Past, Present and Future of the Expanding Universe

Past, Present and Future of the Expanding University of Osnabrück, Germany Talk presented at TEDA College on the occasion of its Tenth Anniversary October 17, 2010 Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Motto Make things as simple as possible, but not simpler! Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Introduction Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Normal matter Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Consists of protons (p), neutrons (n), and electrons (e). Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Normal matter Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Consists of protons (p), neutrons (n), and electrons (e). There are also the massless neutrino (ν) and photon (γ) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Normal matter Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Consists of protons (p), neutrons (n), and electrons (e). There are also the massless neutrino (ν) and photon (γ) They form nuclei, atoms, molecules... Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Normal matter Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Consists of protons (p), neutrons (n), and electrons (e). There are also the massless neutrino (ν) and photon (γ) They form nuclei, atoms, molecules... and gases, liquids, solids... Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Normal matter Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Consists of protons (p), neutrons (n), and electrons (e). There are also the massless neutrino (ν) and photon (γ) They form nuclei, atoms, molecules... and gases, liquids, solids... planets, stars, galaxies and clusters of galaxies Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Nuclear fusion Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Nuclear fusion, e. g. (pn)+(pn) (ppnn) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Nuclear fusion Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Nuclear fusion, e. g. (pn)+(pn) (ppnn) i. e. D + D He Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Nuclear fusion Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Nuclear fusion, e. g. (pn)+(pn) (ppnn) i. e. D + D He Mass difference M = M D + M D M He... Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Nuclear fusion Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Nuclear fusion, e. g. (pn)+(pn) (ppnn) i. e. D + D He Mass difference M = M D + M D M He... becomes energy M c 2 (radiation) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Nuclear fusion Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Nuclear fusion, e. g. (pn)+(pn) (ppnn) i. e. D + D He Mass difference M = M D + M D M He... becomes energy M c 2 (radiation) Many more nuclear fusion reactions Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Stars Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Because of universal gravitation, mass tends to accumulate Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Stars Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Because of universal gravitation, mass tends to accumulate Implosion Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Stars Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Because of universal gravitation, mass tends to accumulate Implosion Implosion may be stopped by counter pressure which compensates gravity Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Stars Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Because of universal gravitation, mass tends to accumulate Implosion Implosion may be stopped by counter pressure which compensates gravity Nuclear fusion (hot gas and radiation pressure): normal stars Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Stars Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Because of universal gravitation, mass tends to accumulate Implosion Implosion may be stopped by counter pressure which compensates gravity Nuclear fusion (hot gas and radiation pressure): normal stars Electrons and neutrons are Fermions Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Stars Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Because of universal gravitation, mass tends to accumulate Implosion Implosion may be stopped by counter pressure which compensates gravity Nuclear fusion (hot gas and radiation pressure): normal stars Electrons and neutrons are Fermions which, according to quantum theory, cannot occupy a state more than once (degeneration) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Stars Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Because of universal gravitation, mass tends to accumulate Implosion Implosion may be stopped by counter pressure which compensates gravity Nuclear fusion (hot gas and radiation pressure): normal stars Electrons and neutrons are Fermions which, according to quantum theory, cannot occupy a state more than once (degeneration) Electron degeneration: white dwarfs (diameter of earth) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Stars Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Because of universal gravitation, mass tends to accumulate Implosion Implosion may be stopped by counter pressure which compensates gravity Nuclear fusion (hot gas and radiation pressure): normal stars Electrons and neutrons are Fermions which, according to quantum theory, cannot occupy a state more than once (degeneration) Electron degeneration: white dwarfs (diameter of earth) Neutron degeneration: neutron stars (diameter 10 km) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Stars Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Because of universal gravitation, mass tends to accumulate Implosion Implosion may be stopped by counter pressure which compensates gravity Nuclear fusion (hot gas and radiation pressure): normal stars Electrons and neutrons are Fermions which, according to quantum theory, cannot occupy a state more than once (degeneration) Electron degeneration: white dwarfs (diameter of earth) Neutron degeneration: neutron stars (diameter 10 km) If mass is too large: black holes Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Stars Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Because of universal gravitation, mass tends to accumulate Implosion Implosion may be stopped by counter pressure which compensates gravity Nuclear fusion (hot gas and radiation pressure): normal stars Electrons and neutrons are Fermions which, according to quantum theory, cannot occupy a state more than once (degeneration) Electron degeneration: white dwarfs (diameter of earth) Neutron degeneration: neutron stars (diameter 10 km) If mass is too large: black holes The mass of a white dwarf cannot exceed 1.44 M (Nobel prize Chandrasekhar 1930). Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Distances Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra earth sun next fixed star to center of galaxy M31 (Andromeda galaxy) Ia-Supernova 1994D AM 0644-741 (ring galaxy) Hubble Deep Field Survey Abell 1835 8 Lmin 4 Ly 25 kly 2.2 MLy 50 MLy 300 MLy several GLy 13 GLy Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

M83 Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra M83, diameter 60 thousand light years Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Andromeda nebula Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra 2.2 million light years Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Ia Supernova Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Burnt out medium-sized stars end up as white dwarfs. In only a few weeks more energy is produced than before in ten billion years, the lifetime of an ordinary star. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Ia Supernova Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Burnt out medium-sized stars end up as white dwarfs. In only a few weeks more energy is produced than before in ten billion years, the lifetime of an ordinary star. The mass of a white star may increase at the cost of a neighboring star. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Ia Supernova Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Burnt out medium-sized stars end up as white dwarfs. In only a few weeks more energy is produced than before in ten billion years, the lifetime of an ordinary star. The mass of a white star may increase at the cost of a neighboring star. When surpassing 1.44 M there will be a Ia supernova with allways the same time profile and absolute brightness (standard candle). Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Ia Supernova Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Burnt out medium-sized stars end up as white dwarfs. In only a few weeks more energy is produced than before in ten billion years, the lifetime of an ordinary star. The mass of a white star may increase at the cost of a neighboring star. When surpassing 1.44 M there will be a Ia supernova with allways the same time profile and absolute brightness (standard candle). If absolute and apparent brightness are known, the distance of the Ia supernova can be worked out. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

IaSN 1994D Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra 60 million light years away Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Ring galaxy Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra 300 million light years away Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Hubble Deep Field Survey Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra 10 days light collection, more than one billion light years deep. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Abell 1835 Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra approximately 13 billion light years Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Spectral lines Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra redshift z = λ λ λ Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Red shift Normal matter Stars Distances Spectra Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Hubble s law Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Observation: red shift increases with decreasing brightness of Ia Supernovae (distance) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Hubble s law Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Observation: red shift increases with decreasing brightness of Ia Supernovae (distance) Premature explanation: Doppler effect, explosion Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Hubble s law Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Observation: red shift increases with decreasing brightness of Ia Supernovae (distance) Premature explanation: Doppler effect, explosion c + v z = c v 1 v c d Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Hubble s law Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Observation: red shift increases with decreasing brightness of Ia Supernovae (distance) Premature explanation: Doppler effect, explosion c + v z = c v 1 v c d Today s explanation: space is expanding. The older the light, the more its photons have been stretched meanwhile. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Hubble s law Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Observation: red shift increases with decreasing brightness of Ia Supernovae (distance) Premature explanation: Doppler effect, explosion c + v z = c v 1 v c d Today s explanation: space is expanding. The older the light, the more its photons have been stretched meanwhile. Unavoidable conclusion: Big Bang Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Synthesis in an early stage of the universe Synthesis in the early universe Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Microwave background radiation Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Wilkinson Microwave Asymmetry Probe (WMAP), NASA, 2003 Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

WMAP sattelite Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Orbits the sun in sync with earth, four times moon distance Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Four important facts Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Big Bang 1. 1 In the beginning God created heaven and earth. First sentence of the Jewish bible Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Four important facts Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Big Bang 1. The universe, on a big scale, is isotropic and expands more and more. 1 In the beginning God created heaven and earth. First sentence of the Jewish bible Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Four important facts Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Big Bang 1. The universe, on a big scale, is isotropic and expands more and more. Also the cosmic background radiation (afterglow) is isotropic. 1 In the beginning God created heaven and earth. First sentence of the Jewish bible Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Four important facts Hubble s law Abundance of light elements Background radiation Summary Big Bang 1. The universe, on a big scale, is isotropic and expands more and more. Also the cosmic background radiation (afterglow) is isotropic. Abundance of elements indicates extreme temperature of the early universe. 1 In the beginning God created heaven and earth. First sentence of the Jewish bible Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Principles General relativity Standard model Basic principles of a cosmological theory The is a physical system. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Principles General relativity Standard model Basic principles of a cosmological theory The is a physical system. Einstein s theory of gravitation (General Relativity) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Principles General relativity Standard model Basic principles of a cosmological theory The is a physical system. Einstein s theory of gravitation (General Relativity) Cosmological principle: all locations and all directions are equivalent. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Space, time and matter Principles General relativity Standard model Space-time metric ds 2 = g ik (x)dx i dx k Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Space, time and matter Principles General relativity Standard model Space-time metric ds 2 = g ik (x)dx i dx k Metric determines curvature tensor R ik (x) and curvature scalar R(x) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Space, time and matter Principles General relativity Standard model Space-time metric ds 2 = g ik (x)dx i dx k Metric determines curvature tensor R ik (x) and curvature scalar R(x) T ik (x) is energy-momentum tensor Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Space, time and matter Principles General relativity Standard model Space-time metric ds 2 = g ik (x)dx i dx k Metric determines curvature tensor R ik (x) and curvature scalar R(x) T ik (x) is energy-momentum tensor R ik 1 2 g ikr = 8πG c 4 T ik + Λg ik Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Space, time and matter Principles General relativity Standard model Space-time metric ds 2 = g ik (x)dx i dx k Metric determines curvature tensor R ik (x) and curvature scalar R(x) T ik (x) is energy-momentum tensor R ik 1 2 g ikr = 8πG T ik + Λg ik c 4 Mass and radiation propagates along geodesic lines... Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Space, time and matter Principles General relativity Standard model Space-time metric ds 2 = g ik (x)dx i dx k Metric determines curvature tensor R ik (x) and curvature scalar R(x) T ik (x) is energy-momentum tensor R ik 1 2 g ikr = 8πG T ik + Λg ik c 4 Mass and radiation propagates along geodesic lines... which are defined by the metric (see above) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Can you still follow me? Principles General relativity Standard model Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Einstein is right! Principles General relativity Standard model Light deflection by the sun (1919) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Einstein is right! Principles General relativity Standard model Light deflection by the sun (1919) Advance of perihelion of innermost planet Mercury Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Einstein is right! Principles General relativity Standard model Light deflection by the sun (1919) Advance of perihelion of innermost planet Mercury GPS Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Einstein is right! Principles General relativity Standard model Light deflection by the sun (1919) Advance of perihelion of innermost planet Mercury GPS Neutron double stars Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Einstein is right! Principles General relativity Standard model Light deflection by the sun (1919) Advance of perihelion of innermost planet Mercury GPS Neutron double stars Gravitational lens Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Einstein is right! Principles General relativity Standard model Light deflection by the sun (1919) Advance of perihelion of innermost planet Mercury GPS Neutron double stars Gravitational lens Black holes Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Gravitational lens Principles General relativity Standard model Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Principles General relativity Standard model Black hole in the center of our Galaxy Orbit in 15 years, closest distance 17 light hours, more than four million sun masses Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Cosmological standard model Principles General relativity Standard model ds 2 = c 2 dt 2 α(t) 2{ dr 2 1 kr 2 + r 2 dω 2} Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Cosmological standard model Principles General relativity Standard model ds 2 = c 2 dt 2 α(t) 2{ dr 2 1 kr 2 + r 2 dω 2} k = 0: space curvature vanishes (flat world) or k = ±1 Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Cosmological standard model Principles General relativity Standard model ds 2 = c 2 dt 2 α(t) 2{ dr 2 1 kr 2 + r 2 dω 2} k = 0: space curvature vanishes (flat world) or k = ±1 Differential equation for world radius α(t) Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Cosmological standard model Principles General relativity Standard model ds 2 = c 2 dt 2 α(t) 2{ dr 2 1 kr 2 + r 2 dω 2} k = 0: space curvature vanishes (flat world) or k = ±1 Differential equation for world radius α(t) mass density ρ and pressure p (equation of state) must be known Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Today s status (ΛDCM) Principles General relativity Standard model ρ/ρ kr = 1.02 ± 0.02. Cosmos is flat (k=0). Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Today s status (ΛDCM) Principles General relativity Standard model ρ/ρ kr = 1.02 ± 0.02. Cosmos is flat (k=0). The cosmological term (Λ) causes 73% of expansion (dark energy). Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Today s status (ΛDCM) Principles General relativity Standard model ρ/ρ kr = 1.02 ± 0.02. Cosmos is flat (k=0). The cosmological term (Λ) causes 73% of expansion (dark energy). Normal visible matter is involved with only 4%. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Today s status (ΛDCM) Principles General relativity Standard model ρ/ρ kr = 1.02 ± 0.02. Cosmos is flat (k=0). The cosmological term (Λ) causes 73% of expansion (dark energy). Normal visible matter is involved with only 4%. The rest of 23%, dark matter, is cold (does not produce pressure). Neutrinos are out. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Today s status (ΛDCM) Principles General relativity Standard model ρ/ρ kr = 1.02 ± 0.02. Cosmos is flat (k=0). The cosmological term (Λ) causes 73% of expansion (dark energy). Normal visible matter is involved with only 4%. The rest of 23%, dark matter, is cold (does not produce pressure). Neutrinos are out. Lambda dominated cold dark matter. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Today s status (ΛDCM) Principles General relativity Standard model ρ/ρ kr = 1.02 ± 0.02. Cosmos is flat (k=0). The cosmological term (Λ) causes 73% of expansion (dark energy). Normal visible matter is involved with only 4%. The rest of 23%, dark matter, is cold (does not produce pressure). Neutrinos are out. Lambda dominated cold dark matter. The universe is 13.7 ± 0.2 billion years old. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Today s status (ΛDCM) Principles General relativity Standard model ρ/ρ kr = 1.02 ± 0.02. Cosmos is flat (k=0). The cosmological term (Λ) causes 73% of expansion (dark energy). Normal visible matter is involved with only 4%. The rest of 23%, dark matter, is cold (does not produce pressure). Neutrinos are out. Lambda dominated cold dark matter. The universe is 13.7 ± 0.2 billion years old. Radiation decoupled from matter after 380 thousand years. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

History Principles General relativity Standard model Big Bang solar system first protozoae vertebrates flowering plants mammals Homo habilis Homo sapiens early civilizations 13.7 GY 4.6 GY 3.5 GY 500 MY 100 MY 50 MY 2 MY 200 ky 5 ky Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

SDSS SDSS Planck Theory Sloane Digital Sky Survey: complete and automated scan of one fourth of the sky Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

SDSS SDSS Planck Theory Sloane Digital Sky Survey: complete and automated scan of one fourth of the sky 100 millionen cosmic objects with spectra Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

SDSS SDSS Planck Theory Sloane Digital Sky Survey: complete and automated scan of one fourth of the sky 100 millionen cosmic objects with spectra among them 1 Million galaxies and quasars Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

SDSS SDSS Planck Theory Sloane Digital Sky Survey: complete and automated scan of one fourth of the sky 100 millionen cosmic objects with spectra among them 1 Million galaxies and quasars The Sloan Digital Sky Survey is the most ambitious astronomical survey project ever undertaken. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

SDSS SDSS Planck Theory Sloane Digital Sky Survey: complete and automated scan of one fourth of the sky 100 millionen cosmic objects with spectra among them 1 Million galaxies and quasars The Sloan Digital Sky Survey is the most ambitious astronomical survey project ever undertaken. results accessible via internet Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

SDSS SDSS Planck Theory Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Planck SDSS Planck Theory Successor of WMAP, 1800 kg Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Planck SDSS Planck Theory Successor of WMAP, 1800 kg European Space Agency ESA Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Planck SDSS Planck Theory Successor of WMAP, 1800 kg European Space Agency ESA Ariane rocket, start 2008 Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Planck SDSS Planck Theory Successor of WMAP, 1800 kg European Space Agency ESA Ariane rocket, start 2008 much better angular resolution Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Planck SDSS Planck Theory Successor of WMAP, 1800 kg European Space Agency ESA Ariane rocket, start 2008 much better angular resolution however: enormous amount of data Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

WMAP detail SDSS Planck Theory Temperature fluctuations - detail of the WMAP map Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Planck detail SDSS Planck Theory Temperature fluctuations - as Planck will see it Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Dark energy? SDSS Planck Theory Dark energy : lyrics for the Λ term Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Dark energy? SDSS Planck Theory Dark energy : lyrics for the Λ term R ik 1 2 g ikr = 8πG c 4 T ik + Λg ik Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Dark energy? SDSS Planck Theory Dark energy : lyrics for the Λ term R ik 1 2 g ikr = 8πG c 4 T ik + Λg ik causes 73% of the expansion of the universe! Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Dark energy? SDSS Planck Theory Dark energy : lyrics for the Λ term R ik 1 2 g ikr = 8πG c 4 T ik + Λg ik causes 73% of the expansion of the universe! Virtual particle/antiparticle pairs? Vacuum zero point energy? Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

Dark energy? SDSS Planck Theory Dark energy : lyrics for the Λ term R ik 1 2 g ikr = 8πG c 4 T ik + Λg ik causes 73% of the expansion of the universe! Virtual particle/antiparticle pairs? Vacuum zero point energy?... or even more exotic quantum effects? Past, Present and Future of the Expanding

SDSS Planck Theory The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is at all comprehensible. Past, Present and Future of the Expanding