (MS-PS1-d) Note: Performance expectations combine practices, core ideas, and crosscutting concepts into a single statement of what is to be assessed. They are not instructional strategies or objectives for a lesson.

Closer Look at a Performance Expectation MS-PS1 Matter and Its Interactions Students who demonstrate understanding can: MS-PS1-d. Develop molecular models of reactants and products to support the explanation that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved in a chemical reaction. [Clarification Statement: Models can include physical models and drawings that represent atoms rather than symbols. The focus is on law of conservation of matter.] [Assessment Boundary: The use of atomic masses is not required. Balancing symbolic equations (e.g. N2 + H2 -> NH3) is not required.] The performance expectations above were developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Science and Engineering Practices Disciplinary Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts 18 Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to developing, using and revising models to support explanations, describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Use and/or develop models to predict, describe, support explanation, and/or collect data to test ideas about phenomena in natural or designed systems, including those representing inputs and outputs, and those at unobservable scales. (MS-PS1-a), (MS-PS1-c), (MS-PS1-d) --------------------------------------------- Connections to Nature of Science Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena Laws are regularities or mathematical descriptions of natural phenomena. (MS-PS1-d) PS1.B: Chemical Reactions Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (MS-PS1-d), ( MS-PS1-e), (MS-PS1-f) The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. (MS-PS1-d) Energy and Matter Matter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. (MS-PS1-d) Note: Performance expectations combine practices, core ideas, and crosscutting concepts into a single statement of what is to be assessed. They are not instructional strategies or objectives for a lesson.

Scale, Proportion, and Quantity: A Crosscutting Concept Amy Taylor Kelly Riedinger 19

Who are we? Amy Taylor Associate Professor of science education in the Elementary, Middle Level, Literacy Department at University of North Carolina Wilmington Prior work includes high school teaching in biology and environmental science, graduate research with teachers and students understanding of scale and nanotechnology Current work (past 5years) supporting teachers and students in scientific practices Kelly Riedinger Assistant Professor of science education in the Elementary, Middle Level, Literacy Department at University of North Carolina Wilmington Prior work includes middle and high school teaching oceanography, physical science, and earth science as well as teaching in informal science settings (PreK 8) Current work (past 2years) includes learning in informal science education settings and preservice teacher preparation 20

Caveats We are not authors of the framework so we have no special insight into the decisions made by the committee. We can use our expertise having worked with teachers and students to help you think about types of scale and how you can engage your students in scaling, proportions, and quantity. 21

Why we find scale interesting Experiences as a former high school science teacher New emerging technologies have enabled scientists to observe the extreme scales from the atomic and cosmic sciences Scale is common in both science and everyday life and impacts all disciplines of science When we asked scientists to indicate how important scale was to their work, responses included: I can t operate without a sense of scale. Scale is an integral part of what I do. Scale is extremely important. I think it would be impossible for me to practice without the concept of scale. 22

Overview What is scale? Scale, Proportion, and Quantity as a crosscutting concept Why scale is important? Approaches to teaching? Vignettes to illustrate and highlight essential features Resources Discussion 23

24 POLL: What do you first think of when you hear the word scale?

POLL: How comfortable are you with the topic of scale and teaching this concept to K 12 students? Novice I have no understanding of this concept. Limited I need to learn more about scale before I can teach this topic to students. Adequate I have some understanding of scale and I m ready to try teaching the concept, but I d like more information and ideas for learning activities. Expert I have an in depth understanding of scale and I m ready to implement learning activities with students. 25

Scale, Proportion, and Quantity The word scale has multiple definitions: Scale can be a device to weigh objects Can cover a fish or a butterfly We scale a wall by climbing Refer to measurement scales such as ph, temperature, or Richter In science, when we talk about scale we are referring to the properties of an object that can change as size is increased or decreased, and behavior that changes as a result. 26

Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Scale is described in terms of range & magnitude. Three commonly used types of scales in science: Ordinal Interval Logarithmic Enhanced Fujita Scale Kelvin Richter Saffir Simpson scale Celsius ph 27

Other Types of Scales Mass Brightness Nano Current Parsecs Architectural Microscopic Geologic Time Decibel scales Light years Voltage Mercali Map scales Temperature 28

Crosscutting Concepts In NGSS Crosscutting concepts bridge boundaries across the various sub disciplines of science and engineering. The crosscutting concepts provide students with an organizational framework for making sense of and connecting knowledge across the various science disciplines. 29

Crosscutting Concept: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity The concept of scale, proportion, and quantity spans disciplines in science and engineering. It concerns the sizes of things and the mathematical relationships between elements. Related to this concept, it is important for students to understand what is relevant at different measures and to recognize how changes in scale, proportion, or quantity affect a system s structure and function. 30

Examples in Physical Science Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Atomic Scale Energy Transfer at different scales The structure of matter at the atomic and sub atomic scales helps to explain a system s larger scale structures, properties, and functions Radioactive decay, proportions of isotopes Relationship among different types of quantities can be represented by proportions and ratios (e.g., velocity as a ratio of distance traveled versus time) Multiple phenomena (e.g., motion, light, sound, electrical and magnetic fields) occur at the macroscopic scale 31

Examples in Life Science Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Living things are made of cells that can be observed at different scales Surface area and cell transfer Living organisms vary in size and scale (e.g., cells whales) Lifespans vary Life processes occur at different time scales 32

Examples in Earth Science Scale, Proportion, and Quantity The geologic time scale depicts the relative times of events in Earth s history Scale models are used to represent phenomena too large or small to observe (e.g., Earth Sun Moon models) Analyses of rock strata and the fossil record provide only relative dates, not an absolute scale Geologists use relative positions to estimate dates Relative distances of the sun and other stars from one other Relationship between distance of stars and their apparent brightness Topographic maps use scale to represent relief and surface features 33

Scale, Proportion, and Quantity in the Next Generation Science Standards Physical Science Earth Science Elementary School Relative scales allow objects to be compared and described (e.g., bigger and smaller; hotter and colder; faster and slower). 2 PS1 d Standard units are used to measure and describe physical quantities such as weight, time, temperature, and volume. 5 PS1 c Natural objects and observable phenomena exist from the very small to the immensely large. 5 ESS1 a 34

Scale, Proportion, and Quantity in the Next Generation Science Standards Physical Science Life Science Earth Science Middle School Proportional relationships (e.g. speed as the ratio of distance traveled to time taken) among different types of quantities provide information about the magnitude of properties and processes. MS PS2 b Scientific relationships can be represented through the use of algebraic expressions and equations. MS PS2 b Phenomena that can be observed at one scale may not be observable at another scale. MS LS1 a Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. MS LS2 g Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. MS ESS1 c, MS ESS1 e, MS ESS1 f, MS ESS1 g 35

Scale, Proportion, and Quantity in the Next Generation Science Standards Life Science Earth Science The significance of a phenomenon is dependent on the scale, proportion, and quantity at which it occurs. HS LS2 a Patterns observable at one scale may not be observable or exist at other scales. HS ESS1 a, HS ESS1 I 36 High School Using the concept of orders of magnitude allows one to understand how a model at one scale relates to a model at another scale. HS LS2 b Algebraic thinking is used to examine scientific data and predict the effect of a change in one variable on another (e.g., linear growth vs. exponential growth). HS LS3 d Algebraic thinking is used to examine scientific data and predict the effect of a change in one variable on another (e.g. linear growth vs. exponential growth). HS ESS1 g The significance of a phenomenon is dependent on the scale, proportion, and quantity at which it occurs. HS ESS2 a Using the concept of orders of magnitude allows one to understand how a model at one scale relates to a model at another scale. HS ESS2 f

Scale, Proportion, and Quantity: Progression K 2: Measurement; Counting, compare quantities, order quantities; Use of scale models, diagrams, and maps 3 5: Measurement with standard units; Understanding that with natural objects scales range from very small to immensely large; Construct and interpret data models and graphs MS: Estimation; Powers of 10 scales; Use algebraic thinking and equations; Recognize the function of a system may change with scale and that phenomena observable at one scale may not be observable at another scale 37 HS: Move back and forth between models at various scales; Understand that the significance of a phenomenon is dependent on the scale at which it occurs; Use more complex algebraic thinking and statistical relationships

The Next Generation Science Standards and Scale The Framework Identifies 8 Science & Engineering Practices Asking questions and defining problems Developing and using models Planning and carrying out investigations Analyzing and interpreting data Using mathematics and computational thinking Developing explanations and designing solutions Engaging in argument from evidence Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information 38

Quick Write Prompts What are some examples of ways you have used scale, proportion, and quantity in your classroom? [Type your responses in the Chat.] 43

Time to Chat Any other questions? 44

Science Teaching Examples: Measurement Tools of measurement Physical properties (e.g., meter stick, graduated cylinder, balance, electronic scale) Weather data tools (e.g., barometer, thermometer, rain gauge, wind vane) Oceanography tools (e.g., current cross, secchi disk, salinometer, ph water test kit) 45

Science Teaching Examples: Scale Types of scales (e.g., Geologic time scale, Fujita tornado scale, ph scale) Relative scales (e.g., bigger vs. smaller, colder vs. warmer) Scaled maps, models, diagrams Topographic maps Earth Sun Moon models Dinosaur models Ocean floor topography 46

Science Teaching Examples: Quantity Counting quantities (e.g., bacteria, leaves on a branch, number of flowering buds) Comparisons of counting Ordering quantities Creating, analyzing and interpreting graphs 48

POLL Which item would be in the middle if you were to arrange them from smallest to largest? A. Width of football field B. School bus C. Thickness of a penny D. Diameter of a human hair E. Length of an adult s shoe 49

POLL Which item would be in the middle if you were to arrange them from smallest to largest? A. Distance from Earth to International Space Station B. Diameter of Earth C. Distance you could walk in 10 minutes D. Distance from Earth to Sun E. Distance from Earth to Moon 50

POLL Which item would be in the middle if you were to arrange them from smallest to largest? 1. Diameter of DNA strand 2. Diameter of a proton 3. Size of a hydrogen atom 4. Diameter of typical cell 5. Size of a typical small molecule 51

POLL Can you assign the actual size to the item? Size of a typical small molecule: A. 10 12 B. 10 5 C. 10 15 D. 10 10 E. 10 9 52

Why is it important? Fascination with the size and scale of things What research says How people understand scale in terms of: Learning of scale Powers of Ten Measurement and estimation Use of scale in work/school 53

Students Thinking A little girl was riding in an airplane and while the plane was taking off she turned around to her parents and said: When do we get small? 54

As teachers do we care if students are off by a factor of 10? 100? 1000? 1,000,000? A Sense of Scale 55

Understanding Scale Teachers Most accurate in their knowledge of human scale Being able to directly experience objects and distances influenced by concepts of size and scale Teachers hold more accurate concepts of large scale than small scale Students More difficulty with sizes outside the human scale Found small scales more difficult to conceptualize than large scales Aware of very small and large objects but lacked accurate knowledge of the exact sizes, as well as their relative sizes 56

Body Rulers 57 Study examined the impact of teaching students to use their bodies as rough measurement tools Results showed that teaching students to use body rulers for estimation had a significant influence on their estimation accuracy Proportional reasoning was significantly correlated with students measurements Hopefully giving them a lifelong tool that they could use to make linear measurements and estimations

Powers of Ten Study that examined the impact of the film Powers of Ten on middle school students understanding of size and scale Students proportional reasoning ability was found to be positively correlated with their accuracy of ordering objects and assigning them with correct size labels 58 (Eames Office, 2009)

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Over 50 Scientists & Community Professionals 72 Used scale to Design buildings Discover ancient cultures Track hurricanes Design equipment Create sculpture Build a home Survey a stream Repeatedly these individuals said, scale is my job, scale is in everything I do, it is essential to my job, and scale is critical. Across disciplines, understanding the sizes of things and scale is essential to understanding phenomena and processes. To be effective in their job, they needed to be able to move from small scale to large scale flexibly.

Time to Chat What questions do you have? How has the content presented so far influenced your thinking about teaching scale to students? 73

Implications For Teaching Examples of lessons using scale Grade Life Science Earth Science Physical Science 3 5 Cartesian Diver Lab 6 8 Topographic Maps Sea Floor Mapping 9 12 Cell Size Sea Floor Mapping 74

Cartesian Diver Sample Activity: Elementary School Demonstrate ratios of density and pressure How it works: Squeezing the bottle increases the pressure and compresses the air in the diver (represented through dropper, ketchup packet, etc.). This increases the density of the diver, thus changing the buoyancy and causing it to sink. 75

Creating Topographic Maps Sample Activity: Middle School Use Play doh to create a landscape. Measure and mark off 2cm sections from the base of the landscape to the top. Use fishing line to cut a layer for each of the marked sections. Place each section on paper and trace around. Repeat with remaining marks. Have students note and compare the landforms to their created maps. Help them to make connections between this activity and topographic maps. As an extension, use real topographic maps and have students create the landforms using their Play doh. USGS Activity http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/outreach /Publications/GIP19/chapter_three _play dough_topo.pdf 76

Sample Activity: Middle/High School Mapping the Ocean Floor NOAA Activity http://csc.noaa.gov/psc/seamedia/ Lessons/G5U4L3%20Seafloor%20Pr ofiling.pdf 77

Atomic Force Microscope 78 Similar technique of determining topography at the nanoscale!

Sample Activity: High School Cell Size and Surface Area Obtain three agar/potato cubes: Extreme Science Activity 1 cm 3, 2 cm 3, 3 cm 3 Place the cubes in the beaker and pour in enough diffusion medium to cover them and soak for 20 minutes. Cut the cubes in half and examine and compare their inside appearance. Measure the depth of the colored zones for each cube in mm and record data. 79

Effects of Scale Parameters Case I Case III Case V Case VII Case IX Length 1 3 5 7 9 Face area 1 9 25 49 81 Surface area 6 54 150 294 486 Volume 1 27 125 343 729 Area/Volume ratio 6 2 1.2 0.86 0.67 Volume: Length x Width x Height Surface Area: Length x Width x 6 (# of faces of cube) 80

Examples of the impact of increasing surface area include: Why we chew food before swallowing (more surface area leads to faster digestion in the stomach) Villi in intestines and alveoli lungs Why elephant ears are so large (more surface area leads to faster cooling rates) Decreasing surface area helps an animal retain body heat, such as when a dog curls up outside on a cold day Volume of single celled organisms is restricted by the need for metabolites to reach interior of the cell solely by diffusion As scales change, surface area to volume relationships have significant influences on physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes and phenomena. 81

Suggestions for Teaching Scale Take time to emphasize sizes and scales Verbalize reasoning across scales Teach students to estimate (body rulers and pacing) Teach measurement and various units The Powers of Ten video works! Teach them benchmark sizes and how to reason with benchmarks Encourage curiosity and scale thinking across disciplines Awareness of emerging field of nanotechnology 83

Other Scale Resources Eames Office Website. Powers of Ten Film at http://www.powersof10.com/film Jones, M.G., Taylor A., & Falvo, M. (2009). Extreme Science. Arlington VA: NSTA Press, 356 pages. Jones, M.G., Falvo, M., Taylor, A., & Broadwell, B. (2007). Nanoscale Science. Arlington VA: NSTA Press, 155 pages. Nanoscale Science Education: http://www.ncsu.edu/project/scienceed/ Taylor, A., Jones, M.G., & Pearl, T.P. (2008). Bumpy, sticky, and shaky: Nanoscale science and the curriculum. Science Scope, 31(7), 28 35. 84

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This material is based upon work supported by the NSF under Grants No. 0411656, and 0507151 All research based on collaboration with M. Gail Jones, Professor of Science Education from North Carolina State University 85

Contact Information Amy Taylor taylorar@uncw.edu Kelly Riedinger riedinger@uncw.edu 86

NSTA Resources on NGSS www.nsta.org 87

NSTA Resources on NGSS www.nsta.org/ngss 88

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NSTA Print Resources NSTA Reader s Guide to the Framework NSTA Journal Articles about the Framework and the Standards 90

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Web Seminars on Crosscutting Concepts Feb. 19: Patterns March 5: Cause and effect: Mechanism and explanation March 19: Scale, proportion, and quantity April 16: Systems and system models April 30: Energy and matter: Flows, cycles, and conservation May 14: Structure and function May 28: Stability and change All sessions will take place from 6:30-8:00 p.m. Eastern time on Tuesdays 92

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Thanks to today s presenters! Ted Willard National Science Teachers Association Amy Taylor University of North Carolina Wilmington Kelly Riedinger University of North Carolina Wilmington 95

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