Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Table of Contents Page Number Problem Description Theory Geometry 4 Preprocessor 6 Element Type 6 Real Constants and Material Properties 7 Meshing 9 Displacement 10 Solution 11 General Postprocessor 1 Results 14 Validation 15 UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 1
Problem Description: Nomenclature: L =5m b =0.5m h =0.5m E=7* Length of beam Cross Section Base Cross Section Height Young s Modulus of Aluminum =0.5 Poisson s Ratio of Aluminum =700 Density of Aluminum Moment of Inertia In this module, we will introduce the ANSYS Mechanical APDL Vibration Analysis Type. This uses the Modal solution method. This tutorial will explore the free vibration of a cantilever beam modeled with 1D BEAM elements and we will extract the natural frequencies and mode shapes at these frequencies. Theory Natural Frequency Using Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory we find: Normal Mode solution to the above equation is: This makes equation 10.1: Solution for displacement is: Where: (10.1) (10.) (10.) (10.4) (10.5) UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page
For a cantilever beam, the displacement and slope are zero at the fixed end, while at the free end, the moment and shear are zero. Thus the boundary conditions are: At x=0: y=0 dy dx At x=l: d y dx d y dx This proves that: Solving for and we find: Cos(βL)Cosh(βL) = -1 (10.6) The roots of this equation are (10.7) The equation for time breaks down into: (10.8) So the frequency in rad/s is: (10.9) Converting to Hz, we get the natural frequency as shown below: (10.10) Extracting the first few natural frequencies, we get: n 1 1.8751 10.607 16.45 4.69409 647.75 10.091 7.859 181. 88.6007 4 10.99557 554.01 565.6687 5 14.17 5875.44 95.09 6 17.79 8776.95 196.895 UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page
Geometry Opening ANSYS Mechanical APDL 1. On your Windows 7 Desktop click the Start button. Under Search Programs and Files type ANSYS. Click on Mechanical APDL (ANSYS) to start ANSYS. This step may take time. Preferences 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preferences. Check the box that says Structural. Click OK 1 1 UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 4
Key points Since we will be using 1D Elements, our goal is to model the length of the beam. 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Modeling -> Create -> Keypoints -> On Working Plane. Click Global Cartesian. In the box underneath, write: 0,0,0. This will create a key point at the origin. 4. Click Apply 5. Repeat Steps and 4 for 5,0,0 6. Click Ok 7. The Triad in the top left corner is blocking keypoint 1. To get rid of the triad, type /triad,off in Utility Menu -> Command Prompt 6 7 Line 8. Go to Utility Menu -> Plot -> Replot 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Modeling -> Create -> Lines -> Lines -> Straight Line. Select Pick. Select List of Items 4. Type 1, for points previously generated. 5. Click Ok The resulting graphic should be as shown: 4 5 UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 5
Preprocessor Element Type 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete. Click Add. Click Beam -> D Elastic 4. Click OK 4 Beam is a uniaxial element with tension, compression, and bending capabilities. The element has three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x and y directions and rotation about the nodal z-axis. For more information consult the ANSYS HELP. UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 6
Real Constants and Material Properties Now we will dimension our beam. 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Real Constants -> Add/Edit/Delete. Click Add. Choose Type 1 Beam 4. Click OK 5. Under Cross-sectional area AREA enter 1/4 6. Under Area moment of inertia IZZ Enter 1/19 7. Under Total beam height HEIGHT enter 0.5 8. Click OK 9. Click Close 9 4 5 6 7 8 UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 7
Now we must specify Young s Modulus, Poisson s Ratio and Density 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Material Props -> Material Models. Go to Material Model Number 1 -> Structural -> Linear -> Elastic -> Isotropic. Input 7E10 for the Young s Modulus in EX. 4. Input 0.5 for Poisson s Ratio in PRXY 5. Click OK 6 5 4 6. Go to Material Model Number 1 -> Structural -> Density 7. Input 700 for the Density in DENS 8. Click OK 7 8 9. Of Define Material Model Behavior window UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 8
Meshing 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Mesh Tool. Go to Size Controls: -> Global -> Set. Under NDIV No. of element divisions put 10. This will create a mesh of a total 10 elements 4. Click OK 5. Click Mesh 6. Click Pick All 4 5 6 7. Go to Utility Menu -> Plot -> Nodes 8. Go to Utility Menu -> Plot Controls -> Numbering 9. Check NODE Node Numbers to ON 10. Click OK 9 10 UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 9
The resulting graphic should be as shown: ANSYS numbers nodes from the left extreme to the right extreme and then numbers from left to right. Displacement 1. Go to Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Loads -> Define Loads ->Apply ->Structural -> Displacement -> On Nodes. Select Pick -> Single -> and click node 1. Click OK 4. Under Lab DOFs to be constrained select All DOF 5. Under Value Displacement value enter 0 6. Click OK 4 6 5 The resulting graphic should look as shown below: UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 10
Solution Analysis Type 1. Go to Main Menu -> Solution -> Analysis Type -> New Analysis. Choose Modal. Click OK 4. Go to Main Menu -> Solution -> Analysis Type ->Analysis Options 5. Under No. of modes to extract enter 8 5 6 6. Click OK 7. Since there is no added Frequency, click OK in Block Lanczos Window 8. Go to Main Menu -> Solution -> Solve -> Current LS UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 11
General Postprocessor Natural Frequencies Go to Main Menu -> General Postproc -> List Results -> Detailed Summary * * * Ignore frequencies and 6 in comparison with the theoretical values, these are the torsional frequencies and were not calculated. Mode Shape To view the mode shapes that correspond to these frequencies: 1. Go to Main Menu -> General Postproc -> Read Results -> By Pick. Select the lowest Eigenvalue: Set 1 -> Click Read. Click Close UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 1
4. Go to Main Menu -> General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Deformed Shape 5. Under KUND Items to be plotted select Def + undeformed 6. Click OK 6 The graphics area should look as below: 5 You can repeat these steps to view the other mode shapes produced by different frequencies. UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 1
Results The percent error (%E) in our model can be defined as: ( ) Frequency Theoretical Elements 10 Elements 500 Elements 16.45 16.47 16.419 16.419 10.09 10.56 101.7 101.7 88.6 8.91 79.86 79.79 565.67 907.8 55.1 54.7 95.09 N/A 859. 857. 196.895 N/A 14. 16.1 With an unreasonably coarse mesh, ANSYS only allows you to extract a certain amount of modes. This is shown with the elements where ANSYS only calculated the first four translational frequencies and first torsional frequencies. Since the theory section uses approximations to calculate the natural frequencies, the theoretical answer is not precise. As mesh is refined, our analysis shows that the answers converge to the solution. This again can be seen as ANSYS does not provide natural frequencies if the mesh is too coarse. UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 14
Error (%) Validation Deviation from Theoretical Solution 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 Elements 10 Elements 500 Elements 0 0 10 0 ω1 ω ω ω4 ω5 ω6 Natural frequency UCONN ANSYS Module 10: Free Vibration of an Undampened 1D Cantilever Beam Page 15