Eugenio Monticone Nanoscience and Materials Division Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica Eugenio Eugenio Monticone Monticone - - Workshop Workshop on on Axion Axion Physics Physics and and Experiments Experiments 2017 2017
"Classical" Single photon detector Distinguish only between zero photons and one or more photons (Photomultiplier, APD, SPAD ) Photon source Energy resolving or Photon number resolving (PNR) detector Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 2/37
Applications of TES as photon number resolving detector Quantum Optics Quantum Information Processing ( e.g. Linear Optics,Quantum Computing, Quantum Key Distribution) Quantum metrology Detector requirements desired: High efficiency (95% at 1550 nm) Low dark counts / errors (Blackbody limited 1550 nm) Number resolving capability (0.1-0.2 ev FWHM) Fast recovery time (<< 1ms), Low jitter (< 1 ns) Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 3/37
TES: a microcalorimeter made by a superconducting film operated in the temperature region between the normal and the superconducting state E T @1550 nm E = 0.8 ev =1.26 10-19 J Bilayer proximity effect T~0.1 mk We need TES with C of the order of: C=E / T~ 1 fj/k Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 4/37
Voltage bias + dr/dt>0 Negative electrothermal feedback Stability of TES in the transition R I bias t (ms) I tes Workig Point I T c ~ 100 mk T R bias << R tes Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 5/37
20 µm X 20 µm R I bias t (ms) 1 ph I tes Workig Point I T c ~ 100 mk T R bias << R tes T R @ Voltage bias I Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 6/37
20 µm X 20 µm R 2 phs I bias t (ms) I tes Working Point I T c ~ 100 mk T R bias << R tes T R @ Voltage bias I Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 7/37
Fabrication of TES High resolution TES Deposition Ti/Au on Si/SiN substrate by e-gun (10-7 mbarr) Optical lithography and ion milling Lift-off technique 20 µm X 20 µm Nb or Al wiring lift-off and rf sputtering Thickness Ti = 40 nm, Au = 58 nm Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 8/37
Fabrication facilities at INRIM Nanofacility Clean room UHV deposition system Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 9/37
Laser Electronics & data aquisition I TES Attenuator Optical fiber INRIM: TES module SQUID current sensors (PTB) Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 10/37
Coupling: alignment through the chip small core fibers 3-axis stage, controlled by DC stepper motor Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 11/37
Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 12/37
E FWHM = V a n 2 3 3/ 2 2.355 4kBTc Tc Intrinsic Energy Resolution E FWHM is proportional to the operating temperature T c and is depending on the volume V of the TES and on the normal-tosuperconductor transition sharpness a = T/R dr/dt τ eff = n 2 T c ( n a /(1 )) I Effective TES response time n = 3-5 By reducing the TES area and working at higher T c, faster response times are achievable without loosing in energy resolution Trade-off between response time and energy resolution Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 13/37
t eff = 3.8 ms With Wiener filter E = (0.113 ± 0.001) ev E = 2 2ln2 x E 2 1 x 1 Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 14/37
20X20 μm 2 =1570 nm L. Lolli, et al. J. Low Temp. Phys., vol. 167, pp. 803-808, 2012. Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 15/37
Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 16/37
TiAu TES T c =301 mk m=7 3 phs =1535 nm QE 50 % @ 500 khz means 3.65x10 6 photons/s (473 fw) Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 17/37
Fabrication of smaller TES Fast TES Deposition Ti on Si/SiN substrate by e-gun (10-9 mbarr) EBL Reactive ion etching Dimension 1 mm - 5 mm square Nb wiring by lift-off and rf sputtering 2mm 2 mm 1mm 1 mm 5 mm 5 mm Thickness Ti = 20 nm-30 nm Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 18/37
1 mm 1 mm t etf = 147ns ΔΕ FWHM = 0.12 ev @ 1545nm C. Portesi et al, IEEE Trans App Supercond, 25, 3, (2015) Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 19/37
more and more closer to the origin Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 20/37
Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 21/37
TES Photon number resolving detectors 10-20 µm square TES: QE 50%, many photons resolution, slow (~10 µs) Cavities or Antireflection coating 1-2 µm square TES : QE<15% but faster (<1 µs) plasmonic antennas? Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 22/37
2001-2004 -Fotorivelatori superconduttivi ad elettroni caldi per il VIS-IR -Realizzazione di STJ come rivelatori in regime di conteggio di fotoni per applicazioni astrofisiche E45 (2006-2010) Rivelatori superconduttivi a transizione di fase per conteggio di singoli fotoni Quantum Candela (2008-2011) INRIM e NMIJ-AIST (2010-2011) Evaluation of photon statistics with photon number resolving detectors and correlated photon pair sources Progetto premiale P5 (2012-2013) Oltre I limiti classici della misura NEW08 MetNEMS (2012-2015) Metrology with/for NEMS Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 23/37
Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 24/37
Eugenio Monticone - Workshop on Axion Physics and Experiments 2017 25/37