Estelar. Allen, C.R., Geological criteria for evaluating seismicity. Geological Society American Bulletin, 86;

Similar documents
Loess and dust. Jonathan A. Holmes Environmental Change Research Centre

ATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

LAKE SEDIMENTS FROM THE KASHMIR HIMALAYAS: INVERTED 14C CHRONOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

Lake Levels and Climate Change in Maine and Eastern North America during the last 12,000 years

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MONSOONAL AND NONMONSOONAL HIMALAYAN LAKES, INDIA

Supplementary Figure 1. New downcore data from this study. Triangles represent the depth of radiocarbon dates. Error bars represent 2 standard error

6. What has been the most effective erosive agent in the climate system? a. Water b. Ice c. Wind

Listing of Sessions per INQUA Commission

8. Climate changes Short-term regional variations

CORRELATION OF CLIMATIC AND SOLAR VARIATIONS OVER THE PAST 500 YEARS AND PREDICTING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES FROM RECURRING CLIMATE CYCLES

Sedimentary Basins. Gerhard Einsele. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

South, Southeast, and East Asia. Physical Geography

Extent of Periglacial = Global Permafrost Permafrost: Soil and/or rock where temperatures remain below 0 degrees C for 2 or more years.

Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift

Depositional Environments. Depositional Environments

GEO GRAPHICAL RESEARCH

Rockall Plateau. OCN 201: Shelf Sediments

Chapter 15 Millennial Oscillations in Climate

Questions and Topics

Geomorphology for Engineers

UNIT 11 SOUTH ASIA SG 1 - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY & THE ENVIRONMENT

Today s Climate in Perspective: Hendrick Avercamp ( ) ~1608; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change

Tropical Moist Rainforest

QUATERNARY AND GLACIAL GEOLOGY

3/5/05 Dr. Stewart 1

Has solar forcing been an important influence on climate in the late Holocene?

Case Study of the Structural and Depositional-Evolution Interpretation from Seismic Data*

The Tswaing Impact Crater, South Africa: derivation of a long terrestrial rainfall record for the southern mid-latitudes

Research interests. Academic Qualifications

We re living in the Ice Age!

Paleoclimate indicators

Chapter 4 Implications of paleoceanography and paleoclimate

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE UNIFORM SYLLABUS

Ice Sheets and Late Quaternary Environmental Change

Meandering Miocene Deep Sea Channel Systems Offshore Congo, West Africa

Holocene Lower Mississippi River Avulsions: Autogenic Versus Allogenic Forcing*

Movement of the Earth s Crust: Formation of: Mountain s Plateau's and Dome s

COMPUTER METHODS AND MODELING IN GEOLOGY THE GLOBAL PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

Rapid Climate Change: Heinrich/Bolling- Allerod Events and the Thermohaline Circulation. By: Andy Lesage April 13, 2010 Atmos.

Terrain Units PALEOGEOGRAPHY: LANDFORM CREATION. Present Geology of NYS. Detailed Geologic Map of NYS

Geography Class XI Fundamentals of Physical Geography Section A Total Periods : 140 Total Marks : 70. Periods Topic Subject Matter Geographical Skills

Air sea temperature decoupling in western Europe during the last interglacial glacial transition

Proxy-based reconstructions of Arctic paleoclimate

Lecture 21: Glaciers and Paleoclimate Read: Chapter 15 Homework due Thursday Nov. 12. What we ll learn today:! Learning Objectives (LO)

1. Deglacial climate changes

Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System. Speaker:

3. The diagram below shows how scientists think some of Earth's continents were joined together in the geologic past.

The United States & Canada. A Regional Study of Anglo America

Pre-Lab Reading Questions ES202

Controls on clastic systems in the Angoche basin, Mozambique: tectonics, contourites and petroleum systems

Social Studies. Chapter 2 Canada s Physical Landscape

Neogene Uplift of The Barents Sea

PALEOGEOGRAPHY of NYS. Definitions GEOLOGIC PROCESSES. Faulting. Folding 9/6/2012. TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF MAP of NYS GRADATIONAL TECTONIC

Determination of uplift rates of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal

Landscape evolution. An Anthropic landscape is the landscape modified by humans for their activities and life

Rapid climate change in ice cores

PLATE TECTONICS THEORY

Chapter 3 Sedimentation of clay minerals

RAYMOND SIEVER Harvard University

GEOCHEMISTRY UNIFORM SYLLABUS

Moosehead Lake and the Tale of Two Rivers

CLIMATE CHANGE AT EAGLE LAKE, CA LOCATED IN THE TRANSITION ZONE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN DIPOLE

Fig Major air masses of the world

Understanding floods and risks of the last 7000 years at Lake Mondsee

Outline 23: The Ice Ages-Cenozoic Climatic History

At it s most extreme very low pressure off Indonesia, every high off SA, ~8 o C difference over the Pacific and ½ m water level differential) ENSO is

Physical Geography. Ariel view of the Amazon Rainforest. A Look at the Seven Continents

Grade 9 Social Studies Canadian Identity. Chapter 2 Review Canada s Physical Landscape

/ Past and Present Climate

Evidence for Permafrost on Long Island

Chp Spectral analysis a. Requires that the climate record must be at least 4 times longer than the cycled analyzed

Phanerozoic (last 0.54 by) Tectonics Climate Life

Paper presented in the Annual Meeting of Association of American Geographers, Las Vegas, USA, March 2009 ABSTRACT

St. Xavier s College Mumbai. Syllabus for BSc II nd Semester Courses in Geology (November 2016 onwards)

Laboratory Exercise #4 Geologic Surface Processes in Dry Lands

Neotectonic Evidences of Rejuvenation in Kaurik-Chango Fault Zone, Northwestern Himalaya

Millennial Scale Climatic Variability

Crustal Activity. Plate Tectonics - Plates - Lithosphere - Asthenosphere - Earth s surface consists of a major plates and some minor ones

DATA REPOSITORY ITEM FOR: Expansion of alpine glaciers in Pacific North America in the first millennium A.D.

Climate Change. Unit 3

SOCIAL STUDIES GENERAL

Reading Material. See class website. Sediments, from Oceanography M.G. Gross, Prentice-Hall

Geologic Trips San Francisco and the Bay Area

Wind: Global Systems Chapter 10

4. The map below shows a meandering stream. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations along the stream bottom.

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

Chapter 1 Section 2. Land, Water, and Climate

Global climate change

Physical Geography of the United States and Canada Chapter 5 A Land of Contrasts

SOLAR EFFECTS ON RAINFALL AT LAKE VICTORIA, EAST AFRICA. J. Curt Stager, Natural Resources, Paul Smith's College

GEOCHEMISTRY OF LOESS ON LONG ISALAND Vesna Kundić and Gilbert N. Hanson Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University

SMART NOTES ON INDIAN GEOGRAPHY - 1

Mesozoic Earth History

MPACT OF EL-NINO ON SUMMER MONSOON RAINFALL OF PAKISTAN

Joël Guiot, CEREGE, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence

GD3.3/GM3.3/GMPV16/TS4.7

Development of the Global Environment

Lecture #13 notes, Geology 3950 Spring 2006: CR Stern Magnetic reversals (text pages th edition and in the 5 th edition)

Natural and anthropogenic climate change Lessons from ice cores

Transcription:

References Agrawal, D.P., Dodia R., Kotlia, B.S., Razdan, H. and Sahni, A., 1989. The Plio-Pleistocene geological and climatic records of the Kashmir valley, India: review and new data. Palaeogeography Paleoclimatology Paleoecology, 73; 267-286. Ahlberg, A., Olsson, I. and Šimkevičius, P., 2003. Triassic Jurassic weathering and clay mineral dispersal in basement areas and sedimentary basins of southern Sweden. Sedimentary Geology, 161; 15 29. Allen, C.R., 1975. Geological criteria for evaluating seismicity. Geological Society American Bulletin, 86; 1041-1057. Allen, J.R.L., 1982. Developments in Sedimentology (Eds) Allen, J.R.L. Sedimentary Structures, Their Characters and Physical Basis. Elsevier Amsterdam, 2v. Allen, J.R.L. and Banks, N.L., 1972. An interpretation and analysis of recumbent folded deformed cross bedding. Sedimentology, 19; 257-283. Alley, R.B., Meese, D.A., Shuman, C.A., Gow, A.J., Taylor, K.C., Grootes, P.M., White, J.W.C., Ram, M., Waddington, E.D., Mayewski, P.A. and Zielenski, G.A., 1993. Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event. Nature, 362; 527 529. Altabet, M.A., Higginson, M.J. and Murray, D.W., 2002. The effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric CO 2. Nature, 415; 159 162. Ambrose, S.H. and Sikes, N.E., 1991. Soil carbon isotope evidence for Holocene habitat changes in the Kenya rift valley. Science, 253; 1402-1405. Anand, A. and Jain, A.K., 1987. Earthquake and deformational structures (seismites) in the Holocene sediments from the Himalayan-Andman arc, India. Tectonophysics, 133; 105-120. Ando, A., Kakagawa, T., Takashima, R. and Saito, T., 2002. New perspectives on Aptian carbon isotope stratigraphy: data from δ 13 C records of terrestrial organic matter. Geology, 30; 227-230. Anketell, J.M., Cegla, J. and Dzulynski, S., 1970. On the deformation strutures in systems with reversed density gradient. Geological Society of Poland, 40; 3-30. Ariztegui, D., Bianchi, M.M., Masaferro, J., Lafargue, E. and Niessen, F., 1997. Interhemispheric synchrony of late-glacial climatic instability as recorded in proglacial lake Mascardi, Argentina. Journal of Quaternary Science, 12; 333-338. Ariztegui, D., Chondrogianni, C., Lami, A., Guilizzoni, P. and Lafargue, E.J., 2001. Lacustrine organic matter and the Holocene paleoenvironmental record of Lake Albano (central Italy). Journal of Paleolimnology, 26; 283 292. Arkell, B., Leeks, G., Newson, M. and Oldfield, F., 1983. Trapping and tracing: some recent observations of supply and transport of coarse sediment from upland Wales. Special Publication International Association of Sedimentologists, 6; 107 119. Bagati, T.N., 2001. Imprints of palaeoseismicity on soft sediment deformation structures in late quaternary sediments in parts of Spiti and Kinnaur (H.P.), Iternational Geological Congress, 2; 123-139. Bagati, T.N., Mazari, R.K. and Rajagopalan, G., 1996. Palaeotectonic amplification of Lamayuru lake (Ladakh). Current Science, 71; 479-482. 140

Bagati, T.N. and Suresh, N., 1990. Sedimentology of ancient lacustrine deposits, Spiti valley, H.P., Seminar on Himalayan Geology, 57-58 (Abstract). Banerjee, D., Singhvi, A. K., Bagati, T. N. and Mohindra, R. 1997. Luminscence chronology of seismites in Sumdo (Spiti valley) near kaurik-chango fault, northwestern Himalaya. Current Science, 3; 276-281. Barnard, P.L., Owen, L.A., Sharma, M.C. and Finkel, R.C., 2001. Natural and human-induced landsliding in the Garhwal Himalaya of northern India. Geomorphology, 40; 21 35. Basavaiah, N., Juyal, N., Pant, R.K., Yadava, M.G., Singhvi, A.K. and Appel, E., 2004. Late Quaternary climatic changes reconstructed from mineral magnetic studies from proglacial lake deposits of Higher Central Himalaya. Journal of Indian Geophysical Union, 8(1); 27-37. Basavaiah, N. and Khadikkar, A.S., 2004. Environmental magnetism and its application towards paleomonsoon reconstruction. Journal of Indian Geophysical Union, 8; 1-14. Bassi, U.K., Chopra, S. and Dutta, B.M., 1983. A new Phanerozoic basin in Kinnaur Himalaya. Geological Society of India, 24; 218-290. Battarbee, R.W., Cameron, N.G., Golding, P., Brooks, S.J., Switsur, R., Harkness, D., Appleby, P., Oldfield, F., Thompson, R., Monteith, D.T. and McGovern, A., 2001. Evidence for Holocene climate variability from the sediments of a Scottish remote mountain lake. Journal of Quaternary Science, 16; 339 346. Battarbee, R.W., Grytnes, J.A., Thompson, R., Appleby, P.G., Catalan, J., Korhola, A., Birks, H.J.B., Heegaard, E. and Lami, A., 2002. Comparing palaeolimnological and instrumental evidence of climate change for remote mountain lakes over the last 200 years. Journal of Paleolimnology, 28; 161 179. Benn, D.I. and Owen, L.A., 1998. The role of the Indian summer monsoon and the midlatitude westerlies in Himalayan glaciation: review and speculative discussion. Journal Geological Society of London, 155; 353-363. Benson, L.V., May, H.M., Antwieler, R.C. and Brinton, T.I., 1998. Continuous lake-sediment record of glaciation in Siera Nevada between 12,500 14C Yr B.P. Quaternary Research, 50; 113-127. Berner, R.A.,1971. Principles of Chemical Sedimentation. McGraw-Hill, New York. 270p. Beuning, K.R.M., Talbot, M.R. and Kelts, K., 1997. A revised 30,000 year paleoclimatic and paleohydrologic history of Lake Albert, east Africa. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 136; 259-279. Bhargava, O.N., 1987. Lithostratigraphy, microfacies and palaeoenvironment of the Scythian-Dogger Lilang Group, Spiti valley, Himachal Himalaya. Journal of Palaeontological Society of India, 32; 92-107. Bhargava, O.N. 1990. Holocene tectonics south of Indus suture, Lahaul Ladakh Himalaya, India: a consequence of Indian plate motion. Tectonophysics, 174; 314-320. Bhargava, O.N. and Bassi, U.K., 1985. Upper Triassic coral knoll reefs: middle Norian, Spiti- Kinnaur, Himachal Himalaya, India. Facies, 12; 219-242. Bhattacharyya, A., 1989. Vegetation and climate during the last 30,000 years in Ladakh. Palaeogeography Paleoclimatology Paleoecology, 73; 25-38. Bican-Brisan, N. and Hosu, A., 2006. Clay mineral association in the salt formation of the Transylvanian basin and its palaeoenvironmental significance. Geologia, 51 (1-2); 35-41. 141

Birkeland, P.W., 1999. Soils and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press, New York. 430p. Biscaye, G.W., 1965. Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep sea clay in the Atlantic and adjacent seas and oceans. Geological Survey of America Bulletin, 76; 803-832. Blaise, B., 1989. Clay-mineral assemblages from late Quaternary deposits on Vancouver Island, southwester British Columbia, Canada. Quaternary Research, 31; 41 56. Blenckner, T., 2005. A conceptual model of climate related effects on lake ecosystems. Hydrobiologia, 533; 1-14. Bloemendal, J., King, J.W., Hall, F.R. and Doh., S.J., 1992. Rock magnetism of late Neogene and Pleistocene deep-sea sediments: relationship to sediment source, diagenetic processes, and sediment lithology, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97; 4361 4375. Blunier, T., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B. and Raynaud, D., 1995. Variation in atmospheric methane concentration during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 374; 46-49. Bonnefille, R. and Riollet, G., 1988. The Kashiru pollen sequence (Burundi) palaeoclimatic implications for the last 40,000 yr B.P. in Tropical Africa. Quaternary Research, 30; 19 35. Bookhagen, B. and Burbank, D.W., 2006. Topography, Relief and TRMM-derived rainfall variations along the Himalaya. Geophysical Research Letters, 33; Lo8405. Doi:10.1029/2006GL026037. Bookhagen, B., Thiede, R.C., and Strecker, M.R., 2005a. Late Quaternary intensified monsoon phases control landscape evolution in the northwest Himalaya. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 33; 149 152. Bookhagen, B., Thiede, R. and Strecker, M.R., 2005b. Late Quaternary intensified monsoon phases control landscape evolution in the northwest Himalaya. Geology, 33; 149-152. Brauer, A., 2004. Anually laminated lake sediments and their palaeoclimatic relevance. In: Fischer, H., Kumke, T., Lohmann, G., Floser, G.. Miller, H., Von storch, H., Negendank, J.F.W.(Eds), The climate in Historical times towards a synthesis of Holocene proxy data and climate models. Springer, Berlin, 109-380. Brauer, A., Wulf, S., Mangili, C. and Moscariello, A., 2006. Tephrochronological dating of varved interglacial lake deposits from Pianico-Sellere (Southern Alps, Italy) to around 400 ka. Journal of Quaternary Science, doi: 10.1002/jqs. 1014. Breitenbach, S., Plessen, B., Marwan, N., Oberhansli, H., Prasad, S., Kotlia, B.S., Fernandez, D., Adkins, J. and Haug, G., 2007. North Atlantic cold events pushed ITCZ southward and weakened Indian summer monsoon in northern India. Geophysical Research Abstracts 9, 09697. Brimhall, G. H. and Dietrich, W. E., 1987. Constitutive mass balance relations between chemical composition, volume, density, porosity and strain in metasomatic hydrochemical systems; results on weathering and pedogenesis. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta, 51; 567-587. Brindley, G.W. 1961. Chlorite Minerals. In G. Brown (Eds), The X-ray identification and crystal structure of clay minerals. Mineralogical Society of London, 242-296. Brodzikowski, K., and Haluszczak, A., 1987. Flame structures and associated deformations in Quaternary glacio-lacustrine and glacio-deltaic deposits: example from central Poland. In: Jones, M.E. and Preston, R.M.F (Eds), Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, 279-286. 142

Brooks, R.A. and Ferell, J.R.E., 1970. The lateral distribution of clay minerals in lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas, Louisiana. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 40; 855-863. Brown, G. and Brindley, G.W., 1980. X-ray diffraction procedure for clay mineral identification. In Brindley, G. W., and Brown, G. (Eds), Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification. Mineralogical Society of London, 5; 305-359. Brown, E.T., Bendick, R., Bourles, D.L., Gaur, V., Molnar, P., Raisbeck, G.M. and Yiou, F., 2003. Early Holocene climatic record and geomorphological features in western Tibet. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 199; 141 151. Broxton, D.E., Bish, D.L. and Warren, R.G., 1987. Distribution and chemistry of diagenetic minerals at Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Neveda. Clays and Clay minerals, 35; 89-110. Bryson, R.A. and Swain A.M., 1981. Holocene variations of monsoon rainfall in Rajasthan. Quaternary Research, 16; 135 145. Buchardt, B. and Fritz, P. 1980. Environmental isotopes as environmental and climatological indicators. In: Fritz, P. and Fontes, J.C. (Eds), Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, vol. 1A: The Terrestrial Environment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 473-504. Burbank, D.W. and Fort, M.B., 1985. Bedrock control on glacial limits: examples from Ladakh and Zanskar ranges, north-west Himalaya, India. Journal of Glaciology, 31; 143-149. Burgisser, H.M., Gansser, A. and Pika, J., 1982. Late Glacial lake sediments of the Indus Valley area, northwestern Himalaya. Ecogale Geologica Helvetica, 75; 51-63. Carroll, D., 1970. Clay Minerals: a guide to their X-ray identification. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 126; 1-80. Carroll, D. and Hathaway, J.C., 1963. Mineralogy of selected soils on Gaum with a section on description of soil profile by C.H. Stensland. US Geological Survey Special Papers, 403; 1-53. Cato, I., 1977. Recent sedimentological and geochemical conditions and pollution problems in two marine areas in south-western Sweden. Striae, 6;158. Cerling, T.E., 1984. The stable isotopic composition of soil carbonate and its relationship to climate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 71; 229-240. Chakraborty, S., Bhattacharya, S.K., Ranhotra, P.S., Bhattacharyya, A. and Bhushan, R., 2006. Palaeoclimatic scenario during Holocene around Sangla valley, Kinnaur, northwest Himalaya based on multiproxy records. Current Science, 10; 777-782. Chamley, H., 1997. Clay mineral sedimentation in the ocean. In: Paquet, H., Clauer, N. (Eds.), Soils and Sediments. Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Springer Verlag, Berlin, New York, 269 302. Chamley, H., 1989. Clay Sedimentology. Springer-verlag, New York. 623p. Chamyal, L.S. and Juyal, N., 2008. Late Quaternary continental studies in parts of India: implification for monsoon variability. Journal of Geological Society of India, 71; 611-629. Chauhan, O.S., 2003. Past 20,000 year history of Himalayan aridity: evidence from oxygen isotope records in the Bay of Bengal. Current Science, 84; 90-93. Chauhan, O.S., Mazari, R.K. and Rajagopalan, G., 2000. Vegetation and climate in Upper Spiti region, Himachal Pradesh during the late Holocene. Current Science, 79; 373-377. 143

Chauhan, O.S., Patil, S.K. and Suneethi, J., 2004. Fluvial influx and weathering history of the Himalaya since last glacial maxima-isotopic, sedimentological and magnetic records from the Bay of Bengal. Current Science, 87; 509-514. Chauhan, M.S. and Sharma, C., 1996. Pollen analysis of mid-holocene sediments from Kumaun Himalaya. Geological Survey of India Special Publication, 21; 257-269. Chauhan, O.S. and Suneethi, J., 2001. 18 Ka BP records of climatic changes, Bay of Bengal: isotopic and sedimentological evidences. Current Science, 81; 9. ChunMei, M.A., Cheng, Z., ChaoGui, Z., ChunLin, W.U., Yong, G., ZhiPing, LinYan, H., and Run, H., 2008. High-resolution geochemistry records of climate changes since late-glacial from Dajiuhu peat in Shennongjia Mountains, Central China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 53; 28-41. Clemens, S., Prell, W., Murray, D., Shimmield, G. and Weedon, G., 1991. Forcing mechanisms of the Indian-Ocean monsoon. Nature, 353; 720 725. Collinson, J.D., 1994. Sedimentary deformation structures. In: Maltman, A. (Eds) The Geological Deformation of Sediments. Chapman and Hall, London, 95-125. Collinson, J.D. and Thompson, D.B., 1989. Sedimentary Structures. Unwin Hyman, 102-106. Compton, J.S., 1991. Origin and diagenesis of clay minerals in the Monterey Formation, Santa Maria Basin area, California. Clays and Clay minerals. 39; 449-466. Cronin, V.S., 1982. The Physical and magnetic Polarity stratigraphy of the Skardu Basin, Baltistan, northern Pakistan. Master s Thesis, Dartouth College, Hanover. 127p. Cronin, V.S., 1989. Structural setting of the Skardu intermontane basin, Karakoram Himalaya, Pakistan. Geological Society American special papers, 232; 183-201. Dalfes, H.N., Kukla, G. and Weiss, H., 1997. Third millennium B.C. climate change and world collapse. Berlin Springer, 49; 723. Dean, W.E., 1974. Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss of ignition: comparison with other methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44; 242-248. Deconinck, J.F., Hesselbo, S.P., Debuisser, N., Averbuch, O., Baudin, F. and Bessa, J., 2003. Environmental controls on clay mineralogy of an Early Jurassic mudrock (Blue Lias Formation, southern England). International Journal of Earth Science, 92; 255 266. Dekkers, M.J., 1997. Environmental magnetism: an introduction. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 76; 163 182. Deslodges, J.R., 1994. Varve deposition and the sediment yield record at three small lakes of the southern Canadian Cordillera. Arctic Alpine Research, 26; 130-140. Dixon, J.B. and Weed, S.B., 1989. Minerals in Soil Environments. Soil Science Society of America, Book Series, 1. Donar, L., 2003. Late Holocene palaeoenvironments of northwest Iceland from lake sediments. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 193; 535-560. Drysdale, R., Zanchetta, G., Hellstrom, J., Maas, R., Fallick, A., Pickett, M., Catwright, I. and Piccini, L., 2006. Late Holocene drought responsible for the collapse of Old World civilizations is recorded in an Italian cave flowstone. Geology, 34; 101-104. 144

Dunbar, G.B., 2000. A detailed characterization of Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles at site 1063 (Bermuda rise). In: Keigwin, L.D., Rio, D., Acton, G.D., and Arnold, E. (Eds), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific results, 172; 1-24. Dunlop, D.J. and Ozdemir, O. 1997. Rock Magnetism, Fundamentals and Frontiers. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. Edwards, G. E., Franceschi, V. R. and Voznesenskaya, E. V., 2004. Single cell C4 photosynthsis versus the dual-cell (kranz) paradigm. Annual Review of Plany Biology, 55; 173-196. Engstrom, D.R. and Swain, B., 1986. Chemisry of lake sediments in time and space. Hydrobiologia, 143:37-44. Engstrom, D.R. and Wright, H.E., 1984. Chemical statigraphy of lake sediments as record of environmental change. In: Haworth, E.Y. and Lund, J.W.G., Lind: Lake Sediments and Environmental History Leicester University Press, 11-67. Enzel, Y., Ely, L.L., Mishra, S., Ramesh, R., Amit, R., Lazar, B., Rajaguru, S.N., Baker, V.R. and Sandler, A., 1999. High-resolution Holocene environmental changes in the Thar Desert, northwestern India. Science, 284, 125-127. Eswaran, H., De Coninck, F. and Varghese T., 1990. Role of plinthite and related forms in soil degradation. In: R. Lal and B.A. Stewart (Eds), Advances in Soil Science, 11; 109-128. Evans, E.E., and Heller, F, 2003. Environmental Magnetism: Principles and Applications of Enviromagnetics: San Francisco, Academic Press. International Geophysics Series, New York, 293p. Eyre, J., 1997. Frequency dependence of magnetic susceptibility for populations of singledomain-grains. Geophysical Research International, 129; 209 211. Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W. and Young, G.M., 1995. Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology, 23; 921 924. Feng, D.Z., Zhai, X.W., Ma, Y.Z., Huang, C.Q., Wang, W.G., Zhang, H.C., Khosbayar, P., Narantsetseg, T., Liu, K.B. and Rutter, N.W., 2007. Eolian environmental change in the northern Mongolian plateau during the past ~35,000 yr. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 245; 505 517. Foley, N.K., 1999. Environmental characterstics of clays and clay mineral deposits. US. Geological Survey, 1-4. Fontes, J.C., Gasse, F. and Gibert, E., 1996. Holocene environmental changes in lake Bangong basin (western Tibet). Part 1: Chronology and stable isotopes of carbonates of a Holocene lacustrine core. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 120; 25-47. Fort, M., Burbank, D.W. and Freytet, P., 1989. Lacustrine sedimentation in a semi alpine setting: an example from Ladakh, northwestern Himalaya. Quaternary Research, 31; 332-352. Francus, P., Bradley, R.S., Abbott, M.B., Patridge, W. and Keinig, F., 2002. Palaeoclimatic studies of mineralgenic sediments using annually resolved textural parameters. Geophysical Research Letters, 29; 1998-2001. Fuchs, G., 1982. The Geology of the Pin Valley in Spiti, H.P., India: Jahrbuch Geologie Bundesanstie, 124(2); 325-359. 145

Fuchs, G. and Linner, M. 1995. Geological traverse across the western Himalaya-a contribution to the Geology of eastern Ladakh, Lahaul and Chamba. Jahrbuch Geologie Bundesanstie, 138(4); 655-665. Fürsich, F.T., Singh, I.B., Joachimski, M., Krumm, S., Schlirf, M. and Schlirf, S., 2005. Palaeoclimate reconstructions of the Middle Jurassic of Kachchh (western India): an integrated approach based on palaeoecological, oxygen isotopic, and clay mineralogical data. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 217; 289 309. Gaetani, M., Casnedi, R., Fois, E., Garzanti, E., Jadoul, F., Nicora, A. and Tintori, A., 1986. Stratigraphy of the Tethys Himalaya in Zanskar, Ladakh: initial report. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia Stratigraphia, 91(4); 443-478. Gale, S.J. and Hoare, P.G., 1991. Quaternary sediments: petrographic methods for the study of unlithifed rocks. Belhaven Press, NY, 323p. Gansser, A., 1964. The Geology of the Himalayas. Wiley Interscience London, 289p. Garzanti, E., Angiolini, L. and Sciunnach, D., 1996. The Permian Kuling Group (Spiti, Lahaul and Zanskar; NW Himalaya): sedimentary evolution during rift/drift transition and initial opening of Neo-Tethys: Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia Stratigraphia, 102(2); 175-200. Gasse, F., 2000. Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19; 189 211. Gasse, F., Arnold, J.C., Fontes, M., Fort, E., Gibert, A., Huc, L., Bingyan, L., Yuanfang, L., Qing, F., Melieres, E., Van Campo. and Fubao, Q.Z., 1991. A 13.000-Year climate record from western Tibet. Nature, 353; 742-745. Gasse, F. and Van Campo, E., 1994. Abrupt post-glacial climate events in West Asia and North Africa monsoon domains. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 126; 435-456. Gee, E.R., 1989. Overview of the geology and structure of the Salt Range, with observations on related areas of northern Pakistan. In: Malinconico, L.L. Jr and Lillie, R.J. (Eds), Tectonics of the Western Himalaya. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 232; 95 112 Ghosh, P. and Bhattacharya, S.K., 2003. Sudden warming epochs during 42 to 28 Ky BP in the Himalayan region from stable isotope record of sediment column from a relict lake in Goting, Garhwal, North India. Current Science, 85; 60-67. Ghosh, S.K. and Lahiri, S., 1990. Soft sediment deformation by vertical movements. Indian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17; 23-43. Ghosh, S.K. and Mukhopadhyay, A., 1990. Soft sediment recumbent folding in slump generated bed in Jharia basin, Eastern India. Geological Society of India, 27(2); 194-201. Gilbert, R., 1975. Sedimentation in Lillooet Lake, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 12; 1697-1711. Gillot, J. E.1968. Clays in Engineering Geology. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Gold, C.M., Cavell, P.A. and Smith, D.G.W., 1983. Clay minerals in mixtures: sample preparation, analysis and statistical interpreytation. Clays and Clay minerals, 31(3); 191-199. Goldich, S. S., 1938. A study of rock weathering. Geology, 46; 17-58. Goodbred, S.L. and Kuehl, S.A., 2000. Enormous Ganges-Brahmaputra sediment discharge during strengthened early Holocene monsoon. Geology, 28; 1083 1086. 146

Goudie, A.S., Jones, D.J.C. and Brunsden, D., 1984. Recent fluctuations in some glaciers of western Karakoram Mountains, Hunza Pakistan. In: Miller, K. (Eds), International Karakoram Project. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 441-445. Granar, L., 1956. Dating of recent fluvial sediments from the estuary of the Angerman River (The period 1850-1950 A.D.). Geological Forenshe Forhandles, 78; 654-658. Griffin, J.J. and Goldberg, E.D., 1963. Clay Mineral Distributions in the Pacific Ocean, In: The Earth Beneath the Sea and History: Interscience Publisher, New York, 3; 728-741. Grim, R.E., 1953, Clay Mineralogy: New York, Mc Graw. Hill Book Company, 381p. Grim, R.E., Bradley, W.F. and Brown, G., 1951. The mica clay minerals, X-ray Identification and crystals structures of the clay minerals. Mineralogical Society of London, 138-172. Gröcke, D.R., Hasselbo, S.P. and Jenkyns, H.C., 1999. Carbon-isotope composition of lower Cretaceous fossil wood: Ocean Atmosphere chemistry and relation to sea-level change. Geology, 27; 155-158. Grönlund, E. 1995. A palaeoecological study of land-use history in East Finland. University of Joensuu, Publications in Science, 31; 62. Gujar, A.R. and Chauhan, O.S., 1999. A 25 Ka BP record of Himalayan aridity using muscovite and clays as proxy climate indicators. Giornale Di Geologia, 61; 115-120. Gupta, A.K. and Anderson, D.M., 2005. Mysteries of the Indian Ocean monsoon system. Journal of Geological Society of India, 65; 54-60. Gupta, A.K., Anderson, D.M., Pandey, D.N. and Singhvi, A.K., 2006. Adaptation and human migration and evidence of agriculture coincident with change in the Indian summer monsoon during the Holocene. Current Science, 90(8); 1082 1090. Gupta, A.K. and Thomas, E., 2003. Initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and strengthening of the northeast Indian monsoon: Ocean drilling program site 758, eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Geology, 31; 47 50. Gylesjö, S. and Arnold, E., 1996. Clay mineralogy of a red clay loess sequence from Lingtai, the Chinese Loess Plateau. Global and Planetary Change, 51; 181 194. Hakansson, L. and Jansson, M., 1983. Principles of Lake Sedimentology, Springer Berlin, 316p. Hallam, A., 1984. Continental humid and arid zones during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 47; 195 223. Hardy, D.R., Bradley, S., Zolitschka, B., 1996. The climatic signal in varved sediments from lake C2, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada, Taconite Inlet Lakes project. Journal of Palaeolimnology, 16; 227-238. Haltia-Hovi, E., Saarinen., T. and Kukkonen, M., 2007. A 2000 year record of solar forcing on varved lake sediment in eastern Finland. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26; 678-689. Harnois, L., 1988. The CIW index: a new chemical index of weathering. Sedimentary Geology, 55; 31-32. Hartshorn, K., Hovius, N., Dade, W.B. and Slingerland, R.L., 2002. Climate driven bedrock incision in an active mountain belt. Science, 297; 2036 2038. 147

Hassegawa, T., 1997. Cenomanian-Turonian carbon isotope events recorded in terrestrial organic matter from northern Japan. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 130; 251-273. Hasselbo, S.P., Gröcke, D.R., Jenkyns, H.C., Bjerrum, C.J., Farrimond, P., Morgans Bell, H.S. and Green, O.R., 2000. Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event. Nature, 406; 392-395. Hastenrath, S., 1994. Climate Dynamics of the Tropics: An Updated Edition of Climate and Circulation of the Tropics, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Hayden, H.H., 1904. The Geology of Spiti with parts of Bushahr and Rupshu. Memories of Geological Survey of India, 6; 1 121. Hayden., 1908. The Geology of the Himalaya. In: S.G. Burrard and H.H. Hayden (Eds.). A sketch of Geography and Geology of Himalayan mountains and Tibet. Govt. of India Press, Calcutta, 4; 236. Heim, A. and Gansser, A., 1939. Central Himalaya: geological observations of the Swiss expedition of 1936. Memoir Society of Helvetica Science Nature, 731; 245p. Heiri, O., Lotter, A.F. and Lemcke, G., 2001. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and cabonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnolgy, 25; 101 110. Hempton, M.R. and Dewey, J.F., 1983. Earthquake induced deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments, east Anatolian Fault, southeast Turkey. Tectonophysics, 98; T7- T14. Hillaire-Marcel, C., Aucour, A.M., Bonnefille, R., Riollet, G., Vincens, A. and Willamson, D., 1989. C 13 /palynological evidence of differential residence times of organic carbon prior to its sedimentation in East African Rift lakes and peat bogs. Quaternary Science Reviews, 8; 206-211. Holtzapffel, T., 1985. Les Minreraux argileux: preparation, analyse diffractometrique determination, Geological Society Publication, Nord, 12p. Hong, Y.T., Hong, B., Lin, Q.H., Zhu, Y.X., Shibata, Y., Hirota, M., Uchida, M., Leng, X.T., Jiang, H.B., Xu, H., Wang, H. and Yi, L., 2003. Correlation between Indian Ocean summer monsoon and north Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 211; 371 380. Hubbert, M. K. and Rubey, W.W., 1959. Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 70; 115-116. Hughen, K.A., Overpeck, J.T. and Anderson, R.F., 2000. Recent warming in a 500 palaeotemperature record from varved sediments, Upper Sopar Lake Baffin Island, Canada. The Holocene, 10; 9-19. Hunt, C.P., Moskowitz, B.M. and Banerjee, S.K. 1995. Magnetic properties of rocks and minerals. In: Ahrens, T.J., (Eds), Rock Physics and Phase Relations. A Handbook of Physical Constants, AGU Reference Shelf,189 204. Isphording. W.C., 1973. Discussion of the occurrence and origin of sedimentary palygorskites- sepiolite. Clays and Clay Minerals. 21; 391-401. Jackson, M.L., 1959. Frequency distribution of clay minerals in major great soil groups as related to the factors of soil formation, In: Swine ford, A., (Eds), Proceeding of the Sixth National conference: London, Pergamon Press. Clays and Clay Minerals, 18; 138-143. 148

Jackson, M.L., Hseung, Y., Corey, R.B., Evans, E.J. and Vanden, H.R.C., 1952. Weathering sequence of clay sized minerals in soils and sediments. Part 2: Chemical weathering of layer silicates, Society of Soil Sciences in America, 1691: 3-6. Jackson, M.L., Tyler, S.A., Willis, A.L., Bourbeau, G.A. and Pennington, R.P., 1948. Weathering sequence of clay size minerals in soils and sediments. I. fundamental journalizations and colloid chemistry. Journal of Physics, 52; 1237-1260. Jahren, A.H., Arens, N.C., Sarmiento, G., Guerrero, J. and Amundson, R., 2001. Terrestrial record of methane hydrate dissociation in the early Cretaceous. Geology, 29; 159-162. Jain, A.K. and Singh, S., 1997. Palaeoearthquakes along the Kaurik-Chango Fault Zone, Satluj-Spiti valleys, Himachal Pradesh, India: Geological Evidence. Extended abstract of Indo-US workshop on palaeoseismicity. WIHG, Dehradun, 62-67p. Jing, Z., Sumin, W., Guishan, Y. and Haifeng, X., 2007. Younger Dryas event and cold events in early mid Holocene: record from the sediments of Erhai Lake. Advance Climatic Change Research, 3; 4 44. Jonathan, A.H. 1988. Pliocene and Quaternary Environmental Changes in Kashmir, Northwest Himalaya. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hertford College and School of Geography, University of Oxford. 527p. Jones, B.F., 1986. Clay mineral diagenesis in lacustrine sediments. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 1578; 291-300. Jones, B.F. and Weir, A.H., 1983. Clay minerals of lake Albert an alkaline saline lake. Clays and Clay Minerals. 31; 161-172. Judson, S. and Kauffman, M.E., 1990. Physical Geology. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 534p. Juyal., N. Pant, R.K., Basavaiah, N., Bhushan, R., Jain, M., Saini, N.K., Yadava, M.G. and Singhvi, A.K. 2009. Reconstruction of Late Glacial to early Holocene monsoon variability from relict lake sediments of the Higher Central Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes 2008.07.007. Juyal, N., Pant, R.K., Basavaiah, N., Yadavaa, M.G., Saini, N.K. and Singhvi, A.K., 2004. Climate and seismicity in the higher Central Himalaya during 20 10 ka: evidence from the Garbayang basin, Uttaranchal, India. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 213; 315 330. Kadir, S. and Karakas, Z., 2002. Distribution and origin of clay minerals in Konya Neogene sedimentary Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 11; 161-167. Kajale, M.D. and Deotare, B.C., 1998. Late Quaternary environmental studies on salt lakes in western Rajasthan, India: a summarised view. Journal of Quaternary Science, 12; 405-412. Kaplan, M.R., Wolfe, A.P. and Miller, G.H., 2002. Holocene environmental variability in southern Greenland inferred from lake sediments. Quaternary Research, 58; 149 159. Kauppila, T., 2002. Lake eutrophication studies in southern Finland employing diatom-based total phosphorus inference models and sedimentary phosphorus fractionations. Turun yliopiston julkaisuja. Sarja A. II. Biologica-Geographica-Geologica 156. 107p. Kelling, G. and Walton, E.K., 1957. Load cast structures, their relationship to upper surface structures and their mode of formation. Geological Magzine, 94; 481-490. 149

Kelts, K., Hsu, K.J., 1978. Fresh water carbonate sedimentation. In: Lerman, A. (Ed.), Lakes: Chemistry, Geology, Physics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 295 321. Kemp, A.L.W., Thomas, R.L., Dell, C.I. and Jaquet, J.M. 1976. Cultural impact on the geochemistry of sediments in Lake Erie. Journal of Fish Research Canada, 33;440-462. King, J.W. and Channell, J.E.T., 1991. Sedimentary magnetism, environmental magnetism and magnetostratigraphy. Review Geophysics, 358-370. Kotlia, B.S., Bhalla, M.S., Shah, N. and Rajagopalan, G., 1998. Palaeomagnetic results from the Pleistocene-Holocene lake deposits of Bhimtal and Bhowali (Kumaun Himalaya) and Lamayuru (Ladakh Himalaya) with reference to the reversal events. Journal of Geological Society of India, 51; 7 20. Kotlia, B.S., Bhalla, M.S., Sharma, C., Ramesh, R., Rajagopalan, G., Mathur, P.D., Bhandari, S. and Chacko, S.T., 1997a. Palaeoclimatic conditions in the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene Bhimtal-Naukuchiatal lake basin in the south-central Kumaun, North India. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 130:307-322. Kotlia, B.S. and Rawat, K.S. 2004. Soft sediment deformation structures in the Garbyang palaeolake: Evidence from the past shaking events in the Kumaun Tethys Himalaya. Current Science, 87(3); 377-379. Kotlia, B. S. and Sanwal, J. 2004. Fauna and palaeoenvironment of a Late Quaternary fluviolacustrine basin in central Kumaun Himalaya. Current Science, 87; 610-612. Kotlia, B. S., Sanwal, J. and Bhattacharya, S. K., 2008. Climatic record between ca. 31 and 22 ka BP in east-central Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. Himalayan Geology, 29(1); 59-67. Kotlia, B.S., Sanwal, J., Phartiyal, B., Joshi, L.M., Trivedi, A. and Sharma, C., 2009. Late Quaternary climatic changes in the eastern Kumaun Himalaya, India as deduced from multiproxy studies. Quaternary International, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.09.002. Kotlia, B.S., Sharma, C., Bhalla, M.S., Rajagopalan, G., Subrahmanyam, K., Bhattacharyya, A. and Valdiya, K.S., 2000. Palaeoclimatic conditions in the Late Pleistocene Wadda Lake (Pithoragrah), Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 162; 105-118. Kotlia, B.S., Shukla, U.K, Bhalla, M.S., Mathur, P.D. and Pant, C.C., 1997b. Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine deposits of Lamayuru basin, Ladakh Himalaya: preliminary multidiciplinary investigations. Geological Magazine, 134 (6); 807 812. Krishnamurty., R.V., Bhattacharya, S.K., Pant, R.K. and DeNiro M.J., 1982. Stable carbon isotope ratios of palaeosols from Kashmir and their palaeoecological implifications. 6; 147-150. Krishnamurthy, R.V., Bhattacharya, S.K. and Kusumgar, S., 1986. Palaeoclimatic changes deduced from 13 C/ 12 C and C/N ratios of Karewa lake sediment, India. Nature, 323; 150-152. Kudrass, H.R., Erlenkeuser, H., Vollbrecht, R. and Weiss, W., 1991. Global nature of the Younger Dryas cooling event inferred from oxygen isotope data from Sulu Sea cores. Nature, 349; 406 408. Kudrass, H.R., Hofmann, A., Doose, H., Emeis, K. and Erlenkeuser, H., 2001. Modulation and amplification of climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere by the Indian summer monsoon during the past 80 kyr. Geology, 29; 63-66. 150

Kuenen, P.H., 1958. Experiments in Geology. Transactions of Geological Society, Glasgow, 23; 1-28. Kuenen, P.H. and Menrad, H.W., 1952. Turbidity currents, graded and non graded bedding. Geology, 58; 91-127. Kumaravel, V., Sangode, S.J., Siva Siddaiah, N. and Kumar, R., 2005. Rock magnetic characterization of pedogenesis under high energy depositional condition: a case study from the Mio-Pliocene Siwalik fluvial sequence near Dehra Dun, NW Himalaya, India. Sedimentary Geology, 177; 229 252. Lamoureux, S.F., 2000. Five centuries of interannual sediment yield and rainfall-induced erosion in the Canadian High Arctic recorded in lacustrine varves. Water Resources Research, 36; 309-318. Lamoureax, S.F. and Gilbert, R., 2004. A 750 year record of autumn snowfall and temperature variability and winter storminess recorded in the varved sediments of Bear Lake, Devon Island, Arctic Canada. Quaternary Research, 61; 134-147. Lean, C.M. and McCave, I.N., 1998. Glacial to interglacial mineral magnetic and palaeoceanographic changes at Chatham Rise, SW Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163; 247 260. Leemann, A. and Niessen, F., 1994. Varve formation and the climatic record in an alpine proglacial lake: calibrating annually laminated sediments against hydrological and meterological data. The Holocene, 4; 1-8. Leonard, E.M., 1985. Glaciological and climatic controls on lake sedimentation, Canadian Rocky Mountains. Zeitschrift für Gletscher Kunde und Glacizialgeologie, 21; 35-42. Lepland, A. and Stevens, R.L., 1996. Mineral magnetic and textural interpretations of sedimentation in the Skagerrak, eastern North Sea. Marine Geology, 135; 51-64. Lerman, J. C., 1972. Les methodes quantitatives d Etude des variations du climat en cour du Pleistocene, CNRS No. 219: 163-181. Liang, H.C., Su, Y.M. and Qian, W.X., 1990. Preliminary study on minor climate in montane areas. Western Sichuan Press of Science and Technology, Chengdu. 85 107. Lisitzin, A.P., 1996. The age of terrigenous material as an indicator of its origins (age and isotopic measurements) oceanic sedimentation, lithology and geochemistry. American Geophysical Union Publications. 192-230. Lowe, D.R, 1975. Water escape structures in coarse grained sediments. Sedimentology, 22; 157-204. Lowe, D.R., 1976. Subaqueous liquefied and fluidized flows and their deposits. Sedimentology, 23; 285-308. Lücke, A. and Brauer, A., (2004). Biogeochemical and micro-facial fingerprints of ecosystem response to rapid Late Glacial climatic changes in varved sediments of Meerfelder Maar (Germany). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 211/1-2; 139-155. MacEwan, D.M.C., 1949. Clay mineral complexes with organic liquids. Clay Minerals Bulletin, 3; 44-46. MacEwan, D.M.C., 1990. Some notes on the recording and interpretation of X-ray patters of soil clays. Journal of Soil Science, 1(1); 90-113. 151

Mackereth, F.J.H., 1965. Chemical investigation of lake sediments and their interpretation. Proceedings of Royal Society, 161; 295-309. Mackereth, F.J.H., 1966. Some chemical observations of post-glacial lake sediments. Proceedings of Royal Society, B, 250; 165-213. Magny, M., Begeot, C., Guiot, J. and Peyron, O., 2003. Contrasting patterns of hydrological changes in Europe in response to Holocene climate phases. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22; 1589 1596. Maher, B.A. 1988. Magnetic properties of modern soils and Quaternary loessic paleosols: paleoclimatic implications. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 137; 25-54. Maher, B.A., and Thompson, R, 1999. Quaternary Climates, Environments and Magnetism: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 81 125. Mahjoor, A.J., Karimi, M.K. and Rastegarlari, A. 2009. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of clay deposits from south Abarkouh district of clay deposits (Central Iran) and their applications. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(4); 601-614. Maltman, A., 1984. On the term soft sediment deformation. Journal of Structural Geology, 6; 589-592. Maltman, A., 1994. Introduction and overviews. In: Maltman, A., (Eds), The Geological Deformation of Sediments. Chapman and Hall, 362p. Matzinger, A., Schmid, M., Sarafiloska, E.V., Patceva, S., Guseska, D., Wagner, B., Muller, B., Sturm, M. and Wuest, A., 2007. Eutrophication of ancient Lake Ohrid: global warming amplifies detrimental effects of increased nutrient inputs. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 52(1); 338 353. Maurya, D. M., Malik, J. N., Raj, R. and Chamyal, L.S., 1997. Soft sediment deformation in the Quaternary sediments of the lower Mali Basin, Western India. Current Science, 72p. McCalpin, J.P., 1996. Palaeoseismology. Academic Press, London, 588p. McClay, K. R., 1977. Pressure solutions and cobble creep in rocks and minerals: a review. Journal Geolological Society London, 134; 57-70. McDermott, F., Mattey, D.P. and Hawkesworth. C., 2001. Centennial-scale Holocene climate variability revealed by a high-resolution speleothem 18O record from SW Ireland. Science, 294; 1328-1331. Mc Kee, E.D., Reynolds, M.A. and Baker, C.H., 1962. Experiments on intraformational recumbent folds in cross bedded sands. Professional papers, US Geological Survey, 450D; D155-D160. Mckenzie, J.A., 1985. Carbon isotopes and productivity in the lacustrine and marine environment. In: Stumm, W., (Eds), Chemical Processes in Lakes. Wiley, New York, 99-118. Meissner, K.J. and Clark, P.U., 2006. Impact of floods versus routing events on the thermohaline circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 33. doi:10.1029/2006gl026705. Meyers, P.A. and Teranes, J.L., 2001. Sediment organic matter. In: Last, W.M., Smol, J.P. (Eds.), Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 239 269. Mills, P.C., 1983. Genesis and diagnostic value of soft sediment deformation structures a review. Sedimentary Geology, 35; 83-104. 152

Mischke, S., Kramer, M., Zhang, C., Shang, H., Herzschuh, U. and Erzinger, J., 2008. Reduced early Holocene moisture availability in the Bayan Har Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, inferred from a multi-proxy lake record. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 267; 59-76. Mohindra, R. and Bagati, T.N., 1996. Seismically induced soft-sediment deformation structures (seismites) around Sumdo in the lower spiti valley (Tethys Himalaya). Sedimentary Geology, 101; 69-83. Mohr, E.C.J. and Van Baren, F.A., 1954. Tropical Soils: New York, Inter-Science Publications, 498p. Mooney, S. D., Geiss, C. and Smith, M. A., 2002. The use of mineral magnetic parameters to characterize archaeological ochres. Journal of Archaeological Science, 29; doi:10.1006/jasc.2002.0856. Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C., 1989. X-ray Diffraction and the Identification: Oxford University, New York. 362p. Muhs, D.R., Bettis, E.A., Been, J. and McGeehin, J.P., 2001. Impact of climate and parent material on chemical weathering in loess derived soils of the Mississippi river valley. Journal of Society of American Soil Science, 65; 1761-1777. Nagtegaal, P.J.C., 1965. An approximation to the genetic classification of non organic sedimentary structures. Geological Mijnbouw, 44; 347-352. Naidu, P.D., 2006. Link between western Arabian Sea surface temperature and summer monsoon strength and high-latitude abrupt climate events. Journal of Geological Society of India, 68; 379 385. Neff, U., Burns, S.J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Fleitmann, D. and Matter, A., 2001. Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago. Nature, 411; 290-293. Nelson, S.A., 2006. Weathering and Clay Minerals, Tulane University, EENS, Earth Materials. 7p. Nesbit, H.W. and Young, G.M. 1982. Early Proterozoic climate and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 299; 715-717. Nesje, A. and Dahl, S.O., 2001. The Greenland 8200 calendar years BP event detected in loss-on-ignition profiles in Norwegian lacustrine sediment sequences. Journal of Quaternary Science, 16; 155 166. Nesje, A., Dahl, S.O. and Lie, Ø., 2004. Holocene millennial-scale summer temperature variability inferred from sediment parameters in a non-glacial mountain lake, Danntjørn, Jotunheimen, central southern Norway. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23 (2004); 2183 2205. Newman, A.C.D., 1987. Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals. Mineralogical Society Monograph, 6; 480p. Nocita, B. W., 1988. Soft-sediment deformation (fluid escape) features in a coarse-grained pyroclastic-surge deposit, north-central New Mexico. Sedimentology, 35; 275 285. Obermeier, S.F., 1996. Use of liquefaction induced features for palaeoseismic analysis. Engineering Geology, 44; 1-76. 153

Ojala, A.E.K. 2001. Varved lake sediments in southern and central Finland, long varve chronologies as a basis for Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Geological Survey of Finland, Miscellaneous Publications, 41; 243-245. Ojala, A.E.K., Heinsalu, A., Saarnisto, M. and Tiljander, M. 2005. Annually laminated sediments date the drainage of the Ancylus Lake and early Holocene shoreline displacement in central Finland. Quaternary International, 130; 63-73. Ojala, A.E.K., Saarinen, T. and Salonen, V.P., 2000. Preconditions for the formation of annually laminated lake sediments in southern and central Finland. Boreal Environment Research, 5; 243-255. Oldfield, F., 1991. Environmental Magnetism - A personal perspective. Quaternery Science Reviews, 10;73-85. Oldfield F, Appleby P.G. and Van der Post KD., 1999. Problems of core correlation, sediment source ascription and yield estimation in Ponsonby Tarn, West Cumbria, UK. Earth Surface Processes, 24; 975 992. Oldfield, F., Maher, B.A., Donoghue, J. and Pierce J. 1985. Particle size related, mineral magnetic source sediment linkages in the Rhode River catchment, Maryland, USA. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 142; 1035 1046. Opdyke, N.D., Shackleton, N.J. and Hays, J.D., 1974. The details of a magnetic excursion as seen in a piston core from the southern Indian ocean. Trans American Geophysical Union, 55; 237-242. Osmaston H., 1994. The Geology, Geomorphology and Quaternary History of Zangskar, Himalayan Buddhist Villages: Environment, Resources, Society and Religious life in Zangskar, Ladakh. University of Bristol U.K., 866p. Osmond, C.B. and Ziegler, H. 1975. Schwere pflanzen und leichte pflanzen: stable isotope im photosynthesis toffwechel un in der biochemischen okaologie. Naturwiss. Rundsch., 28; 1-323. Østrem, G. and Olsen, H.C., 1987. Sedimentation in a glacier lake. Geografiska Annaler, 69A; 123-128. O Sullivan, P.E., 1983. Anually laminated lake sediments and the study of Quaternary environmental changes: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1; 245-313. Overpeck, J., Anderson, D., Trumbore, S. and Prell, W., 1996. The southwest Indian Monsoon over the last 18,000 years. Climate Dynam., 12; 213-225. Owen, G., 1966. Experimental soft sediment deformation structures formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples. Sedimentology, 43; 279-294. Owen, G., 1987. Deformation process in unconsolidated sands, In: Jones, M.E., Preston, R.M.F., (Eds), Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary rocks. Geological Society Special Publications, 29; 11-24. Owen, L.A., 1988. Terraces, Uplift and Climate, Karakoram Mountains Northern Pakistan. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Leicester. Owen, L.A., 1996. Quaternary lacustrine deposits in a high energy semi-arid mountain environment, Karakoram Mts. Northern Pakistan. Journal of Quaternary Science. 11; 461-483. 154

Owen, L.A., Gualtieri, L., Finkel, R.C., Caffee, M.W., Benn, D.I. and Sharma, M.C., 2001. Cosmogenic radionuclide dating of glacial landforms in the Lahaul Himalaya, northern India: defining the timing of Late Quaternary glaciations. Quaternary Science, 16 (6); 555 563. Owen, L.A., Finkel, R.C., Caffee, M.W. and Gualtieri, L., 2002. Timing of multiple late Quaternary glaciations in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram Mountains, northern Pakistan: Defined by cosmogenic radionuclide dating of moraines, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114(5); 593 604. Pant, R.K., Basavaiah, N., Juyal, N., Saini, N.K., Yadava, M.G. and Singhvi, A.K., 2005. A 20-Ka climate record from Central Himalayan loess deposits. Quaternary Science, 20; 48-492. Pant, R.K., Juyal, N., Rautela, P., Yadav, M.G. and Sangode, S., 1998. Climate instability during last glacial stage: evidence from varve deposits from Goting, district Chamoli, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current Science, 75(8); 850-855. Pant, R.K., Krishnamurthy, R.V., Basavaiah, N., Appel, E., Sharma, P., Ramesh, R., Juyal, N., Bhusan, R., Yadav, M.G., Saini, N.K. and Rautela, P., 1999. Priodicity and amplitude of Quaternary glaciation in the Central Himalaya, Unpublished DST Project report, 61p. Parthasarathy, B., Kumar, K.R. and D. R. Kothawale., 1992. Indian-Summer Monsoon Rainfall Indexes-1871-1990, Meteorological Magazine, 121 (1441); 174 186. Pennington, W., 1981. Records of a lake s life in time and sediments. Hydrobiology, 79; 197-219. Pennington, W., Haworth, E.Y., Bonny, A.P. and Lishman, J.P., 1972. Lake sediments in northern Scotland. Philosophy Transactions of Royal Society, 264; 191-294. Peteet, D.M., 1992. The palynological expression of the Younger Dryas event- Europe versus eastern north America. In: Bard, E. and Broecker, W.S.,: The Last Deglaciation: Absolute and Radiocarbon Chronologies. Springer Verlag, 327-344. Pettizohn, F.J. and Potter, P.E., 1964. Atlas and Glossary of Primary Sedimentary Structures. Springer, New York, 370p. Phadtare, N.R., 2000. Sharp Decrease in Summer Monsoon Strength 4000-3500 cal yr B.P. in the Central Higher Himalaya of India based on pollen evidence from Alpine Peat. Quaternary Research, 53; 122-129. Phartiyal, B., Appel, E., Blaha, U., Hoffmann, V. and Kotlia, B.S., 2003. Palaeoclimatic significance of magnetic properties from Late Quaternary lacustrine sediments at Pithoragarh, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, India. Quaternary International, 108; 51 62. Phartiyal, B., Sharma, A., Upadhyay, R., Awatar, R. and Sinha, A., 2005. Quaternary Geology, tectonics and distribution of palaeo and present fluvio/glacio lacustrine deposits in Ladakh, NW Indian Himalayan- a study based on field observations. Geomorphology, 65, 241-256. Pope, M.C., Read, J.F. and Bambach, R., 1997. Late Middle to Late Ordovician seismites of Kentucky, southwest Ohio and Virginia: sedimentary recorders of earthquakes in the Appalachian basin. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109(4); 489-503. Postma, G., 1983. Water escape structures in the context of a depositional model of a mass flow dominated conglomeratic fan delta. Sedimentology, 30; 91 103. Potter, P.E. and Pettijohn, F.J., 1963. Palaeocurrents and Basin Analysis. Springer, Berlin. 296p. 155

Prasad, S. and Enzel, Y., 2006. Holocene paleoclimates of India. Quaternary Research, 66; 442-453. Prasad, S., Kusumgar, S. and Gupta, S.K., 1998. A mid-late Holocene record of palaeoclimatic changes from Nal Sarovar-a palaeodesert margin lake in western India. Journal of Quaternary Science, 12(2); 153-159. Prasad, V., Phartiyal, B. and Sharma, A., 2007. Evidence of enhanced winter precipitation of the prevalence of a cool and dry climate during the mid to late Holocene in mainland Gujarat. The Holocene 17 (7); 889 896. Prasad, S., Vos, H., Negendank, J.F.W., Waldmann, N., Goldstein, S.L., Stein, M., 2004. Evidence from lake Lisan of solar influence on decadal to centennial climate variability during marine oxygen isotope stage 2. Geology, 32(7); 581-584. Pratt, B., Burbank, D.W., Heimsath, A. and Ojha, T., 2002, Impulsive alleviation during early Holocene strengthened monsoons, Central Nepal Himalaya: Geology, 30; 911 914. Prell, W.L. and Kutzbach, J.E., 1987. Monsoon variability over the past 150,000 years. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92; 8411-8425. Prell, W.L. and Van Campo, E., 1986. Coherent response of Arabian sea upwelling and pollen transport to late Quaternary monsoonal winds. Nature, 323; 526-528. Prins, M.A., and Postma, G., 2000. Effects of climate, sea level, and tectonics unraveled for last deglaciation turbidite records of the Arabian Sea. Geology, 28; 375 378. Quigley, R.M. and Martin, R.T., 1963. Chlorites weathering products of a New England glacial till, In: Swine ford, A., (Eds), Clays and Clay minerals, Pergamon Press. 509p. Radhakrishna, B.P., 1999. Holocene chronology and Indian prehistory. Memoirs of Geological Society of India, 42; 17 25. Radhakrishnamurty, C.R.K., Likhite, S.D., Amin, B.S. and Somayajulu, B.L.K. 1968. Magnetic Susceptibility stratigraphy in Ocean sediment cores. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 4; 464-468. Rangrajan, G. and Sant, D.A., 2000. Palaeoclimatic data from 74KL and Guliya cores: new insights. Geophysical Research Letters, 27 (6); 787 790. Ranhotra, P.S., Bhattacharyya, A. and Kotlia, B. S., 2007. Vegetation and climatic changes around Lamayuru, Trans-Himalaya during the last 35 kyr B.P. Palaeobotanist, 56; 117-1226. Raucsik, B. and Varga, A., 2008. Climato-environmental controls on clay mineralogy of the Hettangian Bajocian successions of the Mecsek Mountains, Hungary: An evidence for extreme continental weathering during the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 265; 1 13. Rawat, K.S. and Kotlia, B.S., 2004. Some example of flame structures from the Garbyang palaeolakes, Kumaun Tethys Himalaya. Journal of Geological Society India. 71; 232-239. Reiche, P., 1950. A survey of weathering process and products. University of New Mexico Publications in Geology, 3; 95. Renberg, I., 1981. Formation, structures and visual appearance of iron rich varved lake sediments. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie, 21; 94-101. 156