2014 Eastern Unconventional Oil and Gas Symposium - November 5-7, 2014 in Lexington, Kentucky, USA http://www.euogs.org Evaluation of geological characteristics of the New Albany Shale as a potential liquids-fromshale play in the Illinois Basin Maria Mastalerz, Agnieszka Drobniak, John Rupp, Indiana Geological Survey Brandon Nuttall, Kentucky Geological Survey Joan Crockett, Illinois State Geological Survey
Geology of the Illinois Basin New Albany Upper Devonian New Albany Shale
Oil fields in the Illinois Basin
Compiled by Drobniak, Mastalerz, and Crockett, 2013 Depth 0 to -~5000 feet
Compiled by Drobniak and Mastalerz, 2013 Thickness ~100 to ~460 feet
Organic matter content TOC Undifferentiated Members TOC range: 2.4-12.7% Shale Very thin On Sparta Shelf Compiled by Drobniak, Mastalerz, and Crockett, 2013
Maturity Endeaver 4 Blan 1 Sullivan Co, IN (marginal maturity Wayne Co, IL (Fairfield Basin) Near Hicks Dome, IL Maturity ranges from immature to post mature. Ma Early mature and mid mature dominant Source: Hasenmueller and Comer, 1994
0.60 Map of vitrinite reflectance (R o ) of the New Albany Shale Immature <0.60 Early mature 0.60-0.65 Peak mature 0.65-0.90 Late mature 0.90-1.35 Post-mature >1.35 R o range: 0.35-1.50% 1.00 Should we reconsider the onset of oil window? What is the effect of vitrinite suppression? Compiled by Drobniak, Mastalerz, and Crockett, 2013
Map of T max of the New Albany Shale Immature <435 Early mature 435-445 Peak mature 445-450 Late mature 450-470 Post-mature >470 All members T max range: 408-457 o C 430 Thin NAS 430 435 440 450 Does Tmax 435 o C mark the onset of oil window? Should 430 o C be used instead? Compiled by Drobniak, Mastalerz, and Crockett, 2013
Transformation of organic matter Map of Hydrogen Index of the New Albany Shale All members HI range: 10-667 400 Compiled by Drobniak, Mastalerz, and Crockett, 2013
Map of Production Index of the New Albany Shale Immature <0.10 Mature >0.10 PI Range: 0.01-0.27 Compiled by Drobniak, Mastalerz, and Crockett, 2013 PI does not follow R o or Tmax
Interpreting the Zone of Oil Generation Should R o of 0.50 to 0.60% be considered? Should Tmax of 425 o C be considered? Depth ~2700 T max >435 o C R o >0.60% Compiled by Drobniak, Mastalerz, and Crockett, 2013
0.55% 0.65 and 0.58
Vitrinite reflectance suppression??? 1996
Vitrinite reflectance suppression Sample name Measured V R o (%) Calculated V R o from T max * (%) Calculated V R o from biomarkers (%) Pike County, Indiana NAS-1 2739 0.63 0.76 0.67 NAS-2 2753 0.62 0.78 0.79 NAS-4 2769 0.54 0.65 n.d. NAS-6 2789 0.55 0.69 0.76 NAS-7 2794 0.60 0.74 0.74 Gibson County, Indiana NAS-10 3949 0.65 0.72 n.d. NAS-11 3955 0.60 0.67 n.d. NAS-12 3965 0.58 0.78 0.73 NAS-13 3984 0.59 0.76 0.79 NAS-14 3997 0.68 0.80 0.66 Early mature Mid mature peak oil V R o (%) = 0.0180*Tmax -7.16 (Jarvie et al., 2001). Mid mature peak oil Blan Well, KY Depth Ro meas Ro calc. 1881 0.51 0.60 1899 0.46 0.76 V R o (%) = 0.487 (20S/20R) + 0.333 (attributed to Zumberge (1985) by Bein and Sofer, 1987). Steranes, S and R configuration
>0.70%
R o of overlying coals 0.60 0.55 Seelyville 0.60
Mineralogy and porosity/permeability 25-50% quartz of silt or clay fraction 30-55% clay minerals (illite dominant) Variable amounts of calcite and dolomite Pyrite 1-10% Organic matter from less than 1 to 23%
Mineral Make-up (wt %) and Maturity, New Albany Samples are from Indiana and Illinois Increase in maturity Source: Mastalerz et al., 2013, in press
Mineralogical Composition of NAS in Kentucky Source: B. C. Nuttall, KGS
Mercury intrusion and extrusion curves of New Albany Shale samples
Haynesville Permeability of NAS in comparison to Haynesville NAS 0.0001 to 1.0 nanodarcy for NAS samples BVG bulk volume gas Source: Luffel et al., 2010. RPSEA Final Report. New Albany Shale Gas Project 07122-16
Increasing maturity Porosity range ~1% - ~9% Hg intrusion technique underestimates porosity Porosity changes with maturity and organic matter content He porosimetry Hg intrusion porosimetry Source: Mastalerz et al., 2013, in press Sample 472-1- R o 0.35% MM4 R o 0.55% NA2 R o 0.65% IL-5 R o 1.15% IL-1 R o 1.41% Grain density (g/cm 3 ) Bulk density (g/cm 3 ) Total pore volume (cm 3 /g) Total porosity (%) Grain density (g/cm 3 ) Bulk density (g/cm 3 ) Total pore volume cm 3 /g Total porosity (%) 2.74 2.49 0.0365 9.1 2.79 2.63 0.0213 5.6 2.30 2.21 0.0186 4.1 2.26 2.2 0.0122 2.7 2.56 2.43 0.0210 5.1 2.53 2.43 0.0168 4.1 2.58 2.55 0.0059 1.5 2.58 2.56 0.0032 0.8 2.58 2.49 0.0141 3.5 2.53 2.5 0.0055 1.4
Changing Porosity with Maturity in NAS: recent work Source: Mastalerz et al., 2013. AAPG Bulletin
Are there any liquid hydrocarbons in NAS? Oil fields in the Illinois Basin
Examples of Gas Saturation and Oil Saturation of NAS Source: Luffel et al., 2010. RPSEA Final Report. New Albany Shale Gas Project 07122-16
Core analysis ambient (left) contrasted to adjusted reservoir conditions (right). Christian County, Kentucky Free gas Oil Water CORE DEPTH Source: Luffel et al., 2010. RPSEA Final Report. New Albany Shale Gas Project 07122-16
Core analysis ambient (left) contrasted to adjusted reservoir conditions (right). Sullivan County, Indiana Source: Luffel et al., 2010. RPSEA Final Report. New Albany Shale Gas Project 07122-16
Stevenson, D.L., Dickerson, D.R., 1969. Organic geochemistry of the New Albany Shale In Illinois, Illinois Petroleum 90.
Oil Production in Kentucky Endeavor Energy #4 Burton Whitfill (107296) #1 Baum (107321) #3 Burton-Whitfill (107322) #5 Whitfill (107651) Hard Rock#1 Pullen (110407)
Hardrock 1 Pullen Gas/Oil Ratios (Mcf/bbl) 2 Endeavor 5 Whitfill 3.6 Endeavor 4 Burton-Whitfill 1.8, 5.7 GPM 3.8, 5.0 GPM 4 General Location 5,482 Bbls (2012)
2012 Oil Production (Bbls) Hardrock 1 Pullen Endeavor 5 Whitfill Endeavor 3 Whitfill-Burton Endeavor 4 Burton-Whitfill Endeavor 1 Baum 3,454 367 685 976 5,482 Bbls
Most previous completions New Albany Res Frac Den GR Endeavor 5 Whitfill 200 Mcf (IOF, 2011) 33 Bo/d & 60 Mcf (2012) 4.5 casing to 1860
Key Data Summary rock oil extract Endeavor 4 Endeavor 5 Blan 1 Depth (ft) 1,858 1,998 1,876.5 TOC (%) 9.93 7.93 HI 756 896 S1 4.73 6.16 %Saturates (Oils) 61.69 62.95 %Aromatics (Oils) 28.43 26.84 Sat. δ 13 C -30.9-30.8 Arom. δ 13 C -29.8-29.8 %Saturates (Ext) 21.37 31.68 %Aromatics (Ext) 17.57 19.72 Sat. δ 13 C -29.2-29 Arom. δ 13 C -29.1-29.1
HI 1,000 900 800 I Oil-prone RPSEA IP136 (KY) Endeavor 4 Blan Data from Indiana 700 600 II Oil-prone 500 Blan: Nuttall (2013) KGS Ser 12, RI 17 Rock-Eval 400 300 IP136: Chou and others, (1991) RPSEA: Salehi and others, (2010) contract 07122-6 200 100 0 Modified van Krevelen Gas-prone III 0 50 100 OI
Whole Oil Gas Chromatograms Endeavor # 4 Depth 1858 API 42 GOR 3.8 Endeavor # 5 Depth 1998 API 42 GOR 1.8 Unusually large <nc7 gasoline component Unusually large <nc7 gasoline component Endeavor # 4 Cuttings 1858 Marvin Blan # 1 Core 1876.5
Rock extract Oil terpanes Endeavor # 4 Oil 1858 Ts/Ts+Tm 44 %Ro Equiv. 0.73
Sterane Distributions Cuttings Extracts Endeavor 4 Oil KY0014 Geomark (U. Devonian, distal marine shale, moderate maturity)
Oils and Extracts Oils Extracts %C28 steranes Clustering indicates oil and source are related (statistically significant) %C27 %C29 Some data courtesy of Geomark
Oil API gravity vs. % Ro maturity comparison. Generally oil API gravity increases with increasing thermal maturity and is accompanied by a systematic decrease in sulfur and asphaltene content New Albany Shale oil wells Measured API gravity Expected API gravity
Bernard Diagram showing the thermal origin of the produced gas. Schoell plot showing early thermal origin of the oil associated gas
NAS as Liquids-from-Shale Play Large area with adequate maturity, high oil-prone organic matter content, and suitable depth. Considering properties of organic matter, perhaps the onset of oil window for NSA should be shifted below R o 0.60%, extending this oil-generating area even more. Vitrinite reflectance suppression is a reality and calls for reevaluation of maturity of the New Albany Shale. Although most oil migrated out of the formation, presence of in-situ oil is suggested by oil shows, occurrence of oil in some gas wells, significant level of oil saturation in analysis of core samples, and recent oil production in Kentucky. Abundant natural fractures may form good pathways for oil. Very small pore sizes and nanodarcy permeability is a disadvantage. Low pressure in NAS contrasts with other over-pressured shale oil plays.
Issues to be addressed for the New Albany Shale in the Illinois Basin: Refining thermal maturity of the NAS with regard to oil generation. Where is the onset of oil generation for the organic matter present in NAS? What is the transformation ratio of organic matter in shales? What is the level of vitrinite reflectance suppression and what are implications? Detailed characterization of lithological and mineralogical heterogeneity in the NAS members and identifying intervals of regional extent with specific brittle/ductile properties that can serve as most promising fractured reservoirs for oil Characterization of pore systems (organic versus mineral porosity) in NAS and their implications for storage and transport of liquid hydrocarbons Estimation of oil-in-place resource in the NAS in the Illinois Basin
Thank you!