Takahashi, A. Studies on 3D Fusion Reactions in TiDx under Ion Beam Implantation, PowerPoint slides. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org. Slide 1 Studies on 3D Fusion Reactions in Titanium Deuteride under Ion Beam Implantation A. Takahashi, H. Miyamaru, K. Ochiai, T. Hayashi, T. Dairaku Osaka University 2003
Slide 2 D-Beam Enhances 3D-Fusion if CF DD Fusion is Stimulated Without Stimulation results in 2D fusion With Stimulation enhances 3D Fusion Rate Lattice Trapping Potential
Slide 3 Aim: To Seek 3D Fusion in Solid Using low energy ion beams, products of 3D fusion are detected. Beam range Ion Beam Active zone Titanium deuteride Titanium Deuteron at Tetrahedral Site Octahedral Site Beyond the range of incident beam, active zone will be formed by Electron phonon interaction in metal-deuteride. In Active zone, transient D-cluster with electron quasi-particles will induce very enhanced 3D and 4D multi-body fusion reactions.
Slide 4 ~Multibody Fusion in Condensed Matter~ Key Point High D-absorption (TiD x x ~ 1.8) Regular lattice structure (out of beam stopping range) Screening effect by presumed electronic quasi-particle Possible Branches D+D+D 6 Li * t(4.75mev)+ 3 He(4.75MeV) d(15.9mev)+ 4 He(7.93MeV) n+p+ 4 He+20.1MeV (a) (b)
Slide 5 Experimental Chamber and Measuring System Deuteron beam 50-300keV, 10-100µA on the target Pre-Amp. L.Amp. L.Amp. L.Amp. SCA MCS Ek-detector at 120deg Si 200µm E-E counter telescope at 90deg E:Si 26µm E: Si 150µm A Aperture φ7mm Sample:TiDx(x=1.4) on the Peltier device Thermocouple meter One dimensional MCA for E-detector Chiller pump Two-dimensional MCA for E&E detector with coincidence unit TiDx (x>1.7) was cooled with Peltier device. E & delta-e counter telescope type charged particle detector was used for Particle Identification. Ek detector was used for measuring total kinetic energy of particles. One dimensional MCA for E k -detector One dimensional MCA for E-detector 図 5.6 固体内核反応重陽子ビーム注入実験体系図
Slide 6 Estimation of Particle-Energy-Losses by TRIM Code D-Beam Al screen foil 3µ m Active zone Range (About 1.5µm) of the implanted deuteron-beam 2.9 ~ 3M ev Proton Triton 4.8MeV 4.4 ~ 4.7MeV 3.6 ~ 4.6M ev 0.05MeV TiDx sample Helium-3 4.8MeV 0.2 MeV D + D p + t + 4.02 MeV 3 He + n + 3.25MeV 3D t + 3He + 9.5 MeV E-detector Si 26µm 0.56 MeV 0.9 MeV 3.4 ~ 4.4 MeV E-detector Si 150µ m 2.4 MeV 3.5 ~ 3.8 MeV 図 5.16 固体内コヒーレント 3 体重水素核反応によるトリトン (4.75 MeV) 及びヘリウム -3(4.75 MeV) の発生プロセスの概念図 ( ビー ム飛程より深い領域 ( アクティブ ゾーン ) で発生すると推測 )
Slide 7 Branch (a) D+D+D t(4.75mev)+ 3 He(4.75MeV) A 300keV deuteron beam Pre-Amp. Aperture Φ7mm L.Amp. TiD x SSBD Absorbing foil Al 3µm M.C.A Current Integrator 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 Counts/channel D-D triton 12 C(d,p) 13 C D-D proton Spectrum A Spectrum B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Energy(MeV) D-D proton double pile up 14 N(d,α 1 ) 12 C Spectrum A 3 He(4.75MeV)? Spectrum B t(4.75mev)? E- E Counter Telescope Pile-up reduction technique
Slide 8 Branch (a) D+D+D t(4.75mev)+ 3 He(4.75MeV) Counts/channel 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 D-D proton( p=0.55mev) D-D triton( t=0.7mev) pileup 3D Helium -3 Counts/channel 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 D-D triton D-D proton without pilup reduction with pileup reduction 14N(d, α 1 ) 12 C Counts/channel 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Energy( MeV ) E-detector D-D proton(2.4mev) No sholder 3D triton? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Energy( MeV ) E-detector D-D proton pileup 1.E+00 1.E-01 3D triton 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Energy(MeV) [ 3 He by 3D]/[p by 2D] = 1.1E-4 [t by 3D]/[p by 2D] = 1.2E-4 [3D]/[2D] = 1.15E-4
Slide 9 Spectra by delta-e Detector; TiDx Sample Counts/ch 1.0E+12 1.0E+10 1.0E+08 1.0E+06 1.0E+04 t2 730 kev E-spectrum (x10 8 ) at 50keV 100 kev Data are taken for 50, 70, 100, E-spectrum (x10 6 ) at 70 kev E-spectrum (x10 4 ) at 100 kev E-spectrum (x10 2 ) at 200 kev E-spectrum (x1) at 300 kev h3-dash 150, 200 and 300 kev of D- beam energy Peak around 3.5 MeV may correspond to 3 He by 3D fusion To this evaluation, integral counts in h3-dash window were used 1.0E+02 1.0E+00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Energy MeV
Slide 10 Yields by h3-dash ([3D]) vs. 2D Yields and Impurity Reaction 1.0E-10 DD proton 1.0E-11 Reaction rate of D-D and h-d 1.0E-12 1.0E-13 1.0E-14 1.0E-15 1.0E-16 1.0E-17 1.0E-18 1.0E-19 * 9 Be(d,α ) 9 Be(d,p) ** 13 C(d,α ) h-dash 3rd experiment h-dash 4th experiment *Our exp eriment **Reference d ata (D.Maxson NIM,1993) Energy Dependence of h3-dash yields show much slower decrease than that of possible impurity reactions. Data for h3-dash were reproduced for 4 times. 1.0E-20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Incident energy kev 図 5.12 重水素ビームの入射クーロン数で規格化した h3-dash 収量比の入射エネルギー依存性
Slide 11 D-Beam Energy Dependence of [3D]/[2D] Ratios h-dash yield/[d-d 1.E-01 1.E-02 1.E-03 1.E-04 1.E-05 1.E-06 1.E-07 Indirect effect? Enhancement 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 D + beam energy kev Direct effect? [3D]/[2D] Yield Ratios by Experiment are in the order of 1E-4 to 1E-3. Increasing trend in lower energy region than 100 kev may result in indirect 3D reactions. Theoretical values by the conventional Random Nuclear Reaction Theory has given [3D]/[2D] ratio to be in the order of 1E-30 Experiment shows 1E+26 anomalous enhancement. 図 5.14 D-D プロトン収量比で規格化した h-dash 収量比のエネルギー依存性
Slide 12 Branch (b) D+D+D d(15.9mev)+ 4 He(7.93MeV) 1.E+06 1.E+05 Counts/Ch. 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 Unknown signals 1.E+00 1.E-01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Energy(MeV) 500µm did not stop unknown signals which should have high energy 3D Fusion emits 15.9 deuterons. Particle identification by E- E Counter Telescope
Slide 13 Branch (b) D+D+D d(15.9mev)+ 4 He(7.93MeV) Home-made E - E Was mounted To make counter telescope Absorbing foil 300keV deuteron beam SSBD 200µm TiD x E Si-66.5µm With 15.9 MeVdeuteron emission, Pre- Amp. L.Amp. M.M.C.A Pre- Amp. L.Amp. E detector takes 1.5 MeV and E-det 3.2 MeV M.C.A M.C.A Titanium deuteride (TiD) Absorbing foil Ti : 500µm E-detector Si-66.5µm E-detector Si-200µm Deuteron 15.9MeV 4.9MeV 3.2MeV Energy loss 10.9MeV E=1.5MeV E=3.2MeV
Slide 14 ブランチ (b) D+D+D d(15.9mev)+ 4 He(7.93MeV) Branch S254 S243 S232 4-5 3-4 2-3 1-2 0-1 S221 S210 S199 S188 S177 S166 S155 S144 S133 S122 S111 S100 S89 S78 S67 S56 S45 S34 S23 Energy of E detector(channel) S12 1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 205 217 229 241 253 S1 Energy of E detector(channel) Two dimensional charged particle spectrum measured by E- E counter telescope
Slide 15 Branch (b) D+D+D d(15.9mev)+ 4 He(7.93MeV) Measured energies are considerably scattered. Ti500µm filter makes considerable energy struggling. 120 100 80 60 40 20 Counts/Ch. TRIM calculation gave simulation Energy struggling from 4.5 to 6 MeV was Estimated by TRIM 0 0.00E+00 1.00E+06 2.00E+06 3.00E+06 4.00E+06 5.00E+06 6.00E+06 7.00E+06 Energy(keV) Measured particles can be 15.9 MeV Deuterons from 3D fusion reaction
Slide 16 Branch (b) D+D+D d(15.9mev)+ 4 He(7.93MeV) [Random 3D Fusion Yield] ~ 7.8 10-30 [D-D fusion Yield] [3D deuteron yield] [D-Dproton yield] ~4.4 10-4 D+D p+t+4.0mev (50%) [3D d(15.9mev)+ 4 He(7.93MeV)] [D-D fusion Yield] ~2.2 10-4 * 3D d(15.9mev)+ 4 He(7.93MeV) yield was 10 25 times enhanced. * 3D-multibody fusion has roughly 1:1 branching ratio for branch (a) 3 He(4.75MeV)+t(4.75MeV) branch (b) d(15.9mev)+ 4 He(7.93MeV)
Slide 17 Experiment with Si beam Merits * Si beam can be used only for excitation. We can discuss about whether multi-body fusion reaction contains only direct Beam effect or with indirect 3D fusion reactions which is true CF phenomenon. * No impurity reactions easy to detect aimed signals Aperture Φ0.5mm TiD x 2MeV silicon beam Absorbing foil SSBD Al 3µm at 150 degree 2D fusion reactions by knocked-on cascade Will be detected and what? Pre-Amp. L.Amp. M.C.A
Slide 18 Si beam Irradiation Experiment 10 9 Counts/Ch 8 7 6 5. 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Energy (MeV) In 3 MeV~4MeV region, we detected some signals Which suggests unusual reactions. 3D 3 He(4.75MeV)+t(4.75MeV)??
Slide 19 Prediction for Si beam Experiment 3D 3 He(4.75MeV)+t(4.75MeV) makes What energy deposits? Beam range ~ 1.7µm Active Zone is assumed as 1.7 µm Silicone Beam SSBD at 150 degree Active zone Titanium deuteride Charged particle t 3 He Estimated Energy (MeV) 4.5 3.9 Detected unusual signals may be these triton and He-3 by 3D fusion. However, due to poor statistics, we need further study to conclude.
Slide 20 Conclusions Reaction Branch Beam Method Result Ratio to D-D (a) 3D 3 He(4.75MeV)+t(4.75MeV) Deuteron E- E counter telescope Pile-up Reduction 3 He t 2.2 10-4 2.0 10-4 Silicon SSBD 3D? (b) 3D D(15.9MeV)+ 4 He(7.9MeV) Deuteron E- E counter telescope d 4.4 10-4 HDD P(19.1MeV)+ 4 He(4.75MeV) Proton With various Absorption foils p * E- E measurements gave detection of t, 3 He and high energy d. 3D fusion branching (a) and (b) 1:1
Slide 21 Conclusions-2 Experimental [3D]/[2D] yield ratios were in the order of 1E-3 to 1E-4, compared with 1E-30 by random nuclear reaction theory. Anomalous enhancement ratio of 1E26 suggests that electron screening effect on d-d Coulomb repulsion in TiDx lattice dynamics is far greater than that of Thomas- Fermi gas model. EQPET (Transient Electronic Quasi-Particle Expansion Theory) model can basically explain the unusual enhancement of screening effect.