China s Metropolitan Planning: Shanghai

China s Metropolitan Planning: Shanghai Dr Richard Hu, AICP CPP Globalisation and Cities Research Program ANZSOG Institute for Governance University of Canberra

New York London Shanghai Mexico City Johannesburg Berlin

I China s urbanisation II Planning system reforms III Case study: Shanghai & Yangtze River Delta Region

growth rate (percent) Urban population annual growth rate of the world and China: 1950-2050 6 5 4 3 2 1 World China 0 year Source: Hu, 2008

growth rate (percent) Urban population annual growth rate of China and major continents: 1950-2050 6 5 China Africa 4 3 Asia 2 Europe 1 Latin America and the Caribbean 0 Northern America -1 year Oceania Source: Hu, 2008

From 1980 to 2005, in China: GDP grew by 8 times; Urban population grew by 3 times; Urbanization rate increased by 2 times In 2005, China has: 113 Chinese cities with over 1 million population; 38 Chinese cities with over 2 million population By 2025-2030, China will have: GDP multiplied by 5 times; 1 billion urban population; 221 cities of more than 1 million population

Mega Chinese cities Source: Taylor & Hoyler, 2008: p 28

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, 2009

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, 2009

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, 2009

Drivers of China s urbanisation Political economic reforms: socialism vs. pragmatism; planned economy vs. market economy Land reform Housing reform Planning system reform FDI and export-oriented industrial strategy

Source: Yeh & Wu, 1999: p 180

A unitary centralised power system

Evolution of China s planning system 1950s: Soviet model; ideology dominated; physical planning of industrial sites; two-tier planning system (master plan, detailed layout plan) 1960-1978: urban planning abandoned 1978-1989: recovery and establishment of the planning system; law reforms on planning, land and housing; decentralisation of planning power; expansion of planning scope and skills 1989 2008: City Planning ACT (1989) 2008 now: Town and Country Planning Act (2008)

Source: Yeh & Wu, 1999: p 190

Challenges Weak status of planning (a spatial/technical tool of economic development) Administrative discretion Inadequate public participation & policy making process Insufficient implementation and review Conflict and fragmentation between sectoral and territorial systems Non-statutory status of detailed development control plan

Shanghai Municipality Population 18.15 million Land area 6,340 km² Source: Wei, Leung & Luo, 2006: P 234

1901 Source: Wei, Leung & Luo, 2006: p 236

Source: Wu, 2010: p 24

Spatial dispersion of local population Key drivers of urban expansion in Shanghai Rural-urban migration Industrial relocation and expansion Global investment

local population migrant population FDI establishments industrial establishments Source: Wu, 2010: p 24-26

Urban Infrastructure Investment & FDI in Shanghai Source: Walcott & Pannell, 2006: p 202; Wei, Leung & Luo, 2006: P 236

Shanghai Metropolitan Master Plan (1999-2020) One dragon head, four centres dragon head of Yangtze River Region; international economic centre, financial centre, trade centre, and logistics centre in 2020 Central Shanghai: financial & insurance; IT high tech Residents in 2020 16 million, urbanisation rate of 85% Infrastructure: three harbours & two ways (seaport, airport, cyber harbour; high-speed railway, expressway); two networks (rail transit network; expressway network) Green space in 2020 10 m² per capita

Multi axes Multi nuclei

Shanghai Metropolitan Master Plan Land Use Plan

Shanghai Central City Master Plan Land Use Plan

Yangtze River Delta Region

Yangtze River Delta Region: 16 cities; 1% of China s urban area; 6% of China s population; 18.9% of China s GDP Source: CBRE Research Asia, 2008: p 91

Strategic planning goal China s most powerful economic centre, to drive the growth of the nation; Leading portal for international business, to facilitate global cooperation and exchange; Global high-tech manufacturing industry centre World-class metropolitan region One Core, Six Development Zones 3 Zone Yangtze River Corridor (industry associated with 2 Zone Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou manufacture of equipment, Transport Corridor chemicals, (high-tech metallurgy and and logistics) allied service industries) 7 Zone Ecological Services: 1 Core: Lake Shanghai Taihu (service (domestic and industries: leisure, tourism, international conferences 5 Zone transport Coastal and Zone hub, (port resource logistics, exhibitions; R&D 4 and Zone allocation ecological Hangzhou large centre, agriculture) scale Bay Zone cultural heavy (high- chemicals and and 6 Zone Ningbo-Huzhou (high-tech, innovation and high leisure energy value centre and centre, added for the and region) new coastal tourism, modern logistics, manufacturing ecological agriculture industries and processing such as marine and resource processing industry) industries and economy/ecological) heavy chemicals industries utilising harbour) Source: CBRE Research Asia, 2008: p 97

Railways Year of completion Railway To Beijing Inter-city urban rail link 1 2010 Nanjing-Zhenjiang-Wuxi- Suzhou-Shanghai 2 2010 Shanghai-Jiaxing-Hangzhou 3 2020 Nanjing-Hangzhou-Shaoxing- Ningbo 4 2020 Changzhou-Jiangyin- Changshu-Suzhou Inter-regional Intraregional 5 2020 Suzhou-Jiaxing, 安徽省 National high-speed rail Network 6 Under Study 7 2010 8 2020 Shanghai-Hangzhou magnetic levitation railway Beijing-Shanghai High-speed railway Hangzhou-Fuzhou-Shenzhen Passenger Line To Shenzhen 8 浙江省 (Indicative purpose only) Source : 长江三角洲地区城际轨道交通网规划 (2005~2020 年 )

Highways and Bridges Sutong Bridge Yangtze River Hangzhou Bay Bridge Bridge 大桥 1 2 3 4 5 Hangzhou Bay Bridge 杭州湾大桥 Jiashao Bridge 嘉绍大桥 Sutong Bridge 苏通大桥 Chongqi Bridge 崇启大桥 Chonghai Bridge 崇海大桥 舟山 Source : 长江三角洲地区现代化公路水路交通规划纲要

Airports 1 Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Shanghai 2 Shanghai Pudong International Airport 3 Nanjing Lukou International Airport Jiangsu 4 Changzhou Benniu Airport 5 6 Nantong Xingdong Airport Wuxi Shuofang Airport 安徽省 7 Ningbo Lishe International Airport Zhejiang 8 Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport 9 10 Zhuoshan Putuoshan Airport Taizhou Huangyan Airport International Airport 浙江省 The airport symbols are scaled according to the airport passenger throughput in 2007

Ports and Inland Waterways Coastal major ports 1 Shanghai Port 2 Zhoushan Port 3 Ningbo Port 江苏省 Local major ports 4 Suzhou Port 5 Nantong Port 6 Zhenjiang Port 7 Nanjing Port 8 Jiaxing Port 9 Jiangyin Port 10 Yangzhou Port 安徽省 ports Inland river major 11 Wuxi Port 12 Jiaxing Inland River Port 13 Huzhou Port 14 Hangzhou Port 浙江省 Source : 长江三角洲地区高等级航道网规划 ( 要点 ) and 长江三角洲地区现代化公路水路交通规划纲要

Source: CBRE Research Asia, 2008: p 99

Future Expansion Pan-YRD 江苏省 Jiangsu Province Lianyungang Yancheng Expansion to western hinterland 安徽省 Anhui Province YRD Shanghai Expansion along the coast 浙江省 Zhejiang Province

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