Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm (University of Oslo) in collaboration with Spencer Gessner (CERN) presented by Erik Adli (University of Oslo) FACET-II Science Workshop Artwork Measurement by SLAC National of wakefields Accelerator in hollow Laboratory Oct 18, 217 plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 1
Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels FACET-II Science Workshop, SLAC Oct 18, 217 Carl A. Lindstrøm PhD Student University of Oslo in collaboration with Spencer Gessner (CERN) Carl A. Lindstrøm presented by Erik Adli (University of Oslo) 2
Motivations for the hollow plasma channel Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 3
An intrinsic charge asymmetry e - e + m i >> m e Plasmas have a problem that conventional accelerating structures do not: an intrinsic charge asymmetry. Even if we have a mechanism for accelerating electrons, this does not extend to positrons. Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 5
Hollow plasma channels (a) Longitudinal wakefield 3.6 1 x ( m) 2 1-1 -2-3 Drive bunch On-axis wakefield Theoretical model Hollow plasma channel Positron bunches Probe.4.2 -.2 -.4 -.6 W z (V m -1 particle -1 ) 5-5 -1 E z (MV m -1 ) -2 2 4 6 8 z ( m) (QuickPIC simulation) A hollow plasma channel is a proposed method to symmetrize the charge response and allow high gradient positron acceleration. Principle: A positron bunch propagates in the centre of the hollow plasma channel The channel wall is perturbed, driving an oscillating longitudinal wakefield A trailing positron bunch is placed in the accelerating phase of the wakefield Benefit of hollow plasma channels: In principle, no focusing forces inside Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 7
Analy&cal expressions for hollow channel modes exist m=, longitudinal mode m=1, transverse dipole mode S. Gessner, PhD thesis, SLAC-R-173 (216), earlier work by C. Schroeder (1999)
Misalignment leads to transverse wakefields Drive bunches perfectly aligned to the channel axis will give zero transverse force everywhere. However, misaligned drive bunches will drive strong dipole-like (transversely uniform) oscillating transverse wakefields. First discussed by C. Schroeder in 1999 ( Multimode Analysis of the Hollow Plasma Channel Accelerator ). This leads to beam deflection and beam loss. This problem gets rapidly worse with stronger accelerating fields (transverse force scales faster with smaller channel radius): Accelerating field per particle W 1 a 2 Transverse force per particle W 1 a 3 4 (a: channel inner radius) Many orders of magnitude stronger wakefields compared to CLIC Hollow channel (5 µm diameter, 3x115 cm-3): ~1 V/pC/m/mm CLIC (8 mm diameter, copper): ~1-1 V/pC/m/mm (a) x ( m) (b) x ( m) 3 2 1-1 -2-3 3 2 1-1 -2-3 Drive bunch Longitudinal wakefield On-axis wakefield Theoretical model Hollow plasma channel Positron bunches -2 2 4 6 8 z ( m) Transverse wakefield Probe -2 2 4 6 8 z ( m).6.4.2 -.2 -.4 -.6 3 2 1-1 -2-3 W z (V m -1 particle -1 ) W x (V m -2 particle -1 ) 1 5-5 -1 1.5 1.5 -.5-1 -1.5 (QuickPIC simulation) E z (MV m -1 ) F x (MeV m -1 ) Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 8
Experiments at FACET Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 9
The E225 experiment FACET hosted the dedicated hollow plasma channel E225 experiment, lead by Spencer Gessner The main aim was to demonstrate positron acceleration in a hollow channel, but also to investigate transverse wakefields FACET experimental area, showing positron beam (blue), ionising laser (red) and lithium vapor oven (orange). Image source: Spencer Gessner Spencer Gessner (left) and Sebastien Corde (right) at FACET. Image source: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 1
E225 Experimental setup Laser sample Positron bunches EOS crystal Crossed polarizers EOS camera (a) Lithium oven Imaging lens Beam samplers (d) Upstream object plane Downstream object plane High power laser Kinoform focusing optic (b) No channel Holed mirror Plasma channel Aligned in channel Holed mirror Misaligned in channel Probe bunch Drive bunch YAG screen Focusing quadrupoles Laser cameras Dipole spectrometer (c) LANEX screen Drive bunch Probe bunch The SLAC linac provided two 2 GeV bunches, made from one bunch using a beam notching device. The FACET laser (up to 1 TW, 6 fs pulses) was adjusted down to ensure no ionisation in the channel. A lithium oven was set to give a neutral gas density of 3x1 16 cm -3 (but was necessarily fully ionized). Transverse Effects in the Hollow Channel Plasma Accelerator Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 13, 217 11
Positrons successfully accelerated in a hollow channel Clear evidence of energy gain for the positron witness bunch, while there is energy loss for the positron drive bunch. 7 6 Laser On Laser Off 8 7 Laser On Laser Off Events 5 4 3 Events 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1-2 -15-1 -5 5 1 Drive E [MeV] -2-1 1 2 3 4 Witness E [MeV] Reconstruction of the plasma channel based on kick measurements A scan of bunch separations shows the energy gain (or loss) depends on the phase. W z (V m -1 particle -1 ) (b).4.2 -.2 -.4 -.6 Longitudinal wakefield Energy change measurement Theoretical model (1% ionization) PIC simulation (hard-edge channel) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bunch separation ( m) Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 12
The transverse wakefield experiment Prediction: 3 Transverse wakefield 3 1.5 Our goal was to measure the how the transverse wakefield varied longitudinally. The probe bunch observing the wakefield is deflected angularly (kicked) when the channel and the drive bunch are relatively offset. x ( m) 2 1-1 -2-3 -2 2 4 6 8 z ( m) 2 1-1 -2-3 W x (V m -2 particle -1 ) 1.5 -.5-1 -1.5 F x (MeV m -1 ) The experiment performed was: Transverse channel offsets for various bunch separations The channel (25 µm radius) was offset by transverse laser jitter (2-4 µm rms) The bunch separation was varied by stretching the bunch and adjusting the notching device. Diagnostics: Laser offset imaged downstream (laser cameras). Probe kick measured on a spectrometer (in the non-dispersed plane). Bunch separation measured using an electro-optical sampler. Channel offset (from jitter) Experiment (2D scan ): Varying bunch separations (scanned) Transverse Effects in the Hollow Channel Plasma Accelerator Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 13, 217 13
Observed data (deflection vs. channel offset) Probe bunch angular deflection, x' ( rad) 6 4 2-2 -4 Angular deflection vs. charge weighted offset for bunch separation 29 1 m Measurement (423 shots) Slope fit (138 V m -2 particle -1 ) Uncertainty ( 21 V m -2 particle -1 ) -6-3 -2-1 1 2 3 Charge weighted offset, x N DB ( m particles) 1 11 For each bunch separation, a correlation between channel offset and probe bunch angular deflection was observed. The slope of this correlation is proportional to the transverse wakefield per offset at the z-location of the probe bunch. Transverse Effects in the Hollow Channel Plasma Accelerator Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 13, 217 15
Another independent measurement An independent measurement is beneficial (due to high complexity). It is possible to estimate the transverse wakefield per offset from the measured longitudinal wakefield, via the Panofsky-Wenzel theorem and the linear model. Panofsky-Wenzel theorem: W x z = W z x Integrate (++) Estimate of transverse from longitudinal wakefield: W x (z) x κ(a, b) a 2 z W z (z )dz κ(a, b) = 4χ2 2 where χ 2 1 Not perfect: Assumes linear model, breaks down far behind the drive bunch. Provides verification of numerical calibrations, etc. The longitudinal wakefield was measured by the energy change of the probe bunch (on a spectrometer). Transverse Effects in the Hollow Channel Plasma Accelerator Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 13, 217 14
Final experimental results (a) 2 Transverse wakefield 15 W x / x (V m -2 particle -1 ) (b) 1 5-5 -1 Angular deflection measurement Indirect measurement (from longitudinal) 1 error (Monte Carlo simulation) Theoretical model (1% ionization) PIC simulation (hard-edge channel) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bunch separation ( m) W z (V m -1 particle -1 ) (b).4.2 -.2 -.4 -.6 Bunch separation ( m) Longitudinal wakefield Energy change measurement Theoretical model (1% ionization) PIC simulation (hard-edge channel) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bunch separation ( m) Plasma density determined by a wavelength fit (1% ionization = 3x1 15 cm -3 ) Good fit, largely consistent with theory. Some discrepancy at larger separations. Transverse Effects in the Hollow Channel Plasma Accelerator Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 13, 217 16
Implications Overall, the measurement agrees with the theoretical models. (a) 2 Transverse wakefield Simulation-based parameter scans indicate that the discrepancy at large separations can possibly be explained by using a more complex radial plasma shape (not possible to exclude with our diagnostics). Implication: There is indeed a strong transverse wakefield, as expected. This needs to be mitigated for the hollow channel to be useful. W x / x (V m -2 particle -1 ) 15 1 5-5 Angular deflection measurement Indirect measurement (from longitudinal) 1 error (Monte Carlo simulation) Theoretical model (1% ionization) PIC simulation (hard-edge channel) -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bunch separation ( m) (b) Longitudinal wakefield W z (V m -1 particle -1 ).4.2 -.2 -.4 -.6 Energy change measurement Theoretical model (1% ionization) PIC simulation (hard-edge channel) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bunch separation ( m) Submitting these results to Physical Review Letter. Transverse Effects in the Hollow Channel Plasma Accelerator Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 13, 217 17
Future directions Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 18
Positron acceleration should be electron driven Wall plug-to-beam efficiency is key to high energy colliders Therefore, ideally a plasma-based linear collider is electron driven (or proton driven) because positrons are energy intensive to produce. Electron driven positron acceleration in a hollow plasma channel. Image source: S. Gessner thesis, SLAC-R-173 Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 19
Two big challenges for hollow plasma channels Problem #1 (fundamental) Suppressing the transverse wakefield Problem #2 (technical) Creating an on-axis vacuum Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 2
Suppressing the transverse wakefield (one interesting pathway) The wakefields are determined in part by the radial plasma profile n(r). Speculation: A suitably tailored radial profile may damp (locally or globally) the transverse wakefield, while sustaining a non-zero accelerating field (ref. G. Shvets Excitation of Accelerating Wakefields in Inhomogeneous Plasmas, 1996) Normal hollow channel Tailored radial plasma profile Tailored radial plasma profile Wx/ x Wx/ x Wx/ x z z z Local flattening AND/OR Global damping Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 21
Creating a vacuum on axis Eventually, we need to have a vacuum on axis, to avoid beam ionisation. Centrifuge technique, where the gas density is approximately exponentially decaying towards the axis. Cryo-cooled gas cluster technique (used for corrugated plasma channels by H. Milchberg) These ideas can potentially be tested in the laser labs at UCLA or UC Boulder. Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 22
Conclusion Hollow channels are promising, supporting very strong longitudinal wakefields. However, they also support very strong well as transverse wakefields (leading to beam loss) Positrons were accelerated in a hollow plasma channel! The transverse wakefield was measured experimentally, and found largely consistent with theory. Suppression mechanisms for the transverse wakefield is key to the survival of the hollow channel. Ideas for FACET-II hollow channel experiments Radial tailoring of the hollow channel profile (laser shapes, time delays, etc.) On-axis vacuum (centrifuges, cryo-cluster flow, etc.) Electron-driven hollow channel positron acceleration. Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 23
Thank you for your attention! Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 24
Dependence on channel radius Longitudinal wakefield Transverse wakefield by Spencer Gessner Measurement of wakefields in hollow plasma channels Carl A. Lindstrøm Oct 18, 217 26