We value your feedback to continually improve the SchoolNet Curriculum Engine. Please notify us of any broken web links. Please submit your questions and/or comments to scopeandsequence@philasd.org Topic: Atoms and the Periodic Table Duration: Traditional (50 minute periods): 15-19 classes (adjust using professional discretion) Block (90 minute periods): 7-9 classes (adjust using professional discretion) Eligible Content This is what the State of Pennsylvania wants your students to know and be able to do by the end of the unit. CHEM.A.1.1.4 Relate the physical properties of matter to its atomic or molecular structure. CHEM.A.2.1.1 Describe the evolution of atomic theory leading to the current model of the atom based on the works of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. CHEM.A.2.1.2 Differentiate between the mass number of an isotope and the average atomic mass of an element. CHEM.A.2.2.1 Predict the ground state electronic configuration and/or orbital diagram for a given atom or ion. CHEM.A.2.2.2 Predict characteristics of an atom or an ion based on its location on the periodic table (e.g., number of valence electrons, potential types of bonds, reactivity). CHEM.A.2.2.3 Explain the relationship between the electron configuration and the atomic structure of a given atom or ion. CHEM.A.2.3.1 Explain how the periodicity of chemical properties led to the arrangement of elements on the periodic table. Performance Objectives These are examples, created by SDP teachers, of how you may translate the eligible content into learning goals for your classroom. 1) SWBAT create a timeline or graphic organizer IOT describe the evolution of atomic theory leading to the current model of the atom based on the works of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. 2) SWBAT explain that matter is made of particles called atoms, which are composed of even smaller particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) IOT discuss the nature and behavior of these particles in elements, compounds and mixtures. 3) SWBAT explain the repeating pattern of chemical properties by using the repeating patterns of atomic structure within the periodic table IOT deduce the behavior of elements as they interact with each other in solutions and in chemical reactions. 4) SWBAT list and describe the nuclear changes (fission, fusion and radioactive decay) IOT develop models to illustrate these nuclear changes and the energy they release. Key Terms and Definitions 1. Atomic Mass: expressed in atomic mass units (amu), typically used as a property of an atom of a particular element or isotope. 2. Atomic Number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. 3. Electron: a negatively charged subatomic particle found either free (unattached to an atom) or bound in an electron orbital around the nucleus of an atom. 4. Electron Cloud: a three dimensional area around the nucleus of an atom that contains any electrons associated with that atom 5. Energy Level: a comparative amount of energy that a particular set of electrons has as they travel outside of the nucleus 6. Group/family: a column of the Periodic Table containing elements with the same number of valence electrons and similar chemical properties. 7. Ion: an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge (ex: K + or K - ). 8. Nuclear Fusion: a nuclear reaction in which the nuclei of smaller atoms fuse to form a larger nucleus causing
the release of energy. 9. Nuclear Fission: a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom is split as a result of a nuclear collision causing a release of energy. 10. Neutron: a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom having no electrical charge and a mass slightly more than a proton. 11. Organic compounds: compound that contains carbon atoms; usually covalently bonded 12. Period: a row of the Periodic Table which contains elements which all have the same number of electron energy levels 13. Products: substance that forms in a chemical reaction; found on the right side of the arrow 14. Proton: a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge and a mass slightly less than that of a neutron. 15. Radioactive Decay: a nuclear reaction in which an unstable (radioactive) heavy nucleus releases alpha and beta particles as well as gamma radiation in order to stabilize as a lighter nucleus. 16. Reactants: substance or molecules that participate in chemical reactions; found on the left side of the arrow 17. Valence Electrons: an electron in an outer energy level that can be involved in bonding reactions. 18. Isotope: Starting Points An overview of how the content and skills of this unit connect to students' prior knowledge. Students should already know that all matter is made up of small particles called atoms. In this unit, students will learn that one atom is the smallest particle of an element, but that it consists of even smaller particles. They will also learn about the relative size of atoms and the particles within them. Students should already know that the nucleus of an atom contains smaller particles. In this unit, students will learn that the nucleus of an atom can be unstable and considered radioactive. They will also learn that changes can occur in the nucleus causing collisions between fast moving particles. Students should already know that there are different types of elements and that information about those elements can be learned on the periodic table. In this unit, students will learn about the organization of the periodic table and how that organization can give us clues into the physical and chemical properties of each element based on the position of that element on the periodic table. Instructional Resources Aligned with Performance Objectives and related Key Terms Learning activities and resources targeted to the eligible content of this unit. 1. SWBAT create a timeline or graphic organizer IOT describe the evolution of atomic theory leading to the current model of the atom based on the works of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. HOLT Physical Science pages 104-110. a) Electron Cloud 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thndxfdkzzs The Atom 2. SWBAT explain that matter is made of particles called atoms, which are composed of even smaller particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) IOT discuss the nature and behavior of these particles in elements, compounds and mixtures. HOLT Physical Science pages 104-110. a. Electron b. Proton c. Neutron d. Ion e. Organic Compounds 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghan8xzq-d8 The Bohr Model CK-12 The Bohr Model https://www.ck12.org/physics/bohr-model-of-the-atom/ CK-12 Dalton s Atomic Theory
https://www.ck12.org/search/?q=dalton%27s%20atomic%20theory&referrer=teacher_landing&autocomplete=t rue CK-12 Atoms RST.9-10.4, RST.9-10.7 3. SWBAT explain the repeating pattern of chemical properties by using the repeating patterns of atomic structure within the periodic table IOT deduce the behavior of elements as they interact with each other in solutions and in chemical reactions. HOLT Physical Science pages 111-119, 120-128. 1. The Periodic Table https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rrvv4diomg 2. CK-12 Atomic Mass/Number https://www.ck12.org/search/?q=atomic%20mass%20unit&referrer=teacher_landing&autocomplete=true 3. CK-12 Periodic Table https://www.ck12.org/search/?q=periodic%20table&referrer=teacher_landing&autocomplete=falsemodern Periodic Table RST.9-10.7 4. SWBAT list and describe the nuclear changes (fission, fusion and radioactive decay) IOT develop models to illustrate these nuclear changes and the energy they release. HOLT Physical Science pages 293-298. a. Nuclear Fission b. Nuclear Fusion c. Radioactive Decay d. Isotope 1. Nuclear Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwasz59f8ga 2. CK-12 Nuclear Chemistry https://www.ck12.org/search/?q=nuclear%20chemistry&referrer=teacher_landing&autocomplete=false 5. SWBAT explain the relationship between a mole of a substance and Avogadro s constant (number). IOT solve problems converting the amount of an element in moles to its mass in grams and vice versa. a) The Mole b) Avogadro s constant Other Build an Atom Simulation RST.9-10.7 Isotopes and Atomic Mass RST.9-10.7 Interactive Periodic Table - Royal Chemical Society RST.9-10.7 Build an Atom Simulator RST.9-10.7 Enrichment Enroll your students into a Philadelphia tradition - Carver Science Fair www.carversciencefair.org! Textbook References http://my.hrw.com/schoolnet/pa/philadelphia/menus/index.html Dobson, K., Holman, J., & Roberts, M. (2004). Science spectrum: Physical science. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Ch. 4 Atoms and Periodic Table, p.102-140 Additional Resources can be found in the Physical Science HOLT Unit 1 Resources. Such resources include: Science Skills, Math, Cross Discipline, Concept Review worksheets, Laboratory Experiments, Chapter
aligned MS Power Point presentations. Philadelphia Core Curriculum References (Green Spiral Bound Book) *Timeline of the Atomic Theory from Democritus to Bohr; Chemistry Core Curriculum, pages 106-109 *This references the Chemistry Core Curriculum. Ch. 6 Chemical Reactions, p.182 Ch. 8 Acids, Bases, and Salts, p.254 Ch. 9 Nuclear Changes, p.282 Ch. 5 The Structure of Matter, p.142-181 Enrichment Enroll your students into a Philadelphia tradition - Carver Science Fair www.carversciencefair.org! Sample questions from PDESAS Assessment Creator that align with this unit, Diagnostic Section: Biology Additional formative and summative assessment items available in the shared Google Doc Test Bank that aligns with this unit. Additional Sample Questions can be found in the Physical Science HOLT Unit 3 Common Assessment Test Bank. 1. Which subatomic particle is negatively charged? (1) electron (2) neutron (3) positron (4) proton Answer: 1 2.The table below gives information about the nucleus of each of four atoms. How many different elements are represented by the nuclei in the table? (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 Answer 2
3. Keystone Biology Released Constructed Response: Students must understand atoms and ions in order to be able to engage constructed response items that reference them in biochemical pathways. This released item is provided to underscore the importance of a student s ability to recall, understand, and apply knowledge regarding ions in biochemical pathways. While the Na+ K+ pump is not included in Physical Science content, it is salient to the topic of ions and is eligible content for the Keystone Exams. Accordingly, it is included for your guidance and as a crossdisciplinary reference during instruction. Some animals can produce a potassium ion concentration inside their cells that is twenty times greater than that of their environment. This ion concentration gradient is maintained by a pump in the plasma membrane. Steps in the Sodium-Potassium Pump (3Na+ ions out, 2K+ions in) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-imdc1txww 1. Sodium channels in the membrane pump 3 Na+ out of the cell (into the extracellular fluid). 2. ATP is a molecule used to power the pump. 3. 2 K+ enter into the cell. Why is it important? Na+ and K+ ions conduct nerve impulses, mediate muscle cells thus are involved in cramping/ healthy muscle response. http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-introduction-to-nutrition/s11-04-electrolytes-important-for-flu.html The actual Keystone Released Constructed Response Prompts are below. Again, students are not expected to answer these in Physical Science. They are enclosed to provide a biology link during instruction and serve as a cross-disciplinary reference for ions. Part A: Identify the process in the cell membrane that produces this difference in concentration. Part B: Explain the process that occurs as the cell produces the ion concentration gradient. Part C: Compare the process of potassium ion transport to another mechanism that moves material across the plasma membrane.
Essential Questions 1. How do scientists know that atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons, and how does this govern their behavior? 2. How does the concept of taxonomy (classification) enable us to learn about the patterns of nature found in the most basic type of matter, the elements? PA Standards These are the PA Standards that underlie the Eligible Content in this unit. 3.2.7.A2: Identify atoms as the basic block of matter and that elements are composed of one type of atom. 3.2.10.A1: Predict properties of elements using trends of the periodic table. Identify properties of matter that depend on sample size. 3.2.10.A5: Describe the historical development of models of the atom and how they contributed to modern atomic theory. Common Core Standards for Science and Technical Subjects These are Common Core Standards that are related to the Eligible Content in this unit. RST.9-10.7 Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words. Next Generation Science Standards These are Next Generation Science Standards that are related to the Eligible Content in this unit. Science and Engineering Practices in the NGSS, Appendix F: 1. Asking questions (for science) and defining problems (for engineering) 2. Developing and using models 3. Planning and carrying out investigations 4. Analyzing and interpreting data 5. Using mathematics and computational thinking 6. Constructing explanations (for science) and designing solutions (for engineering) 7. Engaging in argument from evidence 8. Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information